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1、 . ContentsAbstract 2I. Introduction 2II. main body 21. Problems aroused by different cultural backgrounds22. Importance of cultural background knowledge in language teaching 43. How to carry out the teaching of cultural background knowledge10III. Conclusion 12Cultural Background Knowledge and Engli
2、sh Teaching汤红玲Abstract:I. The relationship between language and culture is very important .The different cultural backgrounds can arouse problems in English teaching:A. Some difficulties in communication caused by different cultural backgrounds
3、 B. Brief illustration of relationship between language and culture C. Problems in English teaching and teaching material caused by neglect of cultural background knowledge II.
4、160; Cultural background knowledge in language teaching is very important :A Necessity of cultural background knowledge in aural comprehension B. Necessity of cultural background knowledg
5、e in oral English C. Necessity of cultural background knowledge in reading 1. From the respect of allusions as illustration2. From the respect of idioms a
6、s illustration D. Necessity of cultural background knowledge in writing and translation III. How to carry out the teaching of cultural background knowledge : Selecting
7、0;proper teaching material ;Encouraging wide reading ;Paying attention to proper wording in the classroom;Using native English video tapes and films;Encouraging communication with native speakers
8、 of English ;Holding lectures about culture Key words : relationship ;cultural ; background ; English;teachingI. IntroductionThe relationship between language and culture is very important。In English teaching ,because of the different cultural backgrounds and the
9、teachers ignore the cultural backgrounds,so many problems can be aroused. so we only teach both language and cultural backgrounds, we can improve the students' performance better. II. main body 1. Problems aroused by different cultural backgrounds1.1.Once an American was visi
10、ting the home of a Chinese. As the visitor saw the hosts wife, he said,“ Your wife is very beautiful.” The host smiled and said:“ Where? Where?”which caused the
11、 Americans surprise, but still he answered: “ Eyes, hair, nose”an answer that the host found a bit puzzling. The surprising was caused by different cultures. “Where?
12、;Where?”meaning“哪里!哪里!”in Chinese is a kind of humble saying .But the American understood it as "Which parts of the body are beautiful?" So, the reason for both sides' misunderstandings was differences in customs and habits. Each was expressing and understanding what the other said acc
13、ording to his or her culture .Events like these are fairly common when people use different languages and cultures communicate. Because of cultural differences, misunderstandings may arise, although the language used in
14、communication may be faultless. The same words or expressions may not mean the same thing to different peoples. Because of cultural differences, a serious question may ca
15、use amusement or laughter,a harmless statement may cause displeasure or anger. Because of cultural differences, jokes by a foreign speaker maybe received with blank faces and&
16、#160;stony silence. Yet the same stories in the speakers own country would leave audience holding their sides with laughter.1.2.Language is a part of culture and plays a&
17、#160;very important role in it. On the one hand, without language, culture would not be possible. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture; it
18、 reflects culture. In the broadest sense, language is the symbolic representation of a people, and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their
19、 approach to life and their ways of living and thinking. Language and culture interact and understanding of one requires understanding of the other.Cultures differ from o
20、ne another. Each culture is unique. Learning a foreign language well means more than merely mastering the pronunciation, grammar, words and idioms. It means learning also
21、;to see the world as native speakers of that language see it, learning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas, customs, and behavior of their society,
22、160;learning to understand their “language of the mind”. Learning a language, in fact, is inseparable from learning its culture.However,it has not been given enough care to in
23、 our teaching for a long time. 1.3 .Many students haveacquired four skillslistening, speaking, reading and writing according to the demand of our traditional syllabus, they
24、60;often make mistakes in application of language to real life, becauseour teaching and teaching materials attach importance to language forms but ignore the social meanings o
25、f language forms and language application in reality. We can see the following dialogues in many textbooks:1. A: Whats your name? B: My name is Li Hong. A: How old a
26、re you? B: Im twenty. A: Where do you come from? B: I come from Nanjing. 2. A: Where are you going? B: Im going to the library. 3. A: Are you writing a letter
27、to your parents? B: Yes, I am. A: How often do you write to your parents? B: About once a week.All the above dialogues are roughly the combination of Chinese thinkin
28、g and English form. Although such forms are correct, they are not appropriate. Except for hospitals, immigration offices and such places, its unimaginable for someone to
29、ask a string of questions like: “ Whats your name?” “ How old are you?” “ Where do you come from?” The natural reaction of English-speaking people to the g
30、reetings like: “ Where are you going?” would mostly likely be “Why do you ask?” or “Its none of your business.” Questions like “ Are you writing to your
31、160;parents?” would intrude on ones privacy. Our teaching material seldom pays attention to differences between cultures, so our students are usually ignorant of the factor
32、160;of culture and they can only mechanically copy what they have learned.2. Importance of cultural background knowledge in language teachingSo in language teaching, we should not only pass on kn
33、owledge of language and train learners competence of utilizing language, but also enhance teaching of relative cultural background knowledge. 21.In teaching of aural comprehension, we
34、160;find many students complain that much time has been used in listening, but little achievement has been acquired. In order to improve competence of listening comprehension,
35、 some students specially buy tape recorders for listening and spend quite a few hours every day on it, but once they meet new materials, still, they fail to
