完整版美国文学史复习要点整理手动

1、美国文学史整理一、ColonialAmerica殖民时期1、NewEngland:Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,andConnecticut.2、 DoctrinesofPuritanism清教AmericanPuritanismstressedpredestination(命运神定),originalsin(原罪),totaldepravity(彻底的堕落),andlimitedatonement(有限的赎罪)fromGod'sgrace.3、 Writingstyle:fresh,simpleanddire

2、ctandwithatouchofnobility;therhetoricisplainandhonest.4、Lifestyle:hardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.5、Mainwriter:ThomasPaine托马斯潘恩work：CommonSense(1776)常识AmericanCrisis(1776-1783)美国危机TheRightsofMan人权TheAgeofReason理性时代BenjaminFranklin(本杰明富兰克林)PoorRichard'sAlmana核查理历书Autobiography富兰克林自传<clarity,

3、goodsense,andsimplicityoftheEnglishessayistsJosephAddisonandRichardSteele>ThomasJefferson托马斯杰弗逊DeclarationofIndependence(1776)独立宣言<simpleandclear,powerfulandgraceful>二、AmericanRomanticism(earlyperiod)浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics:Arebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.反对理性主义的客观性。(2)Feelings

4、,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantforromanticsthanreasonandcommonsense.感受、直觉和情感重于理性和常识。 Anemphasisonindividualism;placingtheindividualagainstthegroup,againstauthority.强调个人主义，将个人与团体，反对权威。 Stressonthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature.强调人与自然之间的密切关系。Fascinationwiththewild,theirregular,theindefin

5、ite,theremote,themysterious,andthestrange疯狂的迷恋，不规则，不定，远程神秘，奇怪Cherishingastronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval.对过去有强烈的兴趣，特别是中世纪。2、Features：NewexperienceintheAmericanRomanticism.AdeepinfluencefromtheAmericanPuritanism.The“newness“oftheAmericansasanation.3、writersandworks:HenryWadsworthLongfell

6、ow亨利瓦兹沃思朗费罗APsalmofLife(1838)人生礼赞VoicesoftheNight(1839)夜吟TheSongofHiawatha(1855)TheCourtshipofMilesStandish(1858)TalesofaWaysideInn(1863)WashingtonIrving华盛顿欧文<FatherofAmericanImaginativeliterature;AHistoryofNewYork(1809)TheSketchBook(1819-1820)海华沙之歌迈尔斯斯坦迪什的求婚路边客栈的故事FatheroftheAmericanshortstory&g

7、t;纽约外史见闻札记“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”睡谷的传说"RipVanWinkle”瑞普凡温克尔(ThecognomenofCranewasnotinapplicabletohisperson.)BracebridgeHall(1822)布雷斯布里奇田庄TalesofaTraveller(1824)旅客谈JamesFennimoreCooper詹姆斯费尼莫尔库柏<writingonsuchsubjectsastheRevolution,thefrontier,thesea,andthewilderness>Leather-stockingTales

8、皮袜子故事集ThePioneer拓荒者ThePrairie大草原TheSpy间谍三、NewEnglandTranscendentalism新英格兰超验主义)1、Over-soul(超灵)wasanall-pervadingpowergoodness,omnipresentandomnipotent.(简答)IndividualismindividualwasthemostimportantafreshviewofnaturesymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.2、writersandworks: RalphWaldoEmerson艾默生Nature(1836)论自然节选：Stan

9、dingonthebareground,myheadbathedbytheblitheairandupliftedintospace,-allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartorparcelofGod.>TheAmericanScholar(1837)论美国学者DivinitySchoolAddress(1838)神学院演说Self-Reliance(1841)论自助Repres

10、entativeMen(1850)代表人物TheTranscendentalist超验主义者TheOver-Soul论超灵 HenryDavidThoreau梭罗<Loverofnature,environmentalist;Individualism,materialismandindustrialcivilization>Walden;orLifeintheWoods(1854)瓦尔登湖：或林中牛活节选Ourvillagelifewouldstagnateifitwerenotfortheunexploredforestsandmeadowswhichsurroundit.We

