跨文化交际 资料整理

1、·Enculturation 文化习得:The process of learning ones own culture·Acculturation 文化适应:Adapt the cultures learning by the other cultures·Verbal Intercultural Communication非言语行为:People from different cultural backgrounds communicate with other people through language.·Social cultural ele

2、ments: cultural values worldview social organization·globalization：refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere ,do business in a global market. also refers to what i

3、s called time-spacecompression.(the increasing global mobility of people/ the impact of new electronic media on human communication)·human needs: physiological（fundamental need）safty the belongingness (love,affection) the esteem(respect) self-actualization(reach ones potential)·文化冰山理论（Edwa

4、rd T Hall）:Culture like an iceberg can be divided into two parts: culture above the waterline and culture below the waterline. Culture above the waterline is explicit, visible, tangible, easy to change with time, a tip of the iceberg. Culture below the waterline is implicit, invisible, intangible, h

5、ard to change with time, the majority.·culture: can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about lifes concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.·language and culture: language reflects

6、 the environment in which we live. reflects cultural values language lives, it changes over time. language and-cultural is embedded in cultural products, practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. language and-cultural are two sides of the same coin, members of the culture use their language

7、 to portray their culture, to put their cultural perspectives into practice. Language unites products, practices, perspectives, communities, and persons.·文化维度 cultural dimensions(Geert Hofstede): individualism-collectivism，uncertainy avoidance ，power distance， masculinity-femininity ，long-term

8、vs short-term.·communication: 元素：context, participants(affecting aspects are relationship, gender, culture), messages(meaning, symbols, encoding and decoding), channels(sound and sight), noise(external, internal, semantic), feedback. 过程，本质：dynamic process不断变化; symbolic象征的; systemic影响全局; complex

9、; involves making inferences; has a consequence. 作用：communication is a process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning. It is effective to the extent that we are able to minimize misunderstanding. Generally, the greater our cultural and linguistic knowledge, and the more our b

10、eliefs overlap with the people with whom we communicate, the less likelihood there will be misunderstandings. 方式：high involvement高度卷入(Talk more, Interrupt more, Expect to be interrupt. Talk more loudly at times, Talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring “high considerateness”)。high conside

11、rateness高度体谅 言语交际方式:1）person-oriented /status-oriented verbal styles：=individual-centered verbal mode， emphasizes the importance of informality & role suspension symmetrical interaction respecting unique, personal identity/= role-centered verbal mode，formality& large power distance，asymmetri

12、cal，honoring prescribed power-based membership identities 2）Self-enhancement(boasting about ones accomplishments and abilities) /Self-effacement(emphasizes the importance of humbling verbal restraints, modest talk) 非言语交际作用:repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, contradicting。nonverbal b

13、ehavior functions as a culturally rule-governed communication system. The rules are governed by culture,and the rules and nonverbal behavior differ among cultures.·高低语境 high-context(Mexico, Japan, the Middle East)/ low-context(Germany, UK, US): 定义：A high-context (HC) communication or message is

14、 one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the massage. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of information is vested in the explicit code. fe

15、atures：low-context emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of talk./high-context ,stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus, self-effacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.·孔子confucianism: is not a religion but

16、 a set of practical principles and ethical rules for daily life. social order and stability are based on unequal relationships between people.(leader and follower, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, friends) the family is the prototype for all social relationships p

17、roper social behavior consists of not treating others as you would not like to be treated yourself people should be skilled, educated, hardworking, thrity, modest, patient, and persevering. ·the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: A hypothesis holding that the structure of a language affects the perception

18、s of reality of its speakers and thus influences their thought patterns and worldviews. It alerted people to the fact that language is keyed to the total culture, and that it reveals a peoples view of its total environment.·stereotype: is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with

19、 no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.·prejudice: an attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions.包括verbal abuse, physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, massacre.

20、如何解决：we suggest that empathy is the main communication skill we should learn. Empathic persons know how to show understanding by projecting themselves into their partners position. This means that to be empathic in intercultural interactions we need to be openminded in terms of information sharings,

21、 to be imaginative in correctly drawing the picture of others situation, and to show a commitment or strong willingness to understand our culturally different partners in any kind of situation.·适应新文化：adapting to new cultures involves first working through culture shock. do not become over-react

22、ionary meet new people try new things give yourself periods of rest and thought work on your self-concept write observe body language learn the verbal language.·ethnocentrism: belief in the intrinsic superiority of the nation, culture, or group to which one belongs, often accompainied by feelin

23、gs of dislike for other groups. 如何克服：to avoid complicating the already difficult task of intercultural communication, participants in a cross-cultural situation need to consider first the possibility that a negative evaluation might be based on an unrecognized cultural difference. Each person needs

