英汉翻译 ec translation lecture 5

1、Lecture 5 Choice and Extension of Word Meaning 词义的选择和词义的引申词义的选择和词义的引申Choice of Word Meanings（词义的选择（词义的选择）n英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同词类，具有几个不同意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同词义。在英译汉过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中词义。在英译汉过程中，我们在

2、弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯说法；选择确定词义关键词词义技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手：通常可以从两方面着手：n1、根据词在句中词类来选择和确定词义、根据词在句中词类来选择和确定词义nThey are as like as two peas . （形容词）（形容词）n他们相似极了。他们相似极了。nLike charges repel; unlike charges attract. （形容词）（形容词）n相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。nHe

3、 likes mathematics more than physics. （动词）（动词）n他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。nWheat, oat, and the like are cereals . （名词）（名词）n小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。n Like knows like. Like cures like. （名词）（名词）n英雄识英雄。以毒攻毒。英雄识英雄。以毒攻毒。n 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中搭配关系来选择和确定词义。、根据上下文联系以及词在句中搭配关系来选择和确定词义。n Last:nHe is the last man to co

4、me.n他是他是最后最后来的来的.nHe did each new job better than the last.n他每做一件新的工作都比他每做一件新的工作都比上一件上一件做得更好做得更好.nHe would be the last man to say such things.n他他决不会决不会说这种话说这种话.nHe is the last person for such a jobn他他最不配最不配干这个工作干这个工作.nHe should be the last (man) to blame.n怎么也不该怎么也不该怪他怪他.nHe is the last man to consul

5、t.n根本不宜根本不宜找他商量找他商量.nThis is the last place where I expected to meet you.n我我怎么也没料到怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你会在这个地方见到你.nThis is the last thing he will do.n这是他这是他最不愿干最不愿干的事情的事情.3. 根据搭配判断词义根据搭配判断词义nexercise:nexercise options（行使选择权）（行使选择权）exercise monopoly（实施垄断）（实施垄断）nexercise judgment（作出判断）（作出判断）exercise democrac

6、y（实行民主）（实行民主）nexercise responsibility（履行责任）（履行责任）exercise influence（施加影响）（施加影响）nTo make a dress nTo make troublenTo make a fire nT make a living nTo make the bednTo make money nTo make a speech nTo make a will nTo make a poem nTo make an investigation nTo make a mistake做一件衣服做一件衣服惹麻烦惹麻烦生火生火谋生谋生铺床铺床赚钱

7、赚钱发表演讲发表演讲立遗嘱立遗嘱作一首诗作一首诗进行调查进行调查犯错误犯错误To hold meeting To hold ones attention To hold a position To hold ones breathTo hold ones promise To hold sb. guiltTo hold the baby in ones armsTo hold a pipe between the teethTo hold power To hold a leading post Hold the line, please.Hold your tongue 开会开会吸引某人注意

8、吸引某人注意坚守阵地坚守阵地屏住气屏住气守信守信判定某人有罪判定某人有罪抱孩子抱孩子嘴里叼着烟斗嘴里叼着烟斗 掌权掌权担任领导工作担任领导工作请等一下（不要请等一下（不要把电话挂断）把电话挂断）别吵别吵4. 据上下文语境确定词义据上下文语境确定词义n1. We hope Mr. white will not forget himself, gone are the days when a representative of a large country in UN, may do whatever he likes.nThe speaker attitude towards to the l

9、istener in the sentence is derogatory sense and warning tone.译：我们希望怀特先生译：我们希望怀特先生不要忘乎所以不要忘乎所以，在联合国里一个大国代表，在联合国里一个大国代表可以为所欲为的日子已经一去不复返了。可以为所欲为的日子已经一去不复返了。n2. We hope that our most respected secretary General will not forget himself ,his poor health is known to everybody .n(Praise attitude and show lo

10、ving care tone)译：我们希望最可敬的秘书长先生译：我们希望最可敬的秘书长先生不要过于操劳不要过于操劳（劳累过度，忘（劳累过度，忘我的工作，要多多保重，他的健康状况欠佳是众所周知的）我的工作，要多多保重，他的健康状况欠佳是众所周知的）.Exercise nshort:n1. I have a short memory.n2. Her life was short but brilliant.n3. He complained that the notice was too short.n4. Indeed he has a short temper.n5. Consequently