11、canneverhaveenoughofNature.>四、AmericanRomanticism(laterperiod)浪漫主义后期我们可以把超验主义产生之前的那一段称为前期浪漫主义，而把19世纪30年代之后白勺文学称为后期浪漫主义。前期浪漫主义是以欧文等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征，后期浪漫主义则是以超验主义激励而起的“文艺复兴”文学兴起，并最终产生了独立的美国文学为标志。1、 HighRomanticsinfiction霍桑尽人皆知的故事古屋青苔红字2、CDNathanielHawthorneTwice-ToldTales(1837)MossesfromanOldManse(

12、1846)TheScarletletter(1850)TheHouseofSeverGables(1851)有七个尖角阁的房子BlithedaleRomance(1852)福谷传奇TheMarbleFaun(1860)玉石雕像OurOldHouse(1863)我们的故居<symbolsandsetting,ambiguity,supernaturalelements.Hisstyleissoft,flowing,andalmostfeminine.Histouchislight,buthisobservationissomber.HermanMelville赫尔曼麦尔维尔Moby-Dic

13、k(1851)白鲸(pp113-118)Pierre(1852)皮埃尔Typee(1846)泰比Omoo(1847)奥穆Mardi(1849)玛迪2、HighRomanticsinpoetryEdgarAllanPoe艾伦坡<thefatherofmodernhorrorstoryanddetectivestory.>TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque(1840)怪诞故事集“TheRaven”(1845)乌鸦"AnnabelLee”(1849)安娜贝尔李WaltWhitman沃尔特惠特曼LeavesofGrass草叶集FeaturesinWhi

14、tman'spoems Organicform:extremelylong,notconstrainedbythenumberofbeatsinaline. Thoughtrhythm:doesnotmoveintermsofbeats,butintermsofthoughts. Parallelism:Theparallellinessaythesamethingbutusedifferentwords. Cataloguingtechnique:longlistsofimages,sights,sounds,smells,taste,andtouch.Freeverse(自由诗)E

15、milyDickinson艾米丽狄金森ThemeReligion&faithBeauty&truthLife&deathNaturefriendshiplove&marriageWork：IdiedforbeautyFeatures:frequentuseofdashes(破折号),sporadiccapitalizationofnouns(零星的名词),convolutedandungrammaticalphrasing(措辞费解不合文法),off-rhymes(压尾韵),brokenmeters,boldandunconventionalandoftenst

16、artlingmetaphors(大胆的隐喻)，andaphoristicwit(警句).五、TheAgeofRealism美国现实主义文学 atthelaterpartofthe19thcentury. simplyfidelitytoactualityinitsrepresentationinliterature. basedontheaccurateofhumanexperiences. Itinsistsonprecisedescription,authenticactionanddialogue,moralhonesty,andademocraticopennessinsubject

17、matterandstyle. isinclusiveofnaturalism,regionalismandlocalcolorwriting.feature:objectiveandrealWritersandworks:HowellsTheirWeddingJourney(1872)结婚旅行HenryJames亨利詹姆斯TheAmerican(1877)一个美国人DaisyMiller(1878)黛西密勒ThePortraitofaLady(1881)贵妇画像TheArtofFiction(1884)“小说的艺术”TheBostonians(1886)波士顿人TheTragicMuse(1

18、890)悲惨的缪斯TheWingsofDove(1902)鸽翼TheAmbassadors(1903)专使TheGoldenBowl(1904)金碗六、Regionalism&LocalColorism(乡土文学与地方色彩文学) presentsalocalewhichisdistinguishedfromtheoutsideworld. describestheexoticandthepicturesque. glorifiesthepast. attemptstoshowthingsastheyare. stressestheinfluenceofsettingoncharacte

19、r. DialectpeculiaritiesarethedefiningcharacteristicWritersandworks:“theLincolnofliterature汤姆索亚历险记王子与贫儿密西西比河上镀金时代哈克贝利费恩历险记 MarkTwain马克吐温TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)ThePrinceandthePauper(1882)LifeonMississippi(1883)TheGildedAge(1873,withCharlesD.Warner)TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1885)Feature:use

