学术英语(社科)Unit 5

1、学术英语学术英语 社科社科Academic English for Social Sciences5 5Sociology MattersCultures all share certain basic characteristics despite differences. In this unit we will see how those characteristics change as cultures develop, and how cultures influence one another through their technological, commercial, an

2、d artistic achievements. Unit 5Sociology Matters Unit ContentsText AText BListeningSpeakingWritingLead-inText CLead-inTask Read the first paragraph of the text. Work in pairs and write down two examples of the development of culture in China. 1 _2 _Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and

3、 thinking Difficult sentences Group discussion English language for academic purpose Collocations Signpost language Formal EnglishUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText AnalysisAnalyzing the text by explaining key terms1 Culturethe totality of learned, socially tran

4、smitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behaviorUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis2 Cultural universalsadaptations to meet essential human needs, such as peoples need for food, shelter, and clothinge.g. athletic sports, cooking, funeral ceremo

5、nies, medicine, and sexual restrictions (Anthropologist George Murdock) (Para.2)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysisthe process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture:1) discovery: making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of realitye

6、.g. the finding of the DNA molecule; identification of a new moon of Saturn(Para.5)2) invention: an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before.e.g. the bow and arrow, automobile, the Internet (Para.5)3 InnovationUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACrit

7、ical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 4 Globalization the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of idease.g. Starbucks in China (Para.6)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of T

8、ext AText Analysis5 Diffusion the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. e.g. Diffusion can occur through a variety of means: exploration, military conquest, missionary work, the influence or the mass media, tourism, and the Internet. (Para.7)Unit 5Sociol

9、ogy MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis6 McDonaldization the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society, both in the United States and throughout the worldUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical readin

10、g and thinking of Text AMcDonaldization is associated with the melting of cultures. Examples:In Japan: African entrepreneurs have found a thriving market for hip-pop fashions popularized by teens in the United States. (Para.9)In Austria: the McDonalds organization has drawn on Austrians love of coff

11、ee, cake, and conversation to create the McCafe fast-food chain. (Para.9)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AIn some societies, McDonaldization has met resistance to the invasion of too much culture from other countries.Examples: In Canada: 35% of a stations daytime r

12、adio programming is required be devoted to Canadian songs or artists. (Para.10)In Brazil: Barbies popularity has been eclipsed by Susi, a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls. (Para.10)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis7 Technologycultural informat

13、ion about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desirese.g. Technology has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements. (Para.11)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analys

14、is8 Material culturethe physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including food items, houses, factories, and raw materialsUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis9 Nonmaterial cultureways of using material objects and customs, beliefs, philosoph

15、ies, governments, and patterns of communication It is more resistant to change than material culture. Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis10 Cultural lagthe period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material

16、conditionse.g. the ethics of using the Internet, such as issues concerning privacy and censorship (Para.12)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesThe cultural practices listed by Murdock may be universal, but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. (Para.3) Th

17、ese cultural practices in Murdocks list are common to many societies, but these practices are carried out in ways that differ greatly among different cultures. Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesEach generation, and each year for that matter, most human cultures change and expand throug

18、h the processes of innovation and diffusion. (Para.4) For that matter is used to show that a statement is true in another situation. Here it emphasizes the fact that human cultures change rapidly. Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesToday, more and more cultural expressions and practices

19、 are crossing national borders, transforming the traditions and customs of the societies exposed to them. (Para.7) Today cultural expressions and practices of different countries are influencing each other. Hence the traditions and customs of many societies are changed under the influence . Unit 5So

20、ciology MattersText ADifficult sentencesSociologist George Ritzer coined the term “McDonaldization” (Para.8) Coin: to use a word or phrase that no one has used before. Coining of new terms is common in social science studies, often serving to introduce a new concept or theory. Her wardrobe includes(

21、Para.10) The clothes that the Brazilian doll hasUnit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesTodays technological developments no longer need await publication in journals with limited circulation. Press conferences, often carried simultaneously on the Internet, now trumpet new developments.(Para

22、.11) Today when new technology is developed, it does not have to introduce itself in specific journals; rather it normally draws on online press conferences to spread the information. Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesthe ethics of using the Internet, particularly issues concerning pri

