2016年职称英语理工类新增(临时抱佛脚)(DOC)

1、12012年职称英语理工类 新增文章阅读理解（6篇）.3页+第四五篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety+第四十六篇 Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as Ecosystem Engineers完形填空（6篇）.20页+第十三篇Solar Power without Solar Cells+第十五篇 “ Liquefaction ” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage注：1、+表示 A 级文章；*表示 B 即文章；其他为 C 级文章；2 、阅读理解，请参见第 3 页；完形填空，请

2、参见第 20 页；3 、 2012 年词汇部分与 2011 年教材相比未作任何变化 。1阅读理解Small But Wise1On December 14,NASA blastedblastid, bl?stid adj. adj.有力的；强有力的；有势力的telescopetelisk ?uped WISEand is about as wide around as a trashcan ize foolyou:WISE has a powerful digital camera2of some the wildest objects in the known universe?r ?idz

3、 n.小行星,faint stars 暗星 ,blazing galaxies nd starsare born.枯萎的；被害的；被咒的a small but mightymaiti n.望远镜；into space. The telescope is calltr? ?k? n n.垃圾桶. Dont let its small s数字摄像机,and it will be taking picturesn.宇宙；世界；领域,including asteroids3and giant clouds of dust where planets aIm very excited because w

4、ere going to be seeing parts of the universe that we havent seen before,said NedWright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravitycr?viti n.重力，地心弓丨力in a polar orbit4(this mean sit crosses close to the n orth and sou

5、th poles5with each lap ).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE willsnap a pictureof a different part of the sky every11 minutes. After six months it will have takenpicturesacross the entireadj.全部的sky.The pictures taken by WISE wont be like everyday digital photographs,however. W

6、ISEstands for可以替代Wide-field Infraredadj.红外线的Surveyn.调查Explorern.探险家；探测者，探测 器.As its namesuggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of featuresn.产品特点that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7that becomesvisible i

7、n a rainbow,is an example of radiation. Whenan ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,forexample,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree. When these waves enter the camerathrough the lens,theyre processed by the camera,which then puts the image together.Wave

8、s of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras dont seethem,and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invisible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can bedetected as warmth by the skin.Thats a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other

9、 telescopes cant. Not everything in the universeshows up in visible light. Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space一 but they absorb most ofthe light that reaches them. They dontreflect light,so theyre difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared te

10、lescope like WISE will beable to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.8Brown dwarfs are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISEs pictures.9These objects arefailed stars一 which means they are not massive enough to

11、 jump startthesame kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. Theyreso dim that theyre almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.词汇：trashcan / tr? ?,k? n/n 垃圾箱 infrared/infr?red/ adj 红外线asteroid/?st

12、?r ?id/ n. 小行星dwarf/dw ?:f/ n. 矮星注释：1.NASA （美国国家航空航天局）是缩写词，全称是 National Aeronautics and Space Administration2. the wildest objects ：任何你能想象得到的天体。 wild 有“未被人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的” 意思。3. faint stars, blazing galaxies ：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。+第四五篇? st24. polar orbit ：极地轨道。指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90。的人造地球卫星轨道。人造卫星运行时能到达

13、南北极区上空， 即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。 需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、 导 航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。5. lap ：一圈。原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回，如：She overtook the other runners on thelast lap. 她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。6. infrared radiation ：红外线辐射7. spectrum of light ：光谱，即，光辐射的波长分布区域。8. Brown dwarfs ：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很难发现它们，要确定它们的大小就更加困难。9.jump start: 启动练习：1 .What

14、 is so special about WISE?A It is small in size but carries a large camera.B It is as small as a trashcan.C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space.2. Which is NOT the synonym for the word snap in the third par

15、agraph? A make.B shoot.C takeD photograph.3. The camera on WISEA is no different from an ordinary camera.B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does.C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.D reflects light that human eyes can see.4. Which of the follo

16、wing is NOT correct aboutasteroids according to paragraph 7?A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them.C It is difficult to take asteroids pictures by ordinary cameras,D The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids5.What is implie

17、d in the last paragraph?A Brown dwarfs give off visible light.B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun.D Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WISE telescope.答案与题解：1. C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。 WISE 的特殊之处就在于，虽然体积小，但它的数码相机能拍 到任何天体，所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中( in the

18、known universe )的未知天文现象。 其他选项都不是短文表达的意思。2. A snap 是个多义词，可以解释为“拍照”，更为确切的意思是“拍快照”。这里 shoot, take 和 photograph 都是 snap 的同义词。3. C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是 visible lights ，看不见 红外线辐射( infrared radiation) ，而 WISE 的相机能够看到。4. A 短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光，比如 asteroids ，所以 A 是正 确选项。其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到。35.

