语用学级期末复习思考题

1、I. Put the follow ing En glish terms into Chi nese. (1'= 10') x 10所指对象 referent所指论 Referential theory专有名词 proper name普通名词 common nouns 固定的指称记号 rigid designators 指称词语 deixical items 确定性描述语 definite descriptions 编码时间 coding-time 变异性 variability 表示反复的词语 iterative 表述句 constative补救策略 redressive s

2、trategies 不可分离性 non-detachability 不确定性 indeterminacy不使用补救策略，赤裸裸地公开施行面子威胁行bald on record without redressive actions阐述类言语行为 承诺类言语行为 指令类言语行为 表达类言语行为 宣告类言语行为representatives commissives directives expressives, declarations诚意条件 sincerity condition次要言外行为 secondary illocutionary act 等级含义 scalar implicature

3、等级划分法 rating scales 副语言特征 paralinguistic features 非公开施行面子威胁行为 off record非规约性 non-conventionality 非规约性意义 non-conventional implicature 非论证性的 non-demonstrative 非自然意义 non-natural meaning (meaning-nn) 否定测试法 negation test 符号学 semiotics 构成性规则 constitutive rules 古典格莱斯会话含义理论 Classical Gricean theory of conve

4、rsational implicature 关联论 Relevance Theory 关联原则 Principle of Relevance 归属性用法 attributive use 规约性含义 conventional implicature 人际修辞 interpersonal rhetoric 篇章修辞 textual rhetoric 含蓄动词 implicative verbs 合适条件 felicity conditions 呼语 vocatives互相显映 mutually manifest 会话含义 conversational implicature 话语层次策略 utte

5、rance-level strategy 积极面子 positive face 间接言语行为 indirect speech acts 间接指令 indirect directives 结语 upshots 交际意图 communicative intention 可撤销性 cancellability 可废弃性 defeasibility 可推导性 calculability 跨文化语用失误 cross-cultural pragmatic failure 跨文化语用学 cross-cultural pragmatics 命题内容条件 propositional content condit

6、ion 面子保全论 Face-saving Theory 面子论 Face Theory 面子威胁行为 Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) 蔑视 flouting 明示 ostensive 明示推理模式 ostensive-inferential model 摹状词理论 Descriptions 粘合程度 scale of cohesion 篇章指示 discourse deixis 前提 presupposition 前提语 presupposition trigger 强加的绝对级别 absolute ranking of imposition 确定谈话目的 esta

7、blishing the purpose of the interaction 确定言语事件的性质 establishing the nature of the speech event 确定性描述语 definite descriptions 认知语用学 cognitive pragmatics 上下文 co-text 社会语用迁移 sociopragmatic transfer 社交语用失误 sociopragmatic failure 施为句 performative 省力原则 the principle of least effort 实情动词 factive verbs 适从向 di

8、rection of fit 手势型用法 gestural usage 首要言外行为 primary illocutionary act 双重或数重语义模糊 pragmatic bivalence/ plurivalence 顺应的动态性 dynamics of adaptability 顺应性 adaptability 语境关系的顺应 (contextual correlates of adaptability) 、 语言结构的顺应 (structural objects of adaptability) 、顺应的动态性 (dynamics of adaptability) 和 顺应过程的意

9、识程度 (salience of the adaptation processes) 。 说话人经济原则 speaker ' s economy 损惠等级 cost-benefit scale 所表达的心理状态 expressed psychological state 所指 reference 所指对象 referent 特殊性会话含义 particularized conversational implicature 条件性的双重言外行为conditional bivalent illocutionary act调节性规则 regulative rules 投射问题 project

10、ion problem 推理论 inference theory 推理模式 inferential model 文学语用学 literary pragmatics 问卷调查 questionnaire 习语论 idiom theory 显性施为句 explicit performatives 显映 manifest 限定语篇长度策略 space-making strategies 相对权势 relative power 相邻对 adjacency pair 象征型用法 symbolic usage 小句含义 clausal implicature 协商性 negotiability 新格莱斯会

11、话含义理论 Neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature 新格莱斯语用学机制 Neo-Gricean pragmatic apparatus 心理表征 mental representation 信息意图 informative intention 行事动词 performative verb 宣告类言语行为 declarations 言后行为 perlocutionary act 言内行为 locutionary act 言外行为 illocutionary act 言外之的 illocutionary point