20、Vernacularlanguage.localcolorStyle:unpretentious,colloquial,poetic. HarrietBeecherStowe哈里特比彻斯托汤姆叔叔的小屋UncleTom'sCabin(1852) FrancisBretHarte弗朗西斯布雷特哈特沉船咆哮营里的幸运儿斯凯葛夫人的丈夫们红狗的女继承人TheLostGalleon(1867)TheLuckofRoaringCamp(1870)Mrs.Skaggs'sHusbands(1873)AnHeiressofRedDog(1879)七、AmericanNaturalism美国自

21、然主义文学美国文学自然主义者认为，人同时受制于(arecontrolled)自然环境与社会环境，因而遗传因素(lawsofheredity)与社会环境(environment)是人的命运不可抵抗的决定力量。他们认为，在受制于不以人的意志为转移的非道德力量的世界中，宣扬道德的地位是毫无意义的。 moreinclusiveandlessselectivethanrealism.比现实主义更具包容性，选择去口更少 Determinismgovernseverything决定论支配一切 Itdaringlyopeneduptheseamyundersideofsocietyandsuchtopicsa

22、sdivorce,sex,adultery,poverty,andcrime. Itconceivesofmanascontrolledbyhisinstinctsorhispassions,orbyhissocialandeconomicenvironmentandcircumstances.1、writersandworks:StephenCrane斯蒂芬克莱恩TheRedBadgeofCourage(1895)红色英勇勋章<thefirstmodernwarnovel>FrankNorris弗兰克诺里斯McTeague(1899)麦克提格<thefirstfull-bo

23、diednaturalisticAmericannovel;aconsciouslynaturalisticmanifesto>TheodoreDressier西奥多德莱塞AnAmericanTragedy(1925)美国悲居SisterCarrie(1900)嘉莉妹妹JennieGerhardt(1911)珍妮姑娘TheFinancier(1912)金融家TheTitan(1914)巨人TheStoic(1947)斯多葛TheGenius(1915)天才JackLondon杰克伦敦MartinEden(1909)马丁伊登TheSonoftheWolf(1900)狼之子TheCallof

24、theWild(1903)野性的呼唤TheSeaWolf(1904)海狼WhiteFang(1906)白旗牙“LoveofLife”(1907)热爱生命UptonSinclair厄普顿辛克莱TheJungle屠场美国现代诗歌碎片)(意识流的)八、ModernAmericanPoetryfeature:fragmentation(分散,stream-of-consciousnessabreakwiththepastwritersandworks:EzraPound庞德DesImagistsCathay华夏意象派诗选Cantos“HughSelwynMauberley诗章”休赛尔温毛伯利T.S.E

25、liot托马斯斯特尔那斯艾略特TheWasteLand(1922)荒原FamilyReunion(1950)大团圆RobertFrost罗伯特弗罗斯特ABoy'sWill(1913)少年的心愿NorthofBoston(1914)波士顿以北AfterApplePicking(1914)MountainInterval(1916)NewHampshire(1923)West-RunningBrook(1928)AFurtherRange(1936)AWitnessTress(1942)“MendingWall”“TheRoadNotTaken”摘苹果之后山间洼地新罕布什尔西流的溪涧又一片

26、牧场一株见证的树“修墙”“没有走过的路”CarlSandburg卡尔桑德伯格InRecklessEcstasyCornhuskersSmokeandSteelGoodMorning,America肆无忌惮的狂想辗米机TheAmericanSongbag烟与钢ThePrairieYears早上好，美国ThePeople,Yes美国歌袋草原的年代人民，好九、ModernAmericanFiction美国现代小说1、TheLostGeneration(迷惘的一代)Writersandworks:ErnestHemingway海明威 Hewasfamousforhisnovelsandshortsto

