完整版胡壮麟语言学教程笔记重点

1、语言学教程重难点学习提示第一章语言的性质语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。第二章语言学语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。第三章语音学发音器官

2、的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。第四章音位学音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。第五章词法学词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。第六章词汇学词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；

3、短语，从句，句子扩展等。第八章语义学语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。第九章语言变化语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；第十章语言、思维与文化语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。第十一章语用学语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。1.语言的普遍特征:任意性arbitrariness双层Z构duality既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displ

4、acement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性culturaltransmission2。语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3 .语言学linguistics:包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4 .现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinanddesaussure提出语言学

5、中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语languageandparole,语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5 .语法创始人：NoamChomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competenceandperformance1. Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtodescribedisplacement.oneoftheuniquepropertiesoflanguage:a. wecaneasilyteachourchildrentolearnacertainlanguageb. wecanuseboth'

6、shu'and'tree'todescribethesamething.c. wecanuselanguagetorefertosomethingnotpresentd. wecanproducesentencesthathaveneverbeenheardbefore.2 .Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3 .Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit?&

7、quot;is_ainformativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby_asaussureb.hallidayc. chomskyd. thepragueschool5.Whoputforwardthedistinctionbetweenlanguageandparole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidaydanomymous第二节语音学1 .发音器官由声带thevocalcords和三个回声腔组成2 .辅

8、音consonant：thereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltract.3 .辅音的发音方式爆破音completeobstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partialobstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4 .辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5 .兀首vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowelglides1. Articulatoryphoneticsmainlystudie

9、s_.a. thephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeechb. theperceptionofsoundsc. thecombinationofsoundsd. theproductionofsounds2. Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin_a. theplaceofarticulationb.theobstructionfairstreamc. thepositionofthetongued. theshapeofthelips3. Whatisthecommonfactoroft

10、hethreesounds:p,kta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. Whatphoneticfeaturedistinguishthepinpleaseandthepinspeak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd.nasality5.WhichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish?a.voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6 .Thephonologicalfeaturesoftheconsonantka

11、re_a. voicedstopb. voicelessstopc. voicedfricatived. voicelessfricative7 .pisdivverentfromkin_a. themannerofarticulationb. theshapeofthelipsc. thevibrationofthevocalcordsd.thepalceofarticualtion8.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsin_a.aspirationb.nasalityc.obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学phonology1 .音位学与语音学

12、的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。2 .音位phoneme：最小语音单位3 .音位变体allophones:读音差别4 .对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，5 .互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气p绝不会出现在s之后，不送气的p绝不会出现在词首6 .音节syllable,分为节首onset,节峰peak,节尾coda7 .辅音群：一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福

13、音，节尾不能超过4个8 .最小语音对minimalpairs1. Introduction1.1 WhatisLanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.2 WhatisLinguistics（语言学）Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.3.50 meBasicDistinctions（区分）inLinguistics3.51 SpeechandWritingOnegeneralprinciple（原贝U）oflinguisticanaly

14、sisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope（范畴）andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.3.52 Descriptive（描述性）orPrescriptive（说明性）Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.3.53 Synchronic（共时）andDiach

15、ronic（历时）StudiesThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.3.54 Langue（语言）andParole（言语）ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure（索绪尔）earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallt

16、hemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized（实际的）language,orrealizationoflangue.3.55 Competence（能力）andPerformance（行为）Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances（发声）.4.TheScopeofLinguisticsGeneralling

17、uisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.Phonetics（语音学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Phonology（音韵学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.Morphology（词法）isthebranchoflinguist

18、icswhichstudiestheformofwords.Syntax（句法）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.Semantics（语义学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.Appliedlinguistics（应用语言学）isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Sociolinguisticsisthestud

19、yoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.HistoricalLinguistics（历史语言学）isthestudyoflanguagechanges.Anthropologicallinguistics（人文语言学）usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtothecultu

20、ralpatternsandbeliefsofman.Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.Mathematicallinguistics（数学语言学）studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.Computationallinguistics（计算语言学）isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmat

21、hematicaltechniquesandconceptsareapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.II.Phonetics（语音学）1. scopeofphoneticsSpeechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics:Articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolv

22、edandhowtheycoordinate（协调）intheprocess.Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediated（调节）bytheear,theauditorynerve（神经）andthebrain.Acousticphonetics（声学语音学）westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmitted（传送）betweenmouthandear.2. ThevocalorgansThevocalorga

23、nsmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream,（气流发生器官）theproducerofvoice（声音发生器官）andtheresonatingcavities.（声音共振器官）3. Consonants（辅音）Placesofarticulation（发音部位）：bilabial,（双唇）Labiodentals,（唇齿）dental,（齿）alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-akeolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颗）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glo

24、ttal（声门）Mannersofarticulation:plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）4. Vowels（元音）Theclassificationofvowels:theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）,thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）,andthedegreeofliprounding（rounded,unrounded）I

25、II.Phonology（音韵学）1. phonemes（音素）：adistinctive（有区另1J的）soundinalanguage.2. Allophones（音位变体）：Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.3. Minimalpairs（最小对立体）：wordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.4. Freevariation（自由变异）：Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironment（环境）,theydoesnotproduceadi

