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1、定语从句讲解定语从句讲解何谓定语从句?顾名思义,作定语的句子就何谓定语从句?顾名思义,作定语的句子就叫作定语从句。定语从句所修饰、限定的词叫作定语从句。定语从句所修饰、限定的词叫先行词。定语从句通常跟在和它发生关系叫先行词。定语从句通常跟在和它发生关系的先行词之后,它与先行词有着不可分割的的先行词之后,它与先行词有着不可分割的联系。它通常是由关系代词(联系。它通常是由关系代词(who,whom, whose,that,which,as)和关系副词)和关系副词(where,when,why, how)来引导。关)来引导。关系代词、关系副词在从句中需担当成分,但系代词、关系副词在从句中需担当成分,
2、但无实际意义。初中阶段我们只要理解无实际意义。初中阶段我们只要理解who,that,which这几个关系代词所引导的定语这几个关系代词所引导的定语从句即可。从句即可。 1关系代词关系代词who。关系代词。关系代词who在从句中作在从句中作主语,它的先行词是指人的名词或代词。例主语,它的先行词是指人的名词或代词。例如:如: (1)Find the boy who is wearing a red shirt找出穿红衬衫的那个男孩。(先行词找出穿红衬衫的那个男孩。(先行词是是 the boy) (2)He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a tru
3、e man不到长城非好汉。(先行不到长城非好汉。(先行词是词是He) 2关系代词关系代词that。关系代词。关系代词that在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语。作宾语时,在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语。作宾语时,that可省略。它的先行词可以是指物的名词可省略。它的先行词可以是指物的名词或代词,也可以是指人的名词或代词。例如:或代词,也可以是指人的名词或代词。例如: (1)She told her mother all that had happened她把她把所发生的事情都告诉了她的母亲。(先行词是所发生的事情都告诉了她的母亲。(先行词是all,that在从句中作主语)在从句中作主语) (2)Ill
4、 buy you the bike(that)you saw in the shop yesterday我要给你买昨天你在商店里看到的那辆自行我要给你买昨天你在商店里看到的那辆自行车。(先行词是车。(先行词是the bike, that在从句中作宾语)在从句中作宾语) (3)The village is no longer the village that it was before这个村子不再是从前的那个村子了。(先行词这个村子不再是从前的那个村子了。(先行词是是the village,that在从句中作表语)在从句中作表语) (4)He that wants to eat the frui
5、t must climb the tree想吃果子的就得爬树。(先行词是指人的代词想吃果子的就得爬树。(先行词是指人的代词he,that在从句中作主语)在从句中作主语) 3关系代词关系代词which。关系代词。关系代词 which在从句中作主语在从句中作主语或宾语,其先行词是指物的名词或代词。例如:或宾语,其先行词是指物的名词或代词。例如: (1)They first went to a large room which looked like a shop他们首先到一个很大的看起来像个商店的房他们首先到一个很大的看起来像个商店的房间去了。(先行词是指物的名词间去了。(先行词是指物的名词a l
6、arge room, which在句中作主语)在句中作主语) (2)Have you got anything which youd like to buy?你有想要买的东西吗?(先行词是指物的代词你有想要买的东西吗?(先行词是指物的代词anything,which在从句中作宾语)在从句中作宾语) 事实上,定语从句是一个较为复杂的语法项目。事实上,定语从句是一个较为复杂的语法项目。为了不把同学们搞糊涂,我不作过多的介绍,余下的为了不把同学们搞糊涂,我不作过多的介绍,余下的内容留给同学们上高中以后再学吧!内容留给同学们上高中以后再学吧! 二、二、 定定 语语 从从 句句 (一)(一) 知识概要知
7、识概要 定语从句并不属于中考范围,但由于作者在多年的教学中体定语从句并不属于中考范围,但由于作者在多年的教学中体会到,这一语法现象影响了许多学生自学英语。这些学生一会到,这一语法现象影响了许多学生自学英语。这些学生一般是成绩较好的学生,想进行大量阅读来提高自己的英语水般是成绩较好的学生,想进行大量阅读来提高自己的英语水平,但总是碰到一些问题,百思不得其解。苦于自己的水平平,但总是碰到一些问题,百思不得其解。苦于自己的水平只限于初中水平,无法提高,但各种补习班又都是为一些水只限于初中水平,无法提高,但各种补习班又都是为一些水平较差的学生开设的,所以又投师无门。为了解决这部分学平较差的学生开设的,
8、所以又投师无门。为了解决这部分学生的学习困难,也为那些有志青年铺平学习上的道路,特用生的学习困难,也为那些有志青年铺平学习上的道路,特用这一节讲述定语从句,不是从语法上讲述,而是从阅读理解这一节讲述定语从句,不是从语法上讲述,而是从阅读理解方面去讲述。可供同学们在学习时参考。这会对你的英语学方面去讲述。可供同学们在学习时参考。这会对你的英语学习起到事半功倍的作用。习起到事半功倍的作用。对于形容词我们已十分熟悉了,对于形容词我们已十分熟悉了,如:如: a good book, 形容词形容词 good 用来修饰书用来修饰书 book。 我们也我们也可以用一个句子来修饰名词,这种句子叫做形容词性从句