12、言外之力 illocutionary force 言外之力显示手段 illocutionary force indicating devices (IFIDs) 言语事件 speech events 言语行为 speech act 一般性会话含义 generalized conversational implicature 意义 sense 因果的、历史的所指论 Causal or Historical Chains Theory 隐性施为句 implicit performatives 优先结构 preference structure 语际语语用学 interlanguage pragma

13、tics语境 context 语境关系的顺应 contextual correlates of adaptability 语码模式 code model 语篇标示 discoursal indicator 语篇性语用模糊 discoursal ambivalence 语言顺应论 Adaptation Theory 语言结构的顺应 structural objects of adaptability 语言能力 linguistic competence 语义学 semantics 语用模糊 pragmatic ambivalence 语用能力 pragmatic competence 语用迁移

14、pragmatic transfer 语用失误 pragmatic failure 语用语言迁移 pragmalinguistic transfer 语用语言失误 pragmalinguistic failure 语用语言学 pragmalinguistics 与事实相反的条件句 counterfactual conditionals 蕴涵、推涵、衍推 entailment 期待的第二部分 preferred second part 预先的元语用评论语 prospective MPCs 再表述 reformulations 指号 designator 指令类言语行为 directives 追溯

15、性的元语用评论 retrospective MPCs 指示投射 deictic projection 指示语 / 指示性词语 deictic expressions 指示性用法 referential use 指示中心 deictic center 准备条件 preparatory condition 着重受话人的元语用评论 addressee-oriented metapragmatic comments ( A-MPCs) 着重说话人的元语用评论 speaker-oriented metapragmatic comments (S-MPCs) 自然意义 natural meaning 自我

16、中心性 egocentricity 最大关联 maximal relevance 最佳关联 optimal relevance 配对比较 paired comparison 卡片分类 card sorting 等级划分 rating scales 开放性面谈 open interview 引发法 elicitationII. Fill in the bla nks with a proper word or words. (2'= 20')x 101. How did Morris distinguish three aspects of semiotic inquiryThe

17、 use of the term is usually attributed to two American philosophers C. Morris and R.Carnap, who first introduced the term pragmatics 'in their study of semiotics in the 1930s. Morris distinguished three aspects of semiotic inquiry, . syntactics (or syntax), being the study of the formal relation

18、 of signs to one another ', semantics, the study of the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable, and pragmatics, the study ofthe relation of signs tointerpreters. '2. What are the two most important notions in Pragmatics3. How does P. Grice distinguish meaningsThe

19、American philosopher P. Grice distinguishes between what he calls natural meaning (meaning-n) and non-natural meaning (meaning-nn). The two terms parallelsentence meaning 'and speaker meaning '.4. What distinction did Frege make in 1952The German philosopher Frege (1952) is generally credite

20、d with the distinction between thereference of a linguistic expression, that to which the sign refers' , and its sense, an interprof the sign, provided by the grammar of the language.5. What are the two major philosophical theories about reference referential theory of names and causal-historica

21、l theory6. What are the 2 distinct uses of definite descriptions. Donnellan (1966:285- 286) called attention to what he called the referential use,' as oppto the attributive use,' of a definite de.scription7. How many types of deictic expressions are there What are theyDeictic expressions in

22、 English are usually classified into five main types: person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis.8. What are the two different uses of deictic expressionsThere are basically two different uses of deictic expressions. They are called gestural usage and symboli

23、c usage respectively.12. What are the two categories of utterances did Austin distinguishAustin distinguished two categories of utterances, which he referred to respectively as constatives 'and performatives. '9. Who made the greatest contribution to Speech Act Theory in the post-Austinian a

24、geMost of the contributions to Speech Act Theory in the post-Austinian age are ascribed to the American philosopher-linguist John Searle.10. What distinction did Searle make about an utteranceSearle made the distinction between the illocutionary act and the propositional content of an utterance.11.