27、rieswritteninhisspare,laconic,yetintenseprosewithshortsentencesandveryspecificdetails. Almostallhisstoriesdealwiththethemeofcourageinfaceoftragedy. Theyrevealman'simpotenceanddespairingcouragetoasserthimselfagainstoverwhelmingodds. Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthwater.(一座冰山在

28、海面上移动是很壮观的，因为只有八分之一露出水面。ofitbeingabove)TheOldManandtheSea(1952)老人与海AFarewelltoArms(1929)ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)InOurTime(1925)TheTorrentsofSpring(1926)MenwithoutWomen(1927)WinnerTakeNothing(1933)ToHaveandtoHaveNot(1937)Style:Hemingwaysstyleis永别了，武器丧钟为谁而鸣在我们的年代里春潮没有女人的男人胜者无所得贫与富notedforitssimplicit

29、y.especiallyandverbsandreducestheuseofadjectives,Indiction,hefocusonnounscomplicatedadjectives.InTheSunAlsoRises(1926)太阳照常升起sentencestructure,heusescoordinatedclausestoavoidsubordinatedclausesthatwouldimplyvaguejudgments.F.ScottFitzgeraldTheGreatGatsby(1925)ThisSideofParadise(1920)FlappersandPhiloso

30、phers(1920)TheBeautifulandtheDamned(1922)TalesoftheJazzAge(1922)AlltheSadYoungMen(1926)TenderistheNight(1934)TheLastTycoon(1941)2、others弗朗西斯斯科特基菲茨杰拉德了不起的盖茨比人间天堂新潮女郎与哲学家美丽的和倒霉的爵士乐时代的故事所有悲伤的年轻人夜色温柔最后一个巨头SherwoodAnderson舍伍德安德森Winesburg,Ohio(1919)小镇畸人Poorwhite(1920)HorsesandMen(1923)TheTriumphoftheEgg(1

31、921)DeathintheWoods(1933)WindyMcPherson'sSon(1916)WillaCather薇拉额瑟穷白人马与人鸡蛋的胜利林中之死饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子TheSongoftheLark(1915)云雀之歌MyAntonia(1918)我的安东尼亚OPioneers!(1913)啊，拓荒者！ALostLady(1923)失踪的女士TheProfessor'sHouse(1925)教授之家DeathComesfortheArchbishop(1927)大主教之死ShadowsontheRock(1931)岩石上的阴影SinclairLewis辛克来刘易斯

32、Babbitt(1922)巴比特JohnSteinbeck约翰斯坦贝克TheGrapesofWrath(1939)愤怒的葡萄TheMoonisDown(1942)月亮下去了TheWinterofOurDiscontent(1961)我们不安的冬天ThePasturesofHeaven(1932)InDubiousBattle(1936)OfMiceandMan(1937)JohnDosPassos天堂牧场胜负未决鼠与人约翰多斯帕索斯TheTrilogyU.S.A(1937)TheAdventuresofaYoungMan(1939)美国三部曲一个年轻人的冒险ThreeSoldiers(1921

33、)ManhattanTransfer(1925)1919(1932)TheBigMoney(1936)三个士兵曼哈顿中转站一九一九赚大钱NumberOne(1943)TheGrandDesign(1949)DistrictofColumbia(1952)第一号伟大的计划哥伦比亚特区十、TheSouthernRenaissance美国南方文学(SouthernRenaissance.)1、Themes：Chevalierheritage.骑士遗产Agrarianvirtue.农业推崇种植园农场的贵族生活Plantationaristocracy.Lostcause.失去的事业Whitesupre

34、macy.白人至上的传统PurityofSouthernwomanhood.南方女性的纯洁2、WritersandworksWilliamFaulkner威廉福克纳TheYoknapatawphaSagaTheSoundandtheFury(1929)Absalom,Absalom!(1936)IntruderintheDust(1948)Sartoris(1929)Sanctuary(1931)TheHamlet(1940)TheTown(1957)Feature:沙托里斯圣殿村子小镇(约克纳帕塔法世系)喧嚣与骚动押沙龙，押沙龙！尘土中的入侵者AsILayDying(1930)Lightin

