材料专业英语课件_专题4_学术论文的语言

1、Main complaints of students我们老板改文章好慢啊，不知道他整天在忙啥？！我们老板才啰嗦，每次改完一稿给他，他又改些地方，就不能一次解决嘛？我们老板简直搞不清我做的是什么，每次给了他文章，还要再跟他一遍又一遍地解释，我晕！Main complaints of supervisors我最怕学生写英文的文章，连中文都写不好，还英文！那哪是给人改的！有的学生的文章我要来回给他改十稿，那才叫郁闷呢！每次我指出学生的错误，他都不能全部改好，不是漏了这个，就是丢了那个！我真不知道他到底想说什么？还是我自己替学生写最省心，节约时间、节省精力。Main complaints of Ed

2、itors Abstracts, titles vague/unscientific 摘要、题目不明确摘要、题目不明确 ABSTRACT is the most-read part of a paper TITLE is main attention-getterKeywords missing, or not according to journal specifications关键字缺关键字缺失失/不符合期刊要求不符合期刊要求 KEYWORDS is essential for finding your paperReference lists limited/outdated 参考文献选

3、择不合理不充分参考文献选择不合理不充分/不具有前不具有前沿性沿性 not too many; avoid excessive self-citationLow quality figures and meaningless Captions 图表质量低、图表标题对图表质量低、图表标题对图表解释不充分图表解释不充分 Figure + Caption tell a complete story, be specific面对一篇问题众多、患有综合症的稿件决不是改改个别语句那么简单需要解决一系列问题高层次低层次层次1整体格式行距、字号图表方程式大小标题参考文献层次2细节格式、语言的规范化大小写标点符号

4、空格层次3语句语言是否有以下错误？时态单复数主谓一致冠词句子是否奇怪？生涩难懂？层次4语句科学意义概念、定义的范围，科学上是否含糊、不恰当？因果关系层次5语句组织、思路前后连贯性思路顺畅性逻辑性层次6文章结构、层次是否结构合理、层次分明？层次7文章的说服力数据、结论的相关性实验设计的合理性层次8文章的创新性、科学意义研究工作的独特性、重要性是否明确阐述？For a World-class Paper Content is essential 内容是基础内容是基础 Presentation is critical 表达是关键表达是关键Planning a manuscriptWrite your

5、 manuscript so that it tells a clear story it must have a purpose 论文目的清楚明确You want people to learn about your work make it easy for them 论文内容通俗易懂Make it easy for reviewers and editors 论文格式便于编辑和审稿人阅读评审Use the spell checker and grammar checker 使用拼写检查和语法检查来避免拼写和语法错误Make neat breaks between pages and se

6、ctions 合理使用分页和分节 Give the document a professional lookLanguage issueGrammatical and spelling mistakes语法与拼写错误 The results showed that *are 0bviously ObviouslyWrong usage of words 用词不当 The morphology was characterized with a Scanning electron microscopy.In this sentence, technique is wrongly used as i

7、nstrument.microscopy microscopeBadly constructed sentences 句子结构错误 Because the sawdust derivative showed very good self-adhering ability, so it could be mold-pressed into shaped bulk material.应注意的问题 时态时态 数数 冠词冠词 从句、分词、不定式从句、分词、不定式 标点标点时态时态 时态是个比较复杂的问题，虽然有一般时态是个比较复杂的问题，虽然有一般的规则，但往往在实际文章中很难把握的规则，但往往在实际

8、文章中很难把握 总体的，在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃总体的，在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃 最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时，有时也用一般过去时或一般将来在时，有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时时Abstract根据具体内容，当提到做了那些具体工作时，根据具体内容，当提到做了那些具体工作时，通常用一般过去时、被动态。通常用一般过去时、被动态。根据具体内容，当提到本文做了某工作、阐述根据具体内容，当提到本文做了某工作、阐述了某观点时常用一般现在时、被动态。了某观点时常用一般现在时、被动态。Introduction时态根据具体内容而定，现在完成时使用较多时态根据具体内

9、容而定，现在完成时使用较多Experimental Section通常用一般过去时、被动态。通常用一般过去时、被动态。Results and Discussion论述普遍现象通常用一般现在时，有时也用一般过论述普遍现象通常用一般现在时，有时也用一般过去时；去时；注意在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃注意在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃,但这不是绝对的。但这不是绝对的。Conclusions时态根据具体内容而定。论述所做的研究时态根据具体内容而定。论述所做的研究工作通常用一般过去时；论述普遍现象通工作通常用一般过去时；论述普遍现象通常用一般现在时，有时也用一般过去时。常用一般现在时，有时也用一般过去时。Ack

10、nowledgement表示感谢的态度时，时态用一般现在时；表示感谢的态度时，时态用一般现在时；表示研究工作等是由哪里支持、帮助时，表示研究工作等是由哪里支持、帮助时，时态用一般过去时。时态用一般过去时。 需要注意的语法需要注意的语法 In recent years 作时间状语时通常要用完作时间状语时通常要用完成时成时 In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of a

11、n ionic nature.当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时要用一般现在时，而不表达了什么时要用一般现在时，而不用一般过去时。用一般过去时。u This paper describes u The focus of this paper is u Figure 1 shows u Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.数数 注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可一即可 以下是需要注意的语法以下是需要注意的语法不规则变化的单