23、vacy and censorship, have not yet caught up with the explosion in Internet use and technology. (Para.12) The Internet ethical issues, particularly privacy and censorship issues are not fully discussed and well developed, thus is lagging behind the rapid increase in the Internet use and technology. U

24、nit 5Sociology MattersText AGroup DiscussionIt is said that people in different societies take different attitudes toward diffusion. What kind of attitude do Chinese people take toward diffusion? Use examples to illustrate your point. Unit 5Sociology MattersCollocationText AEnglish language for acad

25、emic purpose1.人们对衣食住的需求人们对衣食住的需求2.推出新概念推出新概念3.解除现有的工作关系解除现有的工作关系4.改变社会传统和习俗改变社会传统和习俗 Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96) peoples need for food, shelter, and clothing introducing a new idea sweep away existing working relationships transform the traditio

26、ns and customs of the societyUnit 5Sociology Matters1Text AEnglish language for academic purpose dilute the distinctive aspects of a societys culture the cultural invasion from other countries satisfy human needs and desires issues concerning privacy and censorship5.削弱社会文化中的特殊方面削弱社会文化中的特殊方面6.来自于其他国家

27、的文化侵略来自于其他国家的文化侵略7.满足人类的需求和欲望满足人类的需求和欲望8.关于隐私和审查的问题关于隐私和审查的问题CollocationTask 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96)Unit 5Sociology Matters1Text A2Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97)English language for academic purposeCollocati

28、on Unit 5Sociology Mattershuman needs and desires level of privacymaterial culture social consequencesworking relationship worldwide integration2Text A2Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97)English language for academic purposeCollocation Unit 5Sociology Matters1. Inte

29、rnet users may achieve an adequate _ through controlled disclosure of personal information. 2. This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the _ of population decline and aging in Japan.3. Sociologists use the term “globalization” to refer to the resulting _ of government policies, cultures, soci

30、al movements and financial markets.level of privacysocial consequencesworldwide integration2Text ATask 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97)English language for academic purposeCollocation Unit 5Sociology Matters4. A final recommendation of the consultants was a radical at

31、tempt to forge a closer _ between the board and staff members.5. In the social sciences, “_” is a term that refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations. 6. Abraham Maslow wrote his Hierarchy of Needs theory wherein he attempted to document the five levels of _.human needs and d

32、esiresmaterial cultureworking relationship2Signpost language may be classified in a variety of ways At the essay level be sorted into functional groups Depending upon the purpose or intent of the writer Paragraphs may also be classifiedText AEnglish language for academic purposeTask 2 Classification

33、 Read the paragraph on Page 98 and underline signpost language of classification.Unit 5Sociology MattersText AIn academic writing, claims are often couched in tentative language. This is known as hedging. English language for academic purposeFormal EnglishModal auxiliary verbs:can, could, may, might

34、, should, would Other modal verbs:appear, look, seem, tend Probability adjectives:likely, possible, probable, unlikely Probability adverbs:perhaps, possibly, probably, presumably Frequency adverbs:generally, occasionally, often, seldom, usually Unit 5Sociology MattersText A2Task 3 Complete the sente

35、nces with hedging expressions. (P98)English language for academic purposeFormal EnglishUnit 5Sociology Matters1. The cultural practices listed by Murdock _ be universal, but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. For example, one society _ let its members choose their

36、 own marriage partners. Another _ encourage marriages arranged by the parents.maymaymayText A2Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98)Formal EnglishUnit 5Sociology Matters2. Globalization _ be defined as the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movement

37、s, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.3. One economist went so far as to suggest that the entire field _ be simply summarized: “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.”maycouldEnglish language for academic purposeText A2Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedg

38、ing expressions. (P98)Formal EnglishUnit 5Sociology Matters4. When deciding how safely to drive, rational people compare, _ unconsciously, the marginal benefit from safer driving to the marginal cost.5. Economists, like astronomers and evolutionary biologists, _ have to make do with whatever data th

39、e world happens to give them.6. Workers unemployed for many months are more _ to suffer economic and psychological hardship.likelyusuallyperhapsEnglish language for academic purpose Text B Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose ResearchingUnit 5Sociol

40、ogy MattersText B Sociologists view on globalization “Globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions.” (Charles Tilly) tourist gazethe expectation on the part of the tourist that he or she will have exotic experiences while traveling abroadCritic