35、August(1932)GoDown,Moses(1942)“TheBear”“熊”我弥留之际八月之光去吧，摩西意识流多角度的天使，望乡时间与河流从死亡至早晨蛛网与岩石有家归不得TheHillsBeyond(1941)KatherineAnnePorterTheFloweringJudasTheJiltingofGrannyWeatherallPaleHorse,PaleRiderLearningTowerandOtherStories远山凯瑟琳安波特开花的犹大树被背弃的老祖母苍白的马，苍白的骑手斜塔和其他故事ShipofFoolsEudoraWelty傻瓜的船尤多拉韦尔蒂DeathofaTr

36、avelingSalesman(1936)旅行推销员之死DeltaWedding(1946)CarsonMcCullers三角洲的婚礼卡森麦卡勒斯TheHeartIsaLonelyHunter(1940)TheBalladoftheSadCafe(1943/1951)心是孤独的猎手伤心咖啡馆的民谣successfullyadvancedsomemodernliterarytechniques:Streamofconsciousness.(interiormonologue) multiplepointofview talkabouttheviolenceandevilinallhumanbei

37、ngs Hisprosevariesfromcolloquial,regional,toformaldictionandcadencesofAmericanspeech.ThomasWolfe托马斯沃尔夫LookHomeward,Angel(1929)(novel)OfTimeandtheRiver(1935)(novel)FromDeathtoMorning(1935)(stories)ThewebandtheRock(1939)(manuscriptnovel)YouCan'tGoHomeAgain(1940)(manuscriptnovel)MaryFlanneryO'C

38、onnor弗兰纳里奥康纳WiseBlood(1952)AGoodManisHardtoFind(1955)TheViolentBearIsAway(1960)EverythingThatRisesMustConverge(1965)WilliamStyron威廉斯泰伦Sophie'sChoice苏菲的抉择LieDowninDarkness(1951)躺在黑暗中TheConfessionsofNatTurner纳特特纳的自白H一、ModernAmericanDrama现代美国戏剧1、Expressionism(表现主义)：Anartisticstyleinwhichtheartistse

39、ekstodepictnotobjectiverealitybutratherthesubjectiveemotionsandresponsesthatobjectsandeventsarouseinhim.He_accomplisheshisaimthroughdistortion,exaggeration,primitivism,andfantasyandthroughthevivid,jarring,violent,ordynamicapplicationofformalelements.2、writersandworks:EugeneO'Neill尤金奥尼尔BoundEastf

40、orCardiff(1914)东航卡迪夫DesireundertheElms(1924)榆树下的欲望BeyondtheHorizon(1920)天边外TheEmperorJones(1920)琼斯皇TheHairyApe(1922)毛猿AllGod'sChillumGotWings(1924)上帝的儿女都有翅膀TheGreatGodBrown(1926)大神布郎StrangeInterlude(1928)奇异的插曲MourningBecomesElectra(1931)悲悼TheIcemanCometh(1946)送冰的人来了日长路远夜深沉LongDay'sJourneyint

41、oNight(1956)ElmerRice埃尔莫莱斯LeftBank(1931)左岸JudgmentDay(1934)审判日TheMongrel(1924)混血儿DreamGirl(1945)梦幻姑娘SusanGlaspellTrifles(1916)琐事Bernice(1919)贝尔尼斯TheVerge(1921)界限AddingMachine(1923)加算器OnTrial(1914)审讯StreetScene(1929)街景TheOutside(1917)外界Inheritors(1921)继承人CliffordOdetsWaitingforLefty(1935)TheCountryGi

42、rl(1950)AwakeandSing!(1935)TheFloweringPeach(1954)等待老左乡村姑娘醒来唱歌开花的桃树GoldenBoy(1937)NightMusic(1940)ClashbyNight(1941)TheBigKnife(1948)金孩子夜曲夜间冲突大刀Alison'sHouse(1930)艾里森的房子TennesseeWilliams田纳西威廉姆斯TheStreetcarNamedDesire(1947)欲望号街车TheGlassMenagerie玻璃动物园NightoftheIguana鬣蜥之夜SummerandSmoke夏日烟云CatonaHot

