圣托马斯阿奎那pot

1、An Introduction toSt.Thomas.Aquinas“Nihil est in intellectu quod non prius in sensu. 没有任何智慧是可以不经由感觉而获得。”托马斯阿奎纳Thomas Aquinas/kwans/(1225 7 March 1274), was an Italian Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church. He was an immensely influential philosopher, theologian, and jurist in th

2、e tradition of scholasticism, within which he is also known as the Doctor Angelicus(天使圣师天使圣师) and the Doctor Communis（全能博士）（全能博士）Company LogoTheologyContentsLifeWorksPhilosophy12345Modern InfluenceThomas was most probably born in the castle of Roccasecca（罗卡塞卡）, located in Aquino, old county of the K

3、ingdom of Naples（那不勒斯王国） (present-day Lazio region, Italy), c.1225. Landulfs brother Sinibald was abbot(男修道院院长男修道院院长) of the first Benedictine monastery at Monte Cassino. the family intended for Thomas to follow his uncle into the abbacy;This would have been a normal career path for a younger son of

4、 southern Italian nobility.At the age of nineteen， Thomas resolved to join the recently founded Dominican Order. Thomas change of heart did not please his family.It is best known as the place where Thomas Aquinas was imprisoned by his family for two years.Looking to find a way to reunite the Eastern

5、 Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church, Pope Gregory X convened the Second Council of Lyon to be held on 1 May 1274 and summoned Thomas to attend. At the meeting, Thomas work for Pope Urban IV concerning the Greeks, Contra errores graecorum, was to be presented.On his way to the Council, riding on

6、 a donkey along the Appian Way,59 he struck his head on the branch of a fallen tree and became seriously illHe died on 7 March 1274 while giving commentary on the Song of Songs. Fifty years after the death of Thomas, on 18 July 1323, Pope John XXII, seated in Avignon, pronounced Thomas a saint.Works

7、Summa Theologica神学大全Summa Contra Gentiles反异教大全箴言书注、论存在与本质、论自然原理、论真理、波埃修；注。他对亚里士多德形而上学、物理学、后分析篇、解释篇、政治学、伦理学、论感觉、论记忆、论灵魂以及为亚里士多德著作论原因做过评注。反异教大全神学大全It was probably at the University of Naples that Thomas was introduced to Aristotle, Averroes and Maimonides, all of whom would influence his theological p

8、hilosophy.Philosophythe father of ThomismThomas viewed theology, or the sacred doctrine, as a science.According to Thomas, God reveals himself through nature, so to study nature is to study God. The ultimate goals of theology, in Thomas mind, are to use reason to grasp the truth about God and to exp

9、erience salvation through that truth.阿奎纳相信神学，并主张君权神授。即君权来自神权，国王的权力是由上帝通过教会授予的，教权高于王权。TheologyThomas believed that the existence of God is self-evident in itself, but not to us. Briefly in the Summa theologiae and more extensively in the Summa contra Gentiles, he considered in great detail five argum

10、ents for the existence of God, widely known as the quinque viae (Five Ways).在神学大全中他提出了证明上帝存在的五个证据，这个理论又常被称为“五个证明的方法”Nature of GodThomas argued that God, while perfectly united, also is perfectly described by Three Interrelated Persons. These three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) are constitut

11、ed by their relations within the essence of God. 阿奎纳主张上帝是完美又完整的，而且也可以以三位一体概念完整解释。这三个不同的位格（圣父、圣子、圣灵）由他们与上帝的联系所构成一体。圣父藉由自我意识的联系产生圣子，而圣子接着又产生永恒的圣灵，圣灵“拥有神授的爱戴上帝、爱戴圣天父的本质”。Nature of the Trinity Divine Wisdom judged it fitting that God should become man, so that thus one and the same person would be able

12、both to restore man and to offer satisfaction.“神圣的智慧认为上帝应该化身为人，以这个单一而相同的化身改变人们并且提供救赎。”Nature of Jesus Christ Christ had a real body of the same nature of ours, a true rational soul, and, together with these, perfect Deity. “基督有一个与我们相同本质的真实躯体、一个真实的理性灵魂，但除此之外还多出了完美的神性。”Nature of Jesus ChristAt the age

13、 of nineteen Thomas resolved to join the recently founded Dominican Order. Thomas change of heart did not please his family.Thomas was held prisoner for about one year in the family castles at Monte San Giovanni and Roccasecca in an attempt to prevent him from assuming the Dominican habit and to pus

14、h him into renouncing his new aspiration.His influence on Western thought is considerable, and much of modern philosophy developed or opposed his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory. Modern influenceIn modern times, under papal directives, the s

15、tudy of his works was long used as a core of the required program of study for those seeking ordination as priests or deacons, as well as for those in religious formation and for other students of the sacred disciplines (philosophy, Catholic theology, church history, liturgy, and canon law).When he was canonized(封圣), his feast day was inserted in the General Roman Calendar for cel