36、0;understand. What is the reason? On the one hand, maybe some students English is very poor and they havent grasped enough vocabularies, clear grammar or correct pronunci
37、ation, or maybe the material is rather difficult, etc. On the other hand, an important reason is that they are unfamiliar with cultural background of the USA and
38、0;England. Aural comprehension, which is closely related to the knowledge of American and British culture, politics and economy, in fact, is an examination of ones comprehensi
39、ve competence which includes ones English level, range of knowledge, competence of analysis and imaginative power.Maybe we have this experience: when we are listening to somet
40、hing familiar to us, nomatter what is concerned, usually we are easy to understand. Even if there are some new words in the material, we are able to guess
41、their meanings according to its context. However,when we encounter some unfamiliar material or something closely related to cultural background, we may feel rather difficult. Even&
42、#160;if the material is easy, we only know the literal meaning, but cant understand the connotation, because we lack knowledge of cultural background. Here is a sentence
43、from a report: “The path to November is uphill all the way.” “November” literally means “the eleventh month of year”. But here refers to “ the Presidential election&
44、#160;to be held in November”. Another example is “redletter days”which is a simple phrase and is easy to hear, meaning holidays such as Christmas and other special d
45、ays. But students are often unable to understand them without teachers explanation. Below are two jokes often talked about by Americans: 1. A: Where are you from? B: Ill
46、;ask her. (Alaska) A: Why do you ask her? 2. A: Where are you from? B: How are you. (Hawaii)A may think B has given an irrelevant answer. But if A
47、knew something about geograpcal knowledge of the USA, and the names of two states of the USAAlaska and Hawaii, he would not regard “Alaska” as “Ill ask her”, or
48、 “Hawaii” as “How are you”.In view of this, the introduction of cultural background is necessary in the teaching of English listening. 22.Likewise, speaking is not merely
49、;concerned with pronunciation and intonation. Students can only improve their oral English and reach the aim of communication by means of enormous reading, mastering rich lang
50、uage material and acquaintance of western culture. Therefore, in oral training, teachers should lay stress on factuality of language and adopt some material approaching to dai
51、ly life, such as daily dialogues with tape, magazines, newspapers and report etc., because the material is from real life, and it helps students to be well acquainte
52、d with standard pronunciation and intonation, to speak English appropriate to the occasion, to understand western way of life and customs etc. Otherwise, misunderstanding and
53、displeasure are inevitably aroused. Lets look at some example :Many fixed English ways of expression cannot be changed randomly. For example, the answer to “How do you do
54、?” is “How do you do?” When asking price, people usually say, “How much, please?” instead of: “How much do you charge me? Or “How much do I owe you”;
55、When paying bill, “Waiter, bill please.” Instead of “Excuse me, sir. Weve finished eating. How much is it, please?” When asking the other ones name on the telephone,
56、 “Whos speaking, please?” or “Who is it, please?” instead of “Who are you?” “Where are you?” “Whats your surname?” or “What is your unit?” In English, there are
57、;so many euphemisms that sometimes its hard to know the other ones actual mood. So we should pay attention to our answer. For example, when one ask: “How do
58、0;you like the film?” and the other answer: “I think its very interesting”, it shows he doesnt like it very much instead of the literal meaning “very interesting”.
59、160;When one asks: “What do you think of my new coat?” and the other answers: “I think the pocket is very nice”, it also shows his dislike. In America and&
60、#160;England, usually people dont say unpleasant words to ones face, they always say pleasant words to the full or evade direct answering, saying “I dont know.” For
61、example, when one asks, “Do you like our teacher”, you may answer: “Well, I dont know him very well.” Sometimes out of his politeness, when meeting unfamiliar people
62、, he may conceal his true feelings. For example, A asked B: “How are you?” Although B had got a bad cold, his answer was “Fine, thank you”, but not “N
63、ot very well, Im afraid ”, or other similar answers.During oral communication, speakers need standard pronunciation and intonation, as well as the suitable use of language
64、0;for the occasion. There are numerous examples that we could cite of expressions that are correct according to grammatical rules, but unsuitable for the occasion. Once, after
65、 a student gave a lecture, he asked a foreign visitor for his advice. He said like this, “I am desirous of exploring your feeling on the lecture”which caused
66、60;the foreign visitors surprise. He said: “You English is too beautiful to be true.” But the student refused to accept the comment. He said the sentence was extract
67、ed from the book. The visitor explained that phrases like “desirous of exploring your feelings” were not fit for spoken language, which should be replaced by “Id lik
68、e to hear your views on the lecture” or “May I have your views on the lecture?” A person comforted a bereaved young wife, “Im terribly sorry to hear that y
69、our husband has just died, but dont let it upset you too much. Youre an attractive young woman. Im sure youll find someone else soon.” Although the words accord
70、 with grammatical rules, they cannot be applied in communication, and at the same time, they betray the social customs. As peoples are diverse, customs are diverse. It
71、60;is only natural then that with differences in customs, differences often arise in using of language. For example, when someone praise your English is very good, Americ
72、an and Chinese replies to compliments are different. According to Chinese customs, they generally murmur some reply about not being worthy of the praise, while according
73、to American customs, they tend to accept the compliment with the pleasure. The reply like “No, I dont speak good English”Americans think which seems to criticize the
74、;other side, is impolite.2.3.Reading English articles requires a certain language basis, but the competence of reading comprehension is not entirely related to ones language level.