9、,可以用一个句子来修饰名词,这种句子叫做形容词性从句,它起修饰名词的作用,又被叫做宾语从句它起修饰名词的作用,又被叫做宾语从句(The attributive clause)。但有一点不同的是这个从句不是像形容词那样放于。但有一点不同的是这个从句不是像形容词那样放于名词前,而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行名词前,而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词词如:如: Do you know the scientist who gave us the talk this afternoon? 这句中的主句是这句中的主句是 Do you know the scientist? (你知
10、道那位科学家吗你知道那位科学家吗?)而而 who gave us the talk this afternoon (他今天下午给我们作的报告。他今天下午给我们作的报告。)是定语从句。是定语从句。所以这两句话合为一体即是:你认识今天下午给我们作所以这两句话合为一体即是:你认识今天下午给我们作报告的那位科学家吗报告的那位科学家吗?这里这里 scientist 叫作先行词,而叫作先行词,而 who 叫作定语从句的引导词。叫作定语从句的引导词。 who 在定语从句中起主语在定语从句中起主语的作用,的作用, who 的数与它的先行词相同。又如:的数与它的先行词相同。又如: You must do eve
11、rything that I do 这里先行词是这里先行词是 everything, 而而 that I do 是定语从句,此句应译为:你必须作我所作是定语从句,此句应译为:你必须作我所作的一切。的一切。 that 叫作定语从句的引导词,在句中作叫作定语从句的引导词,在句中作 do 的的宾语。宾语。引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词:引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词: that, which, who, whom, whose 和关系副词和关系副词 when, where, why, how。不论关系代词还是关系副词,都。不论关系代词还是关系副词,都应放于先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,但它们都应
12、放于先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,但它们都要在定语从句中起语法作用,充当一个成份。要在定语从句中起语法作用,充当一个成份。如关系代词在定语从句中不是作主语便是作宾语,而关系如关系代词在定语从句中不是作主语便是作宾语,而关系副词则是作状语。我们先来看关系代词的用法。副词则是作状语。我们先来看关系代词的用法。that 的先行词可以是人也可以是物。如:的先行词可以是人也可以是物。如: A plane is a machine that can fly 这里先行词是这里先行词是 machine 而而 that 是关系代词,是关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。这句译为:飞机是一种会飞的机器。在定语从句中
13、作主语。这句译为:飞机是一种会飞的机器。又如:又如: I like the book (that) you lent me yesterday 这里先这里先行词是行词是 book, 关系代词用关系代词用 that, 它在定语从句中作它在定语从句中作 lend (借借)的宾语。要注意的是关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可的宾语。要注意的是关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略,即:以省略,即: I like the book you lent me yesterdaywhich 关系代词的先行词只能是物。它在定语从句中关系代词的先行词只能是物。它在定语从句中作主语或宾语,如:作主语或宾语,如: The
14、 book shop is a shop which sells books 这里这里 shop 是先行词,是先行词, which 在从句中作主语。又在从句中作主语。又如:如: The book (which) I read last night was wonderful 这这里主句是里主句是 The book was wonderful 而定语从句是修饰主而定语从句是修饰主句的主语句的主语 book, 即我昨晚读的那本书,即我昨晚读的那本书,which 在定语从句在定语从句中作中作 read 的宾语,可以省略。的宾语,可以省略。who, whom, whose who 在定语从句中作主语,
15、在定语从句中作主语, whom 是是 who 的宾格,在定语从句中作宾语,而的宾格,在定语从句中作宾语,而 whose 则是形容词性物主代词,在从句中作定语,如:则是形容词性物主代词,在从句中作定语,如:The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend 昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。朋友。 Who 在定语从句中作主语。又如:在定语从句中作主语。又如: Whos that woman (whom) you just talked to ? 你刚才与之谈话的你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁那
16、个女人是谁?而而 whom 作定语从句中介词作定语从句中介词 to 的宾语,的宾语,可以省略,而在现代英语中,句首的可以省略,而在现代英语中,句首的 whom 也常常可也常常可用用 who代替。代替。This is our classmate, Mary, whose home is not far from our school 这是我们的同学玛丽,这是我们的同学玛丽,她的家离我们学校不远。她的家离我们学校不远。为了便于理解,我们来看为了便于理解,我们来看看是如何将两句话并为一句话的。看是如何将两句话并为一句话的。 I saw the man He closed the doorI saw