25、What did IFID stand forAccording to Searle, IFID stood for illocutionary force indicating devices.12. What are the two types of rules that govern the linguistic communication according to Searle Searle distinguishes two basic types of rules, . regulative rules and constitutive rules.13. What are the

26、 three most important dimensions of variation in which illocutionary acts differ from one anotherBased on his criticism of Austin 's classification, Searle presented his taxonomy of illocutionary acts. He first of all specified 12 dimensions of variation in whichillocutionary actsdiffer from one

27、 another. The most important of them are the following three: illocutionary point, direction of fit, and expressed psychological state.14. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts that identified Searle 's taxonomy It is mainly based on these three dimensions of difference that Searl

28、e builds his taxonomy, which identifies five types of illocutionary speech acts: (1) assertives/representatives ， (2) directives ， (3) commissives， (4) expressives， (5) declarations.15. What did Jenny Thomas think of indirect language as Compared with direct language, indirect language is costly and

29、 risky.'16. Searle believed that in performing indirect speech acts, there exist two speech acts. What are theyIn performing indirect speech acts, two speech acts instead of one are involved, . primary illocutionary act and secondary illocutionary act.17. What is the implied meaning termed in Gr

30、ice 's theory.The implied meaning is termed conversational implicature in Grice' s theory.18. What are the most important properties of conversational implicature Calculability, cancellability or defeasibility, nondetachability, non-conventionality, indeterminacy19. What do Sperber and Wison

31、 apply to language understanding Sperber and Wison apply cognitive psychology and monetary economics to language understanding,20. What are the two models that Ostensive-Inferential Model base on 语码模式( Code Model )和推理模式 (Inferential Model)21. What is relevance defined in terms of Relevance is define

32、d in terms of contextual effect and processing effort.22. What are the most important notions that Relevance Theory focus on cognition and communication23. What are the most influential ones in the pragmatic studies of politeness In the pragmatic studies of politeness, the most influential are Leech

33、's Politeness Principleand Brown & Levinson 's politeness strategies.24. What are the factors that measure the weightiness of a face-threatening actThe weightiness of a face-threatening act is measured by three factors: social distance, relative power and absolute ranking of impositions.

34、25. What are the two aspects of face according to Brown & Levinson Brown & Levinson define face as the public self-image of an individual, which has two aspects: first positive face, which represents an individual d'esisre to be accepted and liked by others; second, there is negative fac

35、e, which refers to an individual' s right to freedom of actioand his/her need not to be imposed upon by others.26. What are the five sets of politeness strategies put forth by Brown & LevinsonP. 230 bald on record without redressive actions, positive politeness, negative politeness, off reco

36、rd, and Don 'tdo the FTA.27. What are the three types of meaning in the course of communicationThe meaning that is conveyed in the course of communication falls roughly into three types:the asserted meaning, the implied meaning, and the presupposed meaning.28. What 'sthe way to tell presuppo

37、sition from entailment To tell presuppositions from entailments, semanticists proposed the so-called negation test '.29. The study of Cross-cultural pragmatics mainly consists of pragmalinguistics, sociopragmaticsand interlanguage pragmatics.30. What is pragmatics parametersPragmatics parameters

38、 refer to those factors that affect the choice of pragmatic strategies, including social distance, power, size of imposition, and rights and obligations. (P . 253)31. The studies of Interlinguage pragmatics include four aspects: pragmatic understanding, language expression, pragmatic transfer and pr

39、agmatic failure.32. What cause negative pragmatic transferInterlingual interference, Intralingual interference, influence of L1 literacy33. What are the categories of discourse rolesThomas has distinguished five different categories of producer of talk: Speaker, Author, Reporter, Spokesperson, Mouth

40、piece; four categories of receivers of talk: Addressee, Audience, Bystander, Eavesdropper.34. What are the types of pragmatic ambivalenceThomas and Yu Dongming divided pragmatic ambivalence into four major types: 1) Pragmatic multivalence, 2) Pragmatic bivalence/plurivalence, 3) Conditional bivalent

41、 illocutionary act, and 4) Discoursal ambivalence.35. Presupposition is associated with some lexical items or certain syntactic structures, which are thus given the name of presupposition triggers. What do you know about themA large variety of presupposition triggers in English have been identified.

42、 They can be found at the lexical, syntactic, and phonological level.Presupposition triggers at the lexical level:1) Definite descriptions, 2) Factive verbs 3) Implicative verbs4) Change of state verbs5) Iteratives6) Verbs of judgingPresupposition triggers at the syntactic level:7) Adverbial clauses

43、 and expressions of time 8) Cleft sentences 9)Structures and expressions indicating comparison 10) Non-restrictive attributive clauses 11) Counterfactual conditionals 12) QuestionsPresupposition can also be triggered off by some phonological means such as the shift of the normal sentence stress.36.