41、al reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText B Effects of globalization on international tourismGlobalization has greatly expanded the possibilities for international travel. (Para.2;find statistics to illustrate it)High level of international tourism translated into an

42、 increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries.Critical reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText B exotic experiencesexperiences that violate our everyday expectation about how social interaction and interaction with the phys

43、ical environment are supposed to proceed e.g. Americans traveling in England may delight in the fact that the British drive on the left-hand side of the road.(Para.3)Critical reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText B Most of tourists do not want their experiences to b

44、e too exotic. e.g. the popularity of McDonald in Paris among young American tourists (Para. 4)Critical reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText BWhat can sociologists study about the tourist increases with the march of globalization? e.g. dominant patterns of interacti

45、on that emerge between tourists and locals; whether these interactions are friendly or antagonistic (Para.6)Critical reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText BDifficult sentencesAmericans, of course, have always interacted with people from foreign lands if for no other

46、 reason than America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation.(Para. 1)Americans, of course, have always communicated with people from other cultures simply because America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation. Unit 5Sociology MattersText BDifficult sentences“globalizat

47、ion means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions” (Para. 1) Globalization means those social interactions that used to just impact the local community now has an impact that reaches beyond the local area.Unit 5Sociology MattersText BDifficult sentencesHigh l

48、evels of international tourism, of course, translate into an increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries. (Para.3) High levels of international tourism, of course, leads to an increase in face-to-face communications between people of different countries.

49、Unit 5Sociology MattersCollocation witness the effects of globalizationsocial interaction a proportion ofdelight inbe disconcerting totake pleasure input strains onwith the march of globalizationText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 5Sociology MattersTeam work: Form groups of 4-5 and condu

50、ct a research about Chinese tourists traveling abroad. The following prompts may be helpful:the number of Chinese tourists abroad every yearthe countries they visit and the length they stay therethe aspects or things they are interested intheir shopping behaviorshow the tourists interact with locals

51、 Researching Unit 5Sociology MattersText BTask 1 (P103)1. The “tourist gaze” refers to the expectation of a tourist when he or she travels abroad to have experiences different from that he or she enjoys back at home.2. The tourist gaze may put strains on face-to-face interactions between tourists an

52、d locals, especially those who do not benefit from tourism because some tourists may require too much and become too judging. Suggested answersUnit 5Sociology MattersText B Text CCritical readingUnit 5Sociology MattersUnit 5Sociology MattersText CSuggested answers Translate Paragraph 5 of Text C int

53、o Chinese 要了解你与人沟通的风格不是件容易的事。随意拉住别人问他们觉得你是哪种人，随意的？好辩的？友好的？活泼的？这样做颇为尴尬，也不太妥当。所以要进行自我观察和分析，你必须对别人给你的反馈保持敏感，并诚实地解读收到的反馈。这样的观察和分析通常称为“自我监控”，其好处在于能够帮助你发现各种状况下恰当、得体的行为，控制你的情绪反应，给别人留下良好印象，还能在你从一种状况转换到另一种状况时帮助你修正行为。 Listening Note-taking symbolsUnit 5Sociology MattersListening: Note-taking symbols (See Page

54、 106)ListeningAcademic activitiesUnit 5Sociology MattersTask 1 (P106) ListeningSuggested answersUnit 5Sociology Matters1 Four concepts the speaker explains in the lecture:1) culture identity2) ethnic identity3) cultural group4) ethnic group2 Definitions of the four concepts:1) Culture identity embod

55、ies standards of behavior and the ways in which beliefs, values, and attitudes are transmitted to the younger generation. It also entails the ways in which kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured.Task 1 (P106) ListeningSuggested answersUnit 5Sociology Matters2) Ethn

56、ic identity refers to the geographic origin of a minority group within a country or culture.3) Cultural group refers to a set of people who embrace core beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms and transmit them from generation to generation.4) Ethnic group is a set of people who are embedded within a

57、larger cultural group or society and who share beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms that are also transmitted from generation to generation.Task 2 (P107) ListeningSuggested answersUnit 5Sociology MattersDictationOnes cultural identity is an important aspect of being human. Cultural identity evolves from the shared beliefs, values, and attitudes of a group of people. It embodies standards of behavior and the ways in which beli