17、the man who (that) closed the door2 The girl is happy She won the raceThe girl who won the race is happy3 The students are from China They sit in the front rowThe students who sit in the front row are from China(要注意的是先行词是要注意的是先行词是 students 则则 who 的数也应看作复数。的数也应看作复数。)4 We are studying sentences They c
18、ontain adjective dauseWe are studying sentences that (which) contain adjective dause 5 The taxi driver was friendly He took me to the airportThe taxi driver who took me to the airport was friendly 6 The book was good I read itThe book that I read was goodThe book I read was good 7 The people were ve
19、ry nice We visited them yesterdayThe people we visited yesterday were very nice8 The man called the police His wallet was stolenThe man whose wallet was stolen called the police9 I come from a country Its history goes back thousands of yearsI come from a country whose history goes back thousands of
20、years10 I have to call the man I picked up his umbrella after the meetingI have to call the man whose umbrella I picked up after the meeting关系代词关系代词 whom, which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与与 which 与先行与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:词紧挨着书
21、写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:That was the room in which we had lived for ten years 或可以写作:或可以写作:That was the room which we had lived in for ten yearsHe was the man whom(who) you were looking for 要注意的是此句的关系代要注意的是此句的关系代词词 whom 可以用主格取代,而可以用主格取代,而 look for 是短语动词也不可将是短语动词也不可将 for 放于定语从放于定语从句之前。句之前。that 作关系代词作介词宾语时,不
22、能紧跟介词,而只能将介词置于作关系代词作介词宾语时,不能紧跟介词,而只能将介词置于定语从句的后面。如:定语从句的后面。如: The man that we were talking about has come to our school 这时不可用这时不可用 about that 请看下面例句:请看下面例句:1 The meeting was interesting I went to itThe meeting that I went to was interesting 2 The man was very kind I talked to him yesterdayThe man wh
23、o I talked to yesterday was very kind3 I must thank the people I got a present from himI must thank the people who I got a present from4 The picture was beautiful She was looking at itThe picture that (which) she was looking at was beautiful5 The man is standing over there I told you about himThe ma
24、n who I told you about is standing over there除关系代词外,还有关系副词,除关系代词外,还有关系副词, when, where, why, 其中其中 when用来指时间,在定语用来指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。如:从句中作时间状语。如: I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall 而而 where 则指地点,如:则指地点,如: This is the house where the old man lives 请看下面例句:请看下面例句:1 The city was beau
25、tiful We spent our vacation thereThe city where we spent our vacation was beautiful2 That is the restaurant I will meet you thereThat is the restaurant where I will meet you3 The town is small I grew up thereThe town where I grew up is small4 That is the drawer I keep my newpapers thereThat is the d
