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1、GEO 101: INTRODUCTION TO WHEATHER AND CLIMATEInstructor: Michael EvansGuest Lecture Portfilo by Damascus Francsico June Starr Eva Lewis Natalie Stevens Fred StevensIntroductionWe learned practical fundamentals of the science of meteorology, and discuss related aspects of Tohono Oodham culture. Links

2、 between Tohono Oodham culture and Sonoran Desert weather and climate. Class sessions included six guest lectures. The following are reviews and thoughts of all guest lectures from the students. Links between Oodham culture and regional physical geography.Guest Speaker: Danny LopezOn this field trip

3、 as explained by Danny Lopez was that during planting seasons the people of Crowhang moved from the lower part of their land to the near by mountain range. IIn the past the land was lush with grass and mesquite bosque compared to todays dry conditions. Mr. Lopez also mentioned these dry conditions m

4、ay have been caused by lack of ceremonial practices by the Tohono Oodham, especially rain ceremonies.We also observed the difference in climate and vegetation from the community of Crowhang to Kitt Peak. In Crowhang we saw more cactus, greasewood, mesquite and at Kitt Peak we saw pine trees, red woo

5、d, oak. The climate got cooler as we went up the mountain.The reason for moving from lower to higher grounds was to take advantage of rainfall during the monsoon season and winter rains. Later, time passed people and with the introductory of modern technology there was no longer the need to move fro

6、m one place to another for farming and survival purposes.How Do We KnowGEO 101 Guest Lecture By: Philip MiguelHow did Tohono Oodham predict weather to help determine the time for their crop-growing seasons? It was around June and July the monsoon seasons.They went by the traditional ways that were p

7、assed down from generations But what were some of their ways?Some Tohono Oodham ways of predicting the rains were arriving werePerforming the rain ceremonyLooking up at the sky Observing vegetation, and animals Elders complain of achy jointsThis graph depicts the most timeIt rains on Tohono Oodham L

8、andRain Season for Tohono Oodham was June“Ha:san Ba:k Masad”Bahidag Harvesting SeasonHow did the Tohono Oodham predict the weather to help determine the time for their crop-growing season? July “Jukiabig Masad”Oodham CeremoniesThe rain season was very important for Tohono Oodham our crops depended o

9、n it! The Wind and Rain Legend “The wind blew on the community and was chased out”.The Wind and Rain Legend.docTohono Oodham Rain CeremonyGuest Lecture: Danny Lopez Long ago and today the Oodham do a special ceremony to bring the rains for our crops. The Big Field community, for example, still perfo

10、rms this ceremony annually. There are actually two parts to this ceremony one portion is done in the early winter and the other during the monsoon season.The first one was the offering of eagle fluffs to the saguaro cactus to bring sufficient rains for the summer crops. The second one is when the co

11、mmunity joins together in preparing ceremonial wine.The way it was done is that there were certain people that did the blessings, the singing, and the making of the saguaro syrup. Everyone in the village had to do their own part by donating the syrup.MAY 10, 2005Everyone in the village had to do the

12、re own part by donating the syrup. This ceremony is so special to the Oodham because water is needed in order to survive, especially in the sonoran desert. Special people like the medicine men, who have complete knowledge ( including songs, the process of the wine preparation and ceremonial itself)

13、on the rain ceremony, are very hard to find.Another thing today was the education we get today. The more we know about the weather and climate the more less we believe in our rain ceremonies. Also the more education the more distant we become towards tradition in general. Though on the other hand th

14、ere are very few today that still struggle to keep these traditions going.University of ArizonaAtmospheric ScienceMr. Bob MaddoxMarch 05, 2005Mr. Maddox showed us video monitors of current weather conditions, taken from satellites, what was most interesting was that these moments are what television

15、 weather forecasters use when reporting the weather to the public.On top of the PhysicsAtmospheric Science Building Mr. Maddox introduced roof top instruments. At this time we also learned that Sells also has a weather gauging instruments, but are not in proper working conditions, this instrument ha

16、s been down for some time and the owners may not be aware of its current condition.Mr. Maddox than showed us a ground level weather instruments, but these instruments do not report accurate conditions because of their location. When the ground-level site was constructed it was in a remote area away

17、from buildings, but as the city of Tucson grew, it is now situated between buildings and next to an asphalt parking lot, so there are a lot man made structures interfering with the proper readings of weather conditions for these instruments.Guest lecture:Frances ManuelMedicinal Plants Guest Lecture:

18、 Frances Manuel Medicinal Plants Frances Manuel presented medicinal plants used by the Tohono Oodham. Her teachings came from her grandmother as she grew up as young girl. How each plant was used for certain purposes in healing. In the past these medicinal plants were strong in belief in curing the

19、sick. Belief was the most important factor that made these plants work. This was the most common item used by the Tohono Oodham before current medicines. As time changed these medicines became less used because of the availability of modern medicine. Also technology and other influences, for example

20、 vehicles made it easier to get to hospitals and religion caused uncertainty among our culture. This caused the belief in the medicinal plants to become less practiced. In current times a few the Oodham still belief in healers. So when a person goes to see medicine and is instructed to use a certain

21、 medicinal plant, his the only time when medicinal plants are really used or practiced. Frances also discussed the gathering the plants. The medicinal plants were only located in certain areas of the reservation. Some of the plants were seasonal so there were limited sources of the plants. As time c

22、hanged over the years the seasons have changed causing the availability and the location of the plants. The following pictures are examples of Tohono Oodham medicinal plants.Wild Tea: Used for upset stomachs or justto drink.Prickly Pear Pads: Used for burns (in the far right hand corner).Creosote Bu

23、sh: Used for multiple purposes. Examples are athletes feet, congested chest, gettingrid of lice, sores, and can be used on animals.Wild Mustard?Other miscellaneous medicinalPlants. Guest Lecture Phillip MiguelMarch 19, 2005The Two Village Cropping System Phillips lecture was not from a textbook or o

24、ther sources but his own childhood memories growing up in Crowhang village. Where we saw the ruins of the old crops. About 50 yrs ago they did have technology, such as windmills but they still relied on the natural weather resources. The people had to know what time of the year to plant their crops.

25、 During monsoon seasons were ideal, but they also had to know what to do during drought seasons or floods. Also what time of the year each plant would survive, and the amount of nutrients it needed to grow. It was mentioned how it took an entire village to tend the crops, to make this way of surviva

26、l work, the two village system was also in play at this time where a village high up near the mountains was used for winter cropping and the village below was used for summer cropping. Farming had a great influence on the village relationships such as marriages and new friendships, for Phillip this

27、was the ideal way of living. A lot of our ceremonies were surrounded around planting because it was our only way of survival. Over the past 50yrs things have changed and been lost. Imagine how things will be in another 50yrs. I hope that with the information we are learning now we will be able to pr

28、eserve our traditions and maybe bring them back Phillips Phillip Miguel Tohono Oodham Language and History Instructor at TOCCGuest Lecture Indigenous Climate Forecasting in the Peruvian AndesDr. John ChiangApril 09, 2005Dr. Chiangs lecture on the indigenous climate forecasting in the Peruvian Andes

29、was very interesting. His lecture was on an Indigenous tribe living in Bolivia. These Indians are known for predicting the rainfall for their upcoming planting season by looking at the constellation of Pleiades. This tribe has a tradition of predicting the weather for their upcoming planting season

30、with one hundred percent (100%) accuracy.The prediction is made during the Feast of San Juan, after a night of celebrating their patron saint, the people of the community would go high into the nearby mountain range and look into the heavens for the “seven sister,” the Pleiades. If the stars are big

31、 and bright it meant for a good rainfall for the upcoming harvest season, but if the stars are small and dim it meant for a bad rainfall for the upcoming harvest season. Based on this information the tribe could better determine what types of plants were to be planted for the upcoming rain season. S

32、cientists became familiar with this technique, and wanted to know how this Indigenous tribe could be so accurate in making their predictions of the upcoming rainfall season. Upon their investigating they learned that when the stars were dim it was during El Nino when there were high clouds in the at

33、mosphere obstructing a clear view.During a non El Nino season the stars shone brightly because the skies were clear. Ancient ways are less mysterious or another tradition uncovered.Tohono OodhamCalendar SticksGuest Lecture By: Mary GarciaWhat was the importance ofCalendar Sticks? The Tohono Oodham p

34、eople used these stick to record special events in the Tohono Oodham cultural. How Could Calendar Stick Serve us today? Record current events Bring us back to our traditional ways Pass on the tradition of how to record p eventsKiyomi MorinoTree Ring Lecture For this lecture we visited the UofA tree

35、ring lab. Here Kiyomi shows us the purpose for the study of the tree rings. Each ring in the trunk represents a year that the ring has lived. Depending on the size of each individual ring it can be determined how much nutrients the tree had received in a years time. There are also distinguishable marks that will show if the tree has been through any trauma, such as a fire. this also tells us if the tree survived a drought seas