24、to be aware that he or she is evaluating the other, often on similarly ethnocentric grounds. cultural self-awareness is necessary, as is some knowledge of predominant patterns in the target culture and their variations.·Identify the contrast between high-context and low-context culture and then

25、 use it to interpret the difference between American and Japanese or Chinese negotiating style?Negotiation atmosphere。American: efficient, professionalism（职业精神）and compromise(妥协，让步) Japanese: socializing, trust Chinese: socializationDetail。American: the facts, written agreements or contrast Japanese

26、: fewer specific issues and less detail oriented, brief written agreements Chinese: general written agreementsCommunication style。American: more interested in logical arguments than in the people they are dealing with dislike silence Japanese: encourage covert, fragmented Chinese: avoid openly confr

27、ont conflict Cultural variations in selecting negotiators。American: technical expertise :younger negotiators are common; women are included; having full authority to make decisions Japanese:(Chinese): Status, knowledge, age, seniority Problem-solving Process。American: universal problem solvers; rati

28、onal thinking and concrete data, utilize a factual inductive style of persuasionJapanese: consensus-building Chinese: high level authorities Organizational Structure。American: task-related stage is the most important; negotiating outcomes depend on events at the negotiation tableJapanese: pre-negoti

29、ation is slowly and cautiously; mediator is used Chinese: concession only comes at the end·What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluekhohn and Strodthbeck?1.Human nature(人生) is evil but perfectible (American) Good but corruptible (Chi

30、nese)2.Relation to the natureHuman beings can/should master/conquer with nature (American) Live harmoniously with nature (Chinese)3.Sense of time。Americans are future oriented. Chinese are past oriented.4.Attitudes toward work and human activityAs to Americans, doing leads to external/achievementsCh

31、inese, being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace.5.Social relationshipAmerican: Self is more important than group (individualism)Chinese: In cultures with group values, people make decisions by consemsus·Identify the features of each of four Hofstedes cultural di

32、mensions and apply it in the case study辨别+分析+结合案例1.individualism VS collectivism (个人/集体主义)2.low power distance VS high power distance(远/近权力距离)3.masculinity VS femulinity (男性/女性文化)4.low uncertainty avoidance VS high uncertainty avoidance (不确定性)5.high context culture VS low context culture·How is

33、 Chinese addressing different from American addressing?In Chinese, the surname is put before the given name.In American, vice versa, the name order.In recent years, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for the first time. But in Chinese, we tend

34、 to address each other with the full name.Another common Chinese form of address is the use of a persons title office, or professionTherefore, one can conclude that the Chinese customs of addressing members with the kinship terms(亲戚关系) even not related by blood or marriage·Who should be introdu

35、ced first in the west?The senior, the female, the guest·How is Chinese hospitality different from American hospitality?A: In China, a guest usually observes the principle of avoiding bringing trouble to the host.In American, in contrast, it is the host who tries to avoid interfering in guests f

36、reedom of action by leaving room for the guests to make choices.B: The Chinese host usually goes to trouble to make sure there is something left after the meal; the “wastefulness” of this practice has been criticized in American, and some advocate ordering more sensible quantities.·A cultural a

37、ssumption 文化定式A cultural assumption Is when we assume that a person has particular values and attitudes based on their cultural backgrounds. ·How would Americans misunderstand the Chinese responses to the compliments?1.In the first case, the implication was that the praisor had poor judgement2.

38、The praisor was not sincere3.The Chinese would be suspected of “fishing for compliments”·（重要）How is the Chinese different from Americans in expressing gratitude?1.Chinese people don't usually say "thank you" to those who are very close and who are in a lower position. Thank you is

39、 very common in American, so they tend to thank people all day long regardless of relationship2.Traditional Chinese customs don't require people to express thanks for the small favors. The Americans would thank you all the way for very small and most ordinary things.·What are the 4 major ve

40、rbal differences between Chinese and English ?1.A term in one language doesnt necessarily have a counterpart(对等的人事物) in the other language.2.Words or terms in both languages appear to refer to the same object or concept only on the surface, but actually refer to quite different things3.Things or con

41、cepts are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by many more terms in the other language, for example, finer distinctions in the other language4.Terms have more or less the same primary meaning, but have secondary or additional meanings that may differ considerably from each o

42、ther.·Mono chronic time = M-time 单时性文化Emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness(efficiency)and punctuality. It features one event at a time.·Polychronic time = P-time 多时性文化practiced by most other peoples is less rigid and clock-bound. People from P-time cultures schedule several activities at the same time ,and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered ·Proxemics 空间学the perc