11、, seeing that they could not win, Lord North in 1778 offered many concessions, short of independence.n我的记忆力我的记忆力不好不好。n她的一生是她的一生是短暂短暂而光荣的。而光荣的。n他埋怨说他埋怨说,通知太通知太仓促仓促了。了。n他确实是个他确实是个急急性子。性子。n诺斯勋爵鉴于不能取胜诺斯勋爵鉴于不能取胜,于一七七八年提出要作出若干让步于一七七八年提出要作出若干让步,只是只是不让不让他们独立他们独立。nDevelop:They want to develop the traditional

12、 friendship with China.He has developed the habit of getting up early.She developed an interest in literature.We must continue to develop our tradition.Their rich natural resources, however, are not developed or utilized to the best advantage.We decided to develop a special chemical plant.He was dis

13、covered to have developed heart-diseaseCan you develop this film for us？ n他们想他们想发展发展同中国的传统友谊。同中国的传统友谊。n他他养成养成了早起的习惯。了早起的习惯。n她她培养培养了对文学的兴趣。了对文学的兴趣。n我们应该继续我们应该继续发扬发扬我们的传统。我们的传统。n但他们丰富的自然资源还没有充分但他们丰富的自然资源还没有充分开发开发利用。利用。n我们决定我们决定办办一个特别的化工厂。一个特别的化工厂。n发现他发现他患患了心脏病。了心脏病。n您能为我们您能为我们冲洗冲洗这个胶卷吗这个胶卷吗 ？Everybody

14、s business is nobodys business.三个和尚没水吃。三个和尚没水吃。 Extension of word meaning (词义的引申词义的引申)n词义引申是指翻译时词义引申是指翻译时,在词典上找不到符合上下意义的词在词典上找不到符合上下意义的词时要经过适当的思考时要经过适当的思考,在原词或词组的基本意义的基础上在原词或词组的基本意义的基础上,把原词改为一种适合于表达原文精神实质的新义。把原词改为一种适合于表达原文精神实质的新义。 n 词义的抽象化词义的抽象化 n所谓作抽象化的引申，就是把原来具体的东西引申为一种抽象的属性或概念。例所谓作抽象化的引申，就是把原来具体的

15、东西引申为一种抽象的属性或概念。例如把如把“玫瑰玫瑰”、“老虎老虎”和和“猿猿”分别引申为分别引申为“美好美好”、“残暴残暴”和和“狡猾狡猾”，生动形象。生动形象。nExample:n1. It is regrettable that our appeal remains a dead letter. n遗憾的是，我们的呼吁遗憾的是，我们的呼吁没有得到响应。没有得到响应。n2. She showered us with telegrams.n她的电报她的电报纷至沓来纷至沓来。n3. See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the

16、news for the next four weeks was never distinct. 互相追越的现象互相追越的现象 n在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙。在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙。两种情况不两种情况不断地交替出现断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。，一直没有明朗化。n4. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. n帝国主义者的性格帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾既残暴，又狡猾。 n5. She was born

17、 with a silver spoon in her mouth; she thinks she can do whatever she likes.n她生长在她生长在富贵之家富贵之家，认为凡事都可以随心所欲。，认为凡事都可以随心所欲。 n6. How do we account for the split between the critics and the readers, the head and the heart?n评论家和读者之间，也就是评论家和读者之间，也就是理智和感情之间理智和感情之间的这种分歧如何解释呢？的这种分歧如何解释呢？nI am not such men to l

18、et heart ule head.n7. Betty stands head and shoulder above her classmates in playing tennis. n贝蒂打网球的水平贝蒂打网球的水平鹤立鹤立全班。全班。n8. He gave up the sword for the plough.n他他解甲归农解甲归农了。了。nThe pen is mightier than the sword。n文字文字的力量胜于的力量胜于武力武力。n9. Faults are thick where love is thin. n一朝情义一朝情义淡淡，样样样样不顺眼。不顺眼。 n10

19、. It has taken many a pick and shovel to prove to the world that the history of Greece went back long before the year 776BC.n向世人证明希腊的历史可以追溯到公元前向世人证明希腊的历史可以追溯到公元前776年做了大量的年做了大量的考古发掘工作考古发掘工作。n11. I am only a small potato in this office.n小人物小人物n12. Dont put your finger into anothers pie. n别管他人闲事。别管他人闲事

20、。nMan for the field and woman for the hearth； nman for the sword and for the needle she, nman with the head and woman with the heart； nman to command and women to obey.n （Tennyson)n男人适于农耕，女人适于家务；男人适于农耕，女人适于家务；n男人适于征战，女人适于缝纫。男人适于征战，女人适于缝纫。n男人善于深思，女人富于感情；男人善于深思，女人富于感情；n男人发号施令，女人唯有服从。男人发号施令，女人唯有服从。n (丁