19、B 最后一段的第一句说， 褐矮星能出现在 WISE 照片中，根据上文对 WISE 望远镜的描述只有 WISE 望 远镜才能拍到红外线射线，所以B 是正确选择。+第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as Ecosystem Engineers1Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as aresult of their activity as ecosystem engineers

20、 and predators. The study, published in the Journal of AnimalEcology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.2Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients inthe soil. This can indirectly impact the l

21、ocal populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species muchhigher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vastnumbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the universitys Centre for Ecolog

22、y and Conservation, said:Ants arevery effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. Theyre3also very territorial and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory againstother predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.In this research, we stud

23、ied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found isthat despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase4in density and diversity of other animal groups . They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a biginfluence on the gr

24、assland food web, Sanders said.The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densitiesof black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK. Itfound that a low density of ants in an area incr

25、eased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said:What w

26、e find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrientlevels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatoryimpacts have the bigger effect thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.Ants are important components of ec

27、osystems not only because they constitute a great part5 6of the animalbiomass5but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity6is incredibly high and theseorganisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear howsuch disturb

28、ance damages the maintenance8of ant servicesto the ecosystem Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemicalenvironment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.词汇：predator / pred ?t ?/ n 食肉动物 nutrient/ nju:tri ?nt

29、/ n 营养物； adj 营养的 decomposer/,di:k ?mp?uz?/ n 腐生物；分解体prey/prei/ vsubtlety/ sherbivore/ h注释：捕食；n.被捕食的动物?tlti/ n ，微妙，精妙?:biv ?: / n 食草动物1.the University of Exeter ：埃克斯特大学。 1851 年建校，位于英国西南部重要商业中心埃克斯特 市，是英国著名的传统大学之一。2. nest building：筑巢43. territorial ：领地的。在此用来形容蚂蚁的本性，即具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力保卫 自己的领地。4. an incr

30、ease in density and diversity of other animal groups：其他动物群体在数量和品种上的增长。5. biomass ：物质名词，由 bio 和 mass 两部分组成，意为“生物量”“生物质”。6. biodiversity ：物质名词，由 bio 和 diversity 两部分组成，意为“生物多样性”。7.the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。8. below ground processes ：土壤下面的（工作）过程，即影响生态环境的过程。 练习：1 .Why

31、 are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?A Because they build their own nests.B Because they collect food.C Because their activity affects the environment.D Because they are predators.2. As predators, antsA prey on small as well as large animals.B collect nutritious food from the soilC collect food

32、 as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.3. Dir Sanders study centered on how antsA can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory against other predators.C attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impact on the environment.4

33、. What does paragraph 6 tell us?A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small. B Ants bring about a positiveinfluence to an area when their population is small. C Ants predation counteracts the positive influence they mayhave on an area.D At higher density, ants p

34、roduce a positive influence on an area.5. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?B How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?5C How do human activities affect ants influence on a given ec

35、osystem?D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment? 答案与题解：1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。 A 不是正确答案，因为并不是因为蚂蚁会筑巢才被誉为生态系统工程 师，而是因为它们筑巢和获取食物的方式改变了土壤的营养水平， 为整个食物链提供了很好的生态环境 (见第二段) 。2.A 答案能够从短文的第三段直接找到。该段告诉我们，蚂蚁的掠食范围很广，甚至包括比它们体积更 大的动物( larger animals)。prey 在这里的意思是“捕猎， 捕食”， 作为动词， 后面跟介词 on或 upon。3.D Dirk