44、According to Adaptation Theory, communicative context consists of language users, the mental world, the social world, the physical world, etc.37. According to Adaptation Theory, the reason why people make choices constantly is that language has variability, negotiability and adaptability.38. GU Yueg

45、uo thought that in Chinese culture, politeness included four basic elements: repectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth, and refinement.39. Generally speaking, pragmatic research includes theoretical exposition and empirical study.40. In empirical study, people usually adopt observational method whi

46、ch is usually divided into two broad categories: quantitative and qualitative.III. Put the following passages into Chinese. (10'= 10')分值分布根据两段的长短可能比例有变化，但总分不变。后面的页码是译文在课本相应页码。1. Leech summarizes three points about trivalent meaning as illustrated in the second case:(1) It involves the speake

47、r 's intention to convey a certain meaning which may or may not be evident from the message itself.(2) Consequently, interpretation by the hearer of this meaning is likely to depend on the context.(3) Meaning, in this sense, is something which is performed, rather than something that exists in a

48、 static way. It involves action (the speaker producing an effect on the hearer) and interaction (the meaning being negotiated between speaker and hearer on the basis of their mutual knowledge.)(Leech, 1981：320) (P. 12)2. The following four outward criteria are specified by Leech to judge whether a p

49、articular discussion of meaning takes us into the realm of pragmatics:(1) Is reference made to speakers or hearers(2) Is reference made to the intention of the speaker(3) Is reference made to context(4) Is reference made to the kind of act performed by means of using language (P . 13)3. Grice gives

50、the following characterization of meaning-nn:S meant-nn z by uttering U if and only if(i) S intended U to cause some effect z in recipient H(ii) S intended (i) to be achieved simply by H recognizing that intention (i)4. The version provided by J. Lyons is quite representative. He lists six variables

51、:(i) Each of the participants of communication must know his role and status. The relevant roles are of two kinds: deictic and social, and status here refers to the relative social standing of the participants.(ii) The participants must know where they are in space and time.(iii) The participants mu

52、st be able to categorize the situation in terms of its degree of formality.(iv) The participants must know what medium is appropriate to the situation.(v) The participants must know how to make their utterances appropriate to the subject-matter, and the importance of subject-matter as a determinant

53、in the selection of one dialect or one language rather than another in bilingual or multilingual communities.(vi) The participants must know how to make their utterances appropriate to the province or domain to which the situation belongs.(See Lyons, 1977:574ff) (P. 18-19)5. Searle further condenses

54、 these conditions into four felicity conditions:1) . propositional content conditionS predicates a future act which he himself is going to perform.2) . preparatory conditionS believes what he is going to do is beneficial to H and it is something he does not normally do.3) . sincerity condition S int

55、ends to the act.4) . essential conditionS undertakes the obligation to do the act.(P. 101)6. The factors that determine the speaker 'chsoice are social rather than linguistic. Thomas suggests the following four factors:(1) The relative power of the speaker over the hearer(2) The social distance

56、between the speaker and the hearer(3) The degree to which X is rated an imposition in culture Y(4) Relative rights and obligations between the speaker and the hearer.(Thomas, 1995: 124) (P. 148)7. The CP subsumes mainly four maxims, which are the actual realizations of the CP. The four maxims of Qua

57、ntity, Quality, Relation and Manner, were formulated as follows (1991:308):Maxim of Quantity1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes for the exchange.)2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Maxim of Quality1. Do not say what you be

58、lieve to be false.2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Maxim of RelationBe relevant.Maxim of Manner : Be perspicuous1. Avoid obscurity of expression.2. Avoid ambiguity.3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).4. Be orderly.8. Levinson replaces Grice 'CPs and maxims with three

59、 principles, . the Quantity Principle, theInformation Principle, and the Manner Principle, and each principle subsumes a Speaker' sand a Recipient ' s corollary:The Q-principleSpeaker ' s maxim:Do not provide a statement that is informationally weaker than your knowledge of the world allows, unless providing a stronger statement would contravene the I-Principle.Recipien