21、尼生）丁尼生）Exercisen1. Every life has its roses and thorns.n2. I have to work for bread! n3.If you dare to play the fox with me, I will shoot you at once. n4. I have no head for music. n5. Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.n6. Since I only got the news at second hand, I took it with a

22、 grain of salt. n7. What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.n8. In the capitalist society money is the king.n1. Every life has its roses and thorns .n每个人生活都有甜有苦。每个人生活都有甜有苦。n2. I have to work for bread! n我不得不为我不得不为生活生活而工作而工作！n3. If you dare to play the fox with me, I will shoot you at o

23、nce. n你要是敢你要是敢对我耍滑头对我耍滑头，我马上毙了你。，我马上毙了你。/你小子要是敢你小子要是敢对我玩猫腻对我玩猫腻，老子一枪，老子一枪崩了你。崩了你。n4.I have no head for music.n我没有音乐方面的我没有音乐方面的天赋天赋。n5. Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine. n山姆知道山姆知道不论境遇如何不论境遇如何，他都可把家庭作为靠山。，他都可把家庭作为靠山。n 6. Since I only got the news at second hand, I took it with a gr

24、ain of salt.n这个消息我只是这个消息我只是间接间接听来的，所以听来的，所以并不完全相信并不完全相信。n7. What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. n少时所学，到老不忘。少时所学，到老不忘。n8. In the capitalist society money is the king.n在资本主义社会，金钱成了在资本主义社会，金钱成了主宰一切的权威主宰一切的权威。There is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。任何规则都有例外。 词义的具体化词义的具体化n词语经常需

25、要具体化词语经常需要具体化: nTransportation 运输运输工具工具 npreparation 准备准备工作工作 nbackwardness 落后落后状态状态nTension 紧张紧张局势局势 n madness 疯狂疯狂行为行为 nantagonism 敌对敌对态度态度n注意有时要根据上下文正确判断再决定是否具体化，怎样具体化注意有时要根据上下文正确判断再决定是否具体化，怎样具体化n如：如：retirement可以译为可以译为“退休退休”，或具体化为，或具体化为“幽静地方；偏僻地方幽静地方；偏僻地方”n具体化有时可借用四字词组具体化有时可借用四字词组nVery timid； 胆小如

26、鼠胆小如鼠nvery strong；力大如牛；力大如牛nkeeping quiet 噤若寒蝉噤若寒蝉nBe full of anxiety and worry；牵肠挂肚；牵肠挂肚nVery anxious to return home归心似箭归心似箭nHave not cut off relations completely藕断丝连藕断丝连n1. The pharmacologists are making a careful study of the allergy of the medicine. n药理学家们正在认真研究这药的药理学家们正在认真研究这药的过敏反应过敏反应。n2. The

27、dancing hall was filled with gayety. n舞厅充满了舞厅充满了欢乐气氛欢乐气氛。n3. The authorities gave the go-ahead to him.n当局为他当局为他大开绿灯大开绿灯.n4. The black people were fighting against the segregation of the government.n黑人正在同政府的黑人正在同政府的隔离政策隔离政策作斗争。作斗争。n5. Johns lightheartedness, however, did not last long.n然而，约翰那种然而，约翰那种

28、轻松愉快的心情轻松愉快的心情没有持续多久。没有持续多久。n6. All the irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment.n那所大学里的任何那所大学里的任何越轨行为越轨行为都受到了处罚。都受到了处罚。Exercisen1. His arrogance sent him into isolation and helplessness.n2. The crime sent him into notoriety.n3. Her jealousy is the cause of her failur

29、e.n4. The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing. n5. But I suspected that if I tried to release the wolf, she would turn aggressive and try to tear me to pieces.n1. His arrogance sent him into isolation and helplessness. n他的他的傲慢态度傲慢态度使他孤立无援使他孤立无援。n2. The crime sent him into notor

30、iety.n这一罪行使他落入了这一罪行使他落入了声名狼藉的境地声名狼藉的境地。 n3. Her jealousy is the cause of her failure.n她的她的嫉妒心理嫉妒心理是她失败的根源。是她失败的根源。n4. The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing. n长城是任何一个外国游客长城是任何一个外国游客必不可少的参观游览的项目。必不可少的参观游览的项目。n5. But I suspected that if I tried to release the wolf, she would turn aggressive and try to tear me to pieces.n可