36、Sanders 说：“ In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties ofit. ”(第五段)所以， D 是正确选择。句中 the subtleties of it 的意思是：蚂蚁对 环境影响的精妙之处。4.B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，蚂蚁数量小(a lowdensity of ants)的话，能使其他动物的品种和数量增加( increased the diversity and density of other animals )，从而给环境带来积极 影

37、响；第三句说，如果蚂蚁的数量大( At higher densities )，就不可能产生同样的影响，或者是相反 的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵销蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。第七段Dr Frank van Veen 表达了大体相同的内容。第二句告诉我们， 蚂蚁极易受人类的影响 ( these organisms)，第三句告诉我们，科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如”it is not clear howsuch disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. ”) 。5.C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供

38、了答案。are highly responsive to human impact何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用1完形填空+第十三篇Solar Power without Solar CellsA dramatic and surpris ing magn etic effect of light discovered by Uni versity of Michiga n researchers couldlead to solar power without traditi onal semic on ductor-based solar cells.The researchers fou

39、nd a way to make an optical 1 , said Stephe n Rand, a professor in the departments ofElectricalEngineeringand Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.Light has electric and magn etic comp onen ts. Un til now, scie ntists thought the 2 of the magnetic field were soweak that they could be ignore

40、d. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right inten sity,whe n lightis traveli ngthrough a material that does not con ductelectricity, the light field can gen erate magn etic effects that are 100 millio ntimes stro ngerthan 3 expected. 4 these circumsta nces, themagn etic effects develo

41、p stre ngth equivale ntto a strong electric effect.This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semic on ductors and without absorpti on to produce chargeseparation, Rand said. In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets2absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat

42、load . In stead of the light being absorbed,energy is stored in the magnetic momenf. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and the n it isultimately capable of providi ng a capacitive power 6.What_4makes this possible is a previouslyundetected brand of optical rectification，” says Wi

43、lliamFisher, a doctoralstudent5in applied physics. In traditional opticalrectification,lightselectric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and negative charges6in a material. This setsup a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery. _Rand and Fisher found that under the right cir

44、cumstancesand in right types of materials,the lights magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7a 9 that does not 10electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an8inten sityof 10 milli on watts per square cen timeter . Sun light isnt this intense

45、on its own,but new materials are being sought that would work at lower inten sities, Fisher said.9I n our most recent paper, we show that i ncohere nt lightlike sun light is theoreticallyalmost as. 11 in produc ing charge separati on as laser light is, Fisher said.This new 12 could make solar power

46、cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materialsthey could achieve 10 perce nt efficie ncy in 13 solar power to useable en ergy. Thats equivale nt to todayscommercial-grade solar cells.To manu facture 14 solar cells, you have to do exte nsive semic on ductor process in g, Fish

47、er said. All wewould n eed are len ses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass10works for 15 . Its already made in bulk, and it does nt require as much process ing.Tran spare nt ceramics might be eve n better.词汇：optical / ?ptik ?l / adj .光学的in cohere nt /, ink?u hi ?r? nt/ adj.非相干的capaciti

48、ve / k ?p?sitiv/ adj. 电容（量）的semiconductor/,semik?nd?kt?/ n .半导体rectification /, rektifikei?n/ n .改正，修正 ceramics / si r?miks / n .陶瓷注释：1.U niversity2:密歇根大学。建校于 1817 年，是美国名列前茅的公立大学，拥有优良的 师资和顶尖的商学院、法学院、医学院和工学院。2. heat load ：热负荷3. magnetic moment ：磁矩4. optical rectification：光学校正5. doctoral student ：博士生6

49、. positive and negative charges ：正电荷与负电荷7. shone through ： shone 是 shine 的过去式。 shine through 是“（光）通过”。8. an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter ：每平方厘米一千万瓦特的强度9. incoherent light ：非相干光10.Its already made in bulk：它（指玻璃）已大量生产。 in bulk 是“大量，成批”。练习：1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D ba

50、ttery2. A modifications B effects C applications D results3. A frequently B privately C previously D formally4.A Under B At C On D Over5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism6.A plant B equipment C source D line7.A down B up C together D apart8. A this B that C those D it9. A material B lens

51、C meter D detector10.A produce B convey C use D conduct11.A remote B poor C effective D rare12.A prototype B skill C technique D miracle13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D transmitting14.A compact B modern C durable D handy15. A others B some C all D both答案与题解：1.D 第一段说密歇根大学发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳

52、能发电， 从而取代传统的半导体太 阳能电池。 因此本题的正确选项应该是 battery 。 opticalbattery是“光电池”。optical microscope（光学显微镜） 、 optical instrument（光学仪器）或 optical fiber （光纤）与第一段的意思没有联系。2.B 选择本题的答案的依据还是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始词语是“ A dramatic andsurprising magnetic effect of light。本篇文章中心议题是用 magnetic effect of light开发新型的太阳能电池。而以前的科学家认为magneti

53、c effect of light太微弱，不值得去关注它。因此，本题选 effects 与上下文的意思很连贯。3. C 本句的意思是：当光通过一种绝缘材料时，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要强一亿倍。previously 是当然的选择。 其他三个选项填入句子中， 意思不合逻辑： frequently （频繁地） /privately （私下地）/formerly （正式地） expected 。4. A under these circumstances 是固定词组，意为“在这种情况下”。也可以说in thesecircumstances ，而 at 、 on 或 over 都不与 circum

54、stances 连用。35.A 通篇文章谈的是光产生的磁效应，所以在太阳能电池中，当然是光进入某种材料起作用。答案是选 项 A。6. C 密歇根大学的科学家发现太阳光产生强烈的磁效应，再转换为电，所以磁效应是产生电的源泉4（source ）。power plant （发电厂）、power equipment（电力设备）或 power line（输电线）与上文的意思接不上。7. D or在本句的意思是“即”，后面的词语是解释专业术语charge separation （电荷分离）。选 apart与 pushing 构成 pushing apart。pushing apart的意思相当于 sepa

55、ration 。所以本题的答案是D。8. B 从上下文判断，要填人的代词是替代前面的voltage。根据英语语法，替代单数名词的代词要用that ，替代复数名词的代词要用those。voltage 是单数，所以 that 是答案。9. A 从本句句末的 such as glass判断，要填入的词一定是包括glass 的概括词。因此，只有选项material符合这个条件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁场效应是由光通过一个不导电的材料（material ）而产生的。10. D 答案的根据可以在第三段中找到。原句是：What Rand and his colleagues found is that a

56、t theright inten sity,whe n light is traveli ng through a material that does not con duct electricity,the light field can gen erate magn etic effects that are 100 millio n times stron ger tha npreviously expected. ”选项 con duct 是答案。11. C 激光通过特定材料时能产生charge separation。密歇根大学科学家发现，阳光通过特定材料时也像激光一样能产生char

57、ge separation。如果 charge separation是 remote、 poor 或 rare，密歇根大学科学家所说的利用光磁场效应开发新型的太阳能电池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective 。12. C 说这种样机（this prototype ）、技巧（this skill ）或这一奇迹（this miracle ）能降低太阳能的价格，似乎离题太远。只有用这一技术（this tech nology ）概括上一段的意思才准确。因此本题答案是 tech no logy。13. A 科学家预测，通过改进材料，可使太阳能转化成可用能源的效率达到10%。本题的答案是convert

58、ing 。而 obtaining （得到）、delivering（输送）和 transmitting（发射）与能量转换”挂不上号。14. B 通篇文章没有谈到新型太阳能电池是compact （紧凑小型的）、durable （耐用的）或 handy （使用便利的），所以不会是答案。 选 modern 是合理的，因为密歇根大学科学家研发的不用半导体的太阳能电池是先进的。15. D 答案是 both，指代的是上一句的to focus the light and a fiber to guide it”这两点。+第十五篇Liquefaction ” Key to Much of Japanese Ea

59、rthquake Damage1The massive subduct ion zone earthquake in Japa n caused a sig ni fica nt level of soil liquefact ion2that hassurprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new a nalysisshows.Weve see n localized3examples of soil liquefacti on as extreme as this before, but thedistanee and 2 of damage

60、 in Japan were unusually4of geotech nical engin eeri ngat Orego n State Uni versitysinking into the sediments, Ashford said. The shifts6pipelines , cripplingthe utilities and infrastructuresaw some places that sank as much as four feet.Some degree of soil liquefacti on7is com mon inphe nomenon in wh