12、复数不规则变化的单复数单数单数复数复数中文词意中文词意criterioncriteria依据依据phenomenonphenomena现象现象mediummedia介质介质radiusradii半径半径indexindices指数指数appendixappendices附录附录stimulusstimuli刺激刺激basisbases基础基础synthesissyntheses合成合成matrixmatrices基体基体kraitirin Analysis-analyses Thesis-theses datum-data 一些数有特殊性的名词一些数有特殊性的名词 data, kinetics

13、 通常作复数名词通常作复数名词 research, work: 不可数名词不可数名词 The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures. The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization. Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of . Most

14、research on . has focused on the synthesis of polymers. one of +复数名词：复数名词： none of +复数名词：复数名词： none of +不可数名词：不可数名词： no + 复数名词：复数名词： no +不可数名词：不可数名词： a kind of + 单数名词：单数名词： this/that kind of +单数名词：单数名词： these kinds of +复数名词：复数名词：一些结构的数一些结构的数 单数单数复数复数单数单数复数复数单数单数单数单数单数单数复数复数 复数名词复数名词 + of this/that k

15、ind ： sort 与与kind 类似类似 a type of +单数名词：单数名词： a series of + 复数名词：复数名词： a class of +复数名词：复数名词： the number of +复数名词：复数名词： a number of +复数名词：复数名词：复数复数单数单数复数复数复数复数单数单数 复数复数 Controlled drug delivery technology represent one of the most rapid advancing area of science in which chemists are contributing to

16、human health care.Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of the most rapid advancing areas of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.Several models have been proposed but none appears to be generally applicable.Several models have been proposed but none appear to

17、 be generally applicable.Thus far no studies has conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therapy approaches.Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therapy approachesCardiac k:dik 心脏(病)的 This type of termination are o

18、ften referred to as spontaneous termination.This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.spontaneous自发的spnteinjs,-nisA number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable is detailed in the text.A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are det

19、ailed in the text. A series of telomer reported in table 1 was then synthesized. Telomer 调聚物, 终端调节剂 A diverse range of mechanism has been developed. Polymers are a promising class of biomaterial that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements. The most important class of poly(amide) for

20、 controlled release are the poly(amino acids). The majority of poly(anhydride) is prepared by melt-condensation polymerization. A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymer have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.改错改错 A series of telomers reported in table 1 were then synthesized.

21、 A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed. Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements. The most important class of poly(amides) for controlled release are the poly(amino acids). The majority of poly(anhydrides) are prepared by

22、 melt-condensation polymerization. A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.后面通常要用复数名词（对可数名词而言） various different Most、 all 、many、 several、 one of、 many of kinds of a number of a (wide) variety of、 a class of a series of 、a wide range o

23、f Dozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell. In a number of special applications (e.g. contact lenses and skin-grafting materials), additional requirements such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer. Many of these transmembrane proteins

24、are receptors. Some polymers are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing,while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces. For still other polymers,both factors may be favorable for crystallization. 形容可数名词的量词 a few、 many、 a number of 形容不可数名

25、词的量词 a great、small、certain amount of、a great（good） deal of 形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词 a lot of、 lots of Although a few polymer may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, most polymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character. The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in re

26、cent years and different kind of IPNs have been synthesized with different compositions. The major amount of work on size distributions have been on polyesters and polyimides. A sizeable amount work have been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic monomer.改错改错 Although a few polymers m

27、ay be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, most polymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character. The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kinds of IPNs have been synthesized with different compositions. The major amount of work on

28、 size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides. A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic monomers. 以下结构的谓语的数由前一个决定, as well as 由较靠近谓语动词的决定not onlybut alsoeitherorneithernor 学术论文、有关学术的科普文章中的名词的可数或学术论文、有关学术的科普文章中的名词的可数或不可数特性的划分区别于非学术文章（非学术文章不可数特性的

29、划分区别于非学术文章（非学术文章中名词的可数或不可数特性可从字典查到）。中名词的可数或不可数特性可从字典查到）。 以下是在学术文章中通常视为可数名词的单词：以下是在学术文章中通常视为可数名词的单词：（但在一般字典中它们或它们做某种含义解时可能（但在一般字典中它们或它们做某种含义解时可能被划归不可数名词。）被划归不可数名词。） application development consideration composition concentration distribution structure length weight 冠词冠词 冠词是最易犯错误的地方一定要注意否冠词是最易犯错误的地方一定

30、要注意否则编辑的负担极重因为每句话都会用到则编辑的负担极重因为每句话都会用到冠冠 词最普通的规则如下词最普通的规则如下 单数名词前一般要加冠词单数名词前一般要加冠词a , the a , the 等等 但但有些情况可不加有些情况可不加 复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加the, the, these, those.these, those. The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application. When a water-insoluble o

31、r only slightly water-soluble monomer is added, a very small fraction dissolves and goes into solution. A large but still small portion of the monomer enters the interior hydrocarbon part of the micelles. The largest portion of the monomer is dispersed as monomer droplets.被修饰的名词前要加被修饰的名词前要加thethe Th

32、ere has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the synthesis of new polymers with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previously available. The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them become heterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above about -40 .从句、分词、不定式 这些是写作时常用且必须用到的结构常用的短语 In order to meet all of these criteria, To overcome this problem, Besides We have focused our investigations on On the contrary, Owing to The reason for this is Applications in the relatively new