75、 Knowledge of cultural background is also important. Reading is a process affected by integration of ones language knowledge, cultural background knowledge and other professional
76、160;knowledge, and a process of continuous guesses and corrections according to available language material, cultural background and logical reasoning. Generally speaking, Chinese people
77、0;study Chinese without the difficulties aroused by cultural background .Chinese proverbs like“只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯”,“平时不烧香,临时抱佛脚”,“差之毫厘,失之千里”will not influence our understanding of article. The connotation of such new words as “改革开放”,“大腕”,“追星族”are easily understand, too. Howe
78、ver,when we read English articles, differences between Chinese and western cultures often bring us many difficulties.Following, effect of cultural background on reading will be discussed, with some common terms or expressions
79、 in reading material, which is often not understood by Chinese learners unfamiliar with western culture, as illustration. Many allusions drawn from history, religion, literature et
80、c., often appear in English works and have become common household terms. But without the knowledge of western culture and history, such allusions are not always easy
81、0;to understand, and without understanding there can be little appreciation Some allusions may be looked up in the dictionary, but with the continuous development of so
82、ciety and language, new allusions have appeared. Unless one is well acquainted with developments of a certain country, one would be at a loss about the meaning and
83、160;connotations of terms or expressions such as those below:a RamboRambo is the character made famous by American movies around the mid-1980s. He is a tough soldier of
84、160;the Vietnam War, resourceful, taciturn, lonely,somewhat “odd”. Rambo gets involved in numerous risky adventures or in one violent situation after another. He makes miraculous e
85、scapes from impossible situations by shooting, knifing, bombing or burning his way out. Unbelievable as his feats may seem, and repugnant as some of his violent actions
86、160;may appear, he is the current hero of many American boys and young men.a Pepsodent smileA smile showing beautiful white teeth; from advertisements for Pepsodent tooth
87、;paste, one of the better-known brands in the USA.Idiom is an important part of the language and culture of a society. They are often hard to understand and har
88、d to use correctly. They are almost impossible to understand from the meanings of the individual words. And with English idioms, even the same words may have differe
89、nt meanings as in the examples blow: So, first of all, a student should learn not to look down on such idioms just because theyre made up of such simple an
90、d easy words. He should look out for identical phrases with different meanings and look them up in a dictionary if hes not sure. Hes bound to run into a
91、60;lot of trouble when he first uses them, but he shouldnt give in, much less give up. If he keeps trying and keeps at it long enough hell make out an
92、d things will turn out well in the end. Though the passage is short, it includes ten idioms: look down, made up of, look out for, look up, run into, give
93、160;in, give up, keep at it, make out and turn out (well).It is thus clear that difficulties in reading cannot be completely solved by ones language knowledge, becau
94、se works of a people cannot be separated from the peoples cultural tradition. So, in teaching reading,a teacher should explain grammatical difficulties as well as expound
95、;cultural background. 2.4.Similarly, writing and translating cannot be separated from cultural background knowledge.In translation, even the very simple expressions cannot be dealt with with
96、out any consideration of specific context and customs. We shall take the word “dog” as an example. To English-speaking people, the dog does not carry the same association as it does to Chinese. The dog is considered to be der
97、ogatory, for example,“癞皮狗”“ 丧家之犬”“走狗”“狗急跳墙”“狗头军师”ect. are often used to describe disgusting people .But dog in English, especially in proverbs, is a commendatory term. If we translate dog into Chinese"狗”without exception, we may make jokes. For example:1. Every dog has his
98、160;day. 2. You are, indeed, a lucky dog., 3. Last night my father came home dog-tired. Because some learners are not well aware of the cultural differences, they take
99、160;it for granted that the three sentences should be translated into the following:1.每条狗都有自己的节日。2.你真是一条幸运的狗。 3.昨晚我爸爸回到家中像狗一样得累。 In fact, the right translations are as follows: 1.人人皆有得意时。 2.你真是个幸运儿。 3.昨晚我父亲回到家中非常累。 In writing, cultural background knowledge is also important. Why is it that the English writing of Chinese students read so much like translations of Chinese? Why
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