43、TinRoof热铁皮屋顶上的猫TheRoseTattoo玫瑰文身SuddenlyLastSummer去年夏天突然SweetBirdofYouth甜蜜的青春之鸟PeriodofAdjustment微妙的调整阶段 ArthurMiller米勒AllMySons都是我儿子DeathofaSalesman(1949)推销员之死TheCrucible塔锅/炼狱AViewfromtheBridge凭桥远眺AftertheFall堕落之后IncidentatVichy维希事件TheArchbishop'sCeiling大主教的天花板ThePrice代价TheCreationoftheWorldand

44、OtherBusiness创世记和其他 EdwardAlbee爱德华阿尔比TheZooStory(1958)动物园故事TheSandbox(1961)沙袋ThreeTallWomen(1994)三个高个女人TinyAlice(1964)小小爱丽丝ADelicateBalance(1966)微妙的平衡AllOver(1971)万事皆休WhosAfraidofVirginiaWoolf?(1962)谁害怕弗吉尼亚沃尔夫？BoxandQuotationsfromChairmanMaoTse-Tung(1968)毛主席语录 DavidMametAmericanBuffalo美国野牛 DavidHenr

45、yHwang黄哲伦M.Butterfly蝴蝶君BrokenPromises:FourPlays没有兑现的诺言：四个剧本十二、AfricanAmericanLiterature美国黑人文学1、EarlyAfricanAmericanliteratureFrederickDouglass道格拉斯TheLifeandTimeofFrederickofDouglass(1881)弗莱德里克道格拉斯的生平和时代BookerT.WashingtonUpfromSlavery(1901)W.E.B.DuBoisTheSoulsofBlackFolks:EssaysandSketches(1903)黑人的灵魂

46、JeanToomerCane(1923)拐杖2、HarlemRenaissance哈莱姆文艺复兴(orTheNewNegroMovement)CounteeCullen卡伦，C.Color(1925)OneWaytoHeaven(anovel)(1932)CopperSun(1927)TheBlackChrist(1929)TheLostZoo(1940)MyLivesandHowILostThem(1942)ZoraNealeHurston佐拉尼尔赫斯顿Spunk胆量Jonah'sGourdVine(1934)约拿的葫芦藤MulesandMen(1935)骡子与人TellMyHors

47、e(1937)告诉我的马Mountain(1939)山人摩西DustTracksonaRoad(1942)风尘仆仆LangstonHughes蓝斯顿休斯"TheNegroSpeaksofRiver”(1920)"黑人说河"ShakespeareinHarlem(1947)哈莱姆的莎士比亚IWonderasIWander(1956)我漂泊，我思考TheWearyBlues(1926)疲倦的歌声DearLovelyDeath(1931)亲爱的的死神Mulatto(1936)混血儿(play)TheBestofSimple(1961)辛普尔精选集3、AfricanAme

48、ricanliteratureinthe1940sand1950sRichardWright理查德赖特12MillionBlackVoices(1941)一千二百万黑人的声音UncleTom'sChildren(1938;enlarged,1940)汤姆叔叔的孩子们NativeSon(1940)土生子TheColorCurtain(1956)有色的窗帘BlackBoy(1945)黑孩子TheOutsider(1953)局外人EightMan(1961)八人行WhiteMan,Listen!(1957)白人，听着!»TheLongDream(1958)漫长的梦LandToday

49、(1963)如今的土地RalphEllison拉尔夫艾里森InvisibleMan(1952)看不见的人ShadowandAct(1964)(essaycollection)影子与行动GoingtotheTerritory(1986)(essaycollection)走向领地JamesBaldwin詹姆斯鲍德温NotesofaNativeSon土生子的笔记notherCountry另一国度NobodyKnowsMyName没有人知道我的名字Giovanni'sRoom乔万尼的房间TheAmenCorner阿门角AJustAboveMyHead就在我头顶上GoTellitontheMountains向苍天呼吁BluesforMisterCharley黑人怨4、ContemporaryAfricanAmericanliter