26、fferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword.5. Complementarydistribution（补充分类）：Notallthespeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment.Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment.6.Suprasegmentalphonology（超音段音位）：thestudyofphonologicalproperties（性质）ofunitslagerthanthesegment-phoneme.Theyares

27、yllable（音节）,stress,（重音）wordstress,sentencestress.pitch（音调）andintonation（语调）IV. Morphology（词法）1. inflection（构形法）：thegrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.（屈折词缀）2. Word-formation（构词）：theprocesses延程）ofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.（表明词法关系）Theyarecompound（合成）andde

28、rivation（派生）.3. Morpheme（词素）：thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.4. Allomorph（同质异象变体）：somemorphemeshaveconsiderablevariation,forinstance,alternateshapesorphoneticforms.5. Typesofmorphemes:Theyareroots,（词根）affix（词缀）andstem（词干）6. Lexicon（语言词7匚）：initsmostgeneralsense,issynon

29、ymouswithvocabulary.7. Closed-classwords（封闭性）andopen-classwords（开放性）：theformerwhosemembershipisfixedorlimitedandthelatterwhosemembershipisinprinciple（实际上）indefiniteorunlimited.8. Wordclass（词性）：Itdisplaysawiderrangeofmorepreciselydefinedclasses.9. Lexeme（词位）：thesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalangua

30、gethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunits.10. Idiom（习语，成语）：Mostphrasallexemesareidioms.Itisespeciallytrueforasequenceofwords（词序）whichissemantically（语义上）andoftensyntactically（句法上）restricted.（限制）11. Collocation（搭配）：thehabitual（习惯的）co-occurrences（同时出现）ofindividuallexicalitems.V. Syntax（句法）1. Positi

31、onalrelationorwordorder（词序）：thesequential（顺序）arrangementofwordsinalanguage.2. Constructionorconstituent（句子结构）：theoverallprocessofinternal（内部）organizationofagrammaticalunit.3. Syntacticfunction（句法功能）：therelationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsofthelinguisticpatterninwhichitisused.Thenamesoffun

32、ctionsareexpressedintermsofsubjects,objects,predicates,modifiers,（修饰语）complements（补语）,etc.4. Category（范畴）：Itreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc.Thecategoriesofthenounincludenumber,gender,caseandcountability.5. Phrase:asingleelementofs

33、tructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesubject-predicatestructuretypicalofclause.6. Clause:agroupofwordswithitsownsubjectandpredicate,ifitisincludedinalargersentence.7. Sentence:Itistheminimumpartoflanguagethatexpressesacompletethought.VI.Semantics1. Conceptualismormentalism（概念主义）：FollowingF

34、.DeSaussure（索学尔）'s"sign"theory,thelinguisticsignissaidtoconsistofasignifier（所指）andsignified（被指），i.e.,asoundimageandaconcept,likedbyapsychological（心理的）"associative"bond.（相关联系）2. Mechanism（机械主义）：Somelinguists,Bloomfield,（布鲁费尔德）forexample,turnedtosciencetocounter（反）-acttheprecio

35、ustheoriesandthisleadstowhatcallthemechanisticapproachi（方法）.Thenatureofthistheoryhasnothingtodowiththescientificstudyofmentalphenomena.（智力现象）3. Contextualism（语境主义）：Itisbasedonthepresumption（假定）thatonecanderivemeaningfromorreduceittoobservablecontext.4. Behaviorism（行为主义）：Behavioristsattempttodefine（定

36、义）themeaningofalanguageformas"thesituation（情景）inwhichthespeakerutters（说话）itandtheresponse（反应）itcallsforthinthehearer."5. functionalism（功能主义）：functionalistsasrepresented（代表）bythePragueschool（布拉格学派）linguistsandneo-Firthian（新弗斯）linguists,approachtheproblemfromanentirelyneworientation（方法）.They

37、argue（争thatmeaningcouldonlybeinterpreted（解释）fromitsuseorfunctioninsociallife.6. Senserelationships:Whilereferencedealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelements,words,sentences,etc.,andthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,senserelatestothecomplexsystemofrelationshipsthatholdbetweenthelinguisticel

38、ementsthemselves.Theyincludesynonymy（同义词）,antonym（反义词），hyponymy（下层次）Polysemy（一词多义）andHomonymy（同音异义词）7. Semanticanalysis:Itincludes1）componential（成分）analysiswhichdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents.（意义成分）2）predication（表述）analysisinwhichthemeaningofasentenceisnotmerelythesumo

39、fthemeaningsofthewordswhichcomposeit.3）relationalcomponentsinwhichthesemanticanalysisofsomewordspresentsacomplicatedpicture,becausetheyshowrelationsbetweentwoandperhapsmoreterms.VII.Languagevariation（语言变化）1. Lexicalchange（词汇的变化）：changesinlexis.2. Invention:（新造词）newentities.93j3. Compounding-噎合成tBJ）Newwordsaresometimesconstructedbycombiningtwooldwords.4. Blending:（混合词）：Itisarelativelycomp