26、rawer where I keep my newspapers5 Monday is the day We will come thenMonday is the day When we will came6 is the time My plane arrives then is the time when my plane arrives7 is the year The revolution took place then is the year when the revolution took place8 July is the month The weather is usual
27、ly the hottest thenJuly is the month when the weather is usually the hottest 在定语从句中又可分为两大类定语从句,即限制性定语在定语从句中又可分为两大类定语从句,即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉的话,主句的意思就不完整,意义就表述不明。如果去掉的话,主句的意思就不完整,意义就表述不明。这种句型一般定语从句紧接先行词,如:这种句型一般定语从句紧接先行词,如:I was the only pers
28、on in my office who was invited非限制性定语从句。它与主句的关系不十分密切,非限制性定语从句。它与主句的关系不十分密切,只是对其附加说明,也就是讲即便去掉定语从句,句意只是对其附加说明,也就是讲即便去掉定语从句,句意也不受影响,仍然清晰明了。这样的定语从句要在它和也不受影响,仍然清晰明了。这样的定语从句要在它和主句之间加一逗号分开。且关系代词不引导这种非限制主句之间加一逗号分开。且关系代词不引导这种非限制性定语从句,如:性定语从句,如: Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years,
29、was shot on April , at a theatre in washington 又如:又如:Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high(二)(二) 正误辨析正误辨析 误误 I wont tell you the name of the person who teach me English 正正 I wont tell you the name of the person who teaches me English 析析 在定语从句中,关系代词作主语时
30、,从它本身看不出其数的形式,这在定语从句中,关系代词作主语时,从它本身看不出其数的形式,这时要由它的先行词决定。这里时要由它的先行词决定。这里who 应由应由 the person 单数决定,应该用单数谓单数决定,应该用单数谓语动词。又如:语动词。又如:I who am a student want to find a spare time job这里的这里的 who 应与应与 I 是一致的,所以其谓语动词应该用是一致的,所以其谓语动词应该用am。误误 We talked about the things and the people who we met during the Second
31、World War 正正 We talked about the things and the people that we met during the Second World War 析析 这里的关系代词不要用这里的关系代词不要用 who, 因为其先行词有两个一个是因为其先行词有两个一个是 things (物物),而另一个是而另一个是people (人人),这时既不可用,这时既不可用 who, 又不可用又不可用 which, 因前者只能因前者只能用于先行词是人的情况下,而后者则用于先行词是物的情况下,所以只能用用于先行词是人的情况下,而后者则用于先行词是物的情况下,所以只能用 that,
32、 因为它的先行词既可以是人又可以是物。因为它的先行词既可以是人又可以是物。误误 The book, that I bought yesterday, was very good正正 The book, which I bought yesterday, was very good.误误 The dictionary which I lent it yesterday is a very useful tool 正正 The dictionary which I lent yesterday is a very useful tool 析析 关系代词在定语从句中是要起语法作用的,它不是作关系代词
33、在定语从句中是要起语法作用的,它不是作主语就是作宾语。虽然在作宾语时它的位置由原来的宾语位置移到主语就是作宾语。虽然在作宾语时它的位置由原来的宾语位置移到了句首,但它的作用依然存在,而且在原宾语位置上不能再出现宾了句首,但它的作用依然存在,而且在原宾语位置上不能再出现宾语。语。误误 The teacher I want to learn English from is the one which comes from America正正 The teacher I want to learn English from is the one who comes from America 析析 t
34、he one, anyone, those 作代词并且是指某人、物时,其作代词并且是指某人、物时,其关系代词不能用关系代词不能用 which 应用应用 who。误误 This is the room in that the old man lives 正正 This is the room in which the old man lives 正正 This is the room which the old man lives in 正正 This is the room that the old man lives in 析析 that 不能紧跟在介词后作介词宾语,但如果介词不前置仍放不能紧跟在介词后作介词宾语,但如果介词不前置仍放于句
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