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1、 过去分词只有一种形式。过去分词只有一种形式。 现在分词:现在分词:现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性;过去分词现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性;过去分词多表示主语所处的状态,如:多表示主语所处的状态,如: The news was exciting. The situation is encouraging. She looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my answer. He seemed quite delighted at the idea. Dont get excited.已经成为形容词的分词,可以用已经成为形容词

2、的分词,可以用 very 修饰;没有完全成为修饰;没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用形容词的分词宜用 much 或或 quite,有时也可用有时也可用very much,如:如: Im very much pleased. Hes very much worried about his health.过去分词作表语时,应注意与被动结构的区别。过去分词作表语时,应注意与被动结构的区别。 说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点;说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点;强调强调谓语动作,指主语所承受的动作。此外还有:谓语动作,指主语所承受的动作。此外还有:a. 常用一般现在或一般过去时态;常用一般现在或一般过去时态;

3、b. 一般不带状语;一般不带状语; c. 可以有不及物动词的过去分词。可以有不及物动词的过去分词。a. 有多种时态,常与主动语态的时态一致;有多种时态,常与主动语态的时态一致;b. 可以带时可以带时 间、方式或间、方式或 by 短语作状语;短语作状语;c. 必须是及物动词。必须是及物动词。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态状态) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (动作动作) Im interested in chess. I was interested

4、by what you told me. The sun is risen. This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 单独作定语,应放在被修饰的名词之前,如:单独作定语,应放在被修饰的名词之前,如: touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and be

5、loved leaders entered the banquet hall.分词作定语时,意义上接近于一个定语从句,如:分词作定语时,意义上接近于一个定语从句,如: developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing liberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情况下,可以用分词短语作定语,这时分词短语应放在在更多情况下,可以用分词短语作定语,这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后,在意义上也相当于一个定

6、语从句,如:被修饰的名词之后,在意义上也相当于一个定语从句,如: Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况:作定语

7、的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况:a. 表示正在进行的动作表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态变为从句时要用进行时态), 如:如: Tell the children (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man (who was talking) ?b. 表示经常性的动作表示经常性的动作, 或现在或现在 (或当时或当时) 的状态的状态, (变为从句时变为从句时, 用一般用一般时态时态), 如:如: They lived in a room (= that faced) . Th

8、e house (= that stands) was built in 1955. 过去分词作定语时,过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的过去分词作定语时,过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,也可以是没有一定的时间性,如:动作之前发生,也可以是没有一定的时间性,如: Is this the book ? The meeting is very important. He is a man . I hate to see letters . 如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生,或是与谓语所表示的动作如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生,或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生,可以用同时发生,可以用

9、来表示,如:来表示,如: The meeting is very important. We must keep a secret of the things .如果所表示的是一个未来的动作,可以用一个如果所表示的是一个未来的动作,可以用一个来表示,如:来表示,如: The meeting is very important. Please tell me the subjects . 分词还可以作非限制性定语(相当于一个非限制性定语从句),分词还可以作非限制性定语(相当于一个非限制性定语从句),这时,它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开,试比较:这时,它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开,试比较: All

10、my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister. 本节值得注意的问题:现在分词短语作定语时,所表示的动作不本节值得注意的问题:现在分词短语作定语时,所表示的动作不能先于谓语所

11、表示的动作,也不可以表示将来。另外,一般不用现能先于谓语所表示的动作,也不可以表示将来。另外,一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语,所以,下列句子都是错的:在分词的完成式作定语,所以,下列句子都是错的: Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为应改为who has come from Beijing) Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为应改为who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen

12、 this morning. (应改为应改为who gave us) 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语,此时要用从句来表示,系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语,此时要用从句来表示,如:如: Those dont have to go. (应改为应改为Those who are busy dont have to go.) His brother is 18 years old. (应改为应改为who is) 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语,若要表示这个意思要不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语,若要表示这个意思要用从句,如:用从句,如: The lion died in this

13、zoo the other day was a mother lion. (应改为应改为which/that died) 现在分词作状语,表示现在分词作状语,表示,如:,如: The children ran out of the room, . They stood there for an hour . She sat at the desk .a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作;分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作;b. 分词表示的动作和分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作(或状态)是同时发生的;谓语表示的动作(或状态)是同时发生的;c. 分词表示的是比较次分词表示的是比较次要的动作,对谓语表示的

14、动作或状态加以说明;要的动作,对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明;d. 大部分放在谓语大部分放在谓语之后;之后;e. 分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。 现在分词作状语,现在分词作状语,(这类状语可以放在句首,(这类状语可以放在句首,也可以放在句末,有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述也可以放在句末,有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述a-c),),如:如: , they started to climb. , they greatly reduced the cost. , we visited a number of cities. 现在分词作状语,现在分

15、词作状语,如:,如: Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,则要用完如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,则要用完成形式,如:成形式,如: Having worked among the peasant

16、s for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well. 现在分词作现在分词作(相当于(相当于 when 引导的从句),如:引导的从句),如: Turning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with jo

17、y. Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan. 这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作,这动作一发生,谓语这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作,这动作一发生,谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用作是完全同时发生的,多用 when 或或 while + 分词这种结构,如:分词这种结构,如: Be careful crossing the street. Dont mention this talki

18、ng to him.如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时,分词的动作已经完成,如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时,分词的动作已经完成,这个分词要用完成形式,如:这个分词要用完成形式,如: Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction. 现在分词作状语还可以现在分词作状语还可以,如:,如: Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children.

19、 (结果结果) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (结果结果) Working hard, you will succeed. (条件条件) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (条件条件) Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (让步让步) ,可以修饰谓语,可以修饰谓语,如:,如: Built in 1192, the br

20、idge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room. The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 过去分词短语过去分词短语(相当于一个原因状语从句),如:(相当于一个原因状语从句),如: The children, exhausted, fell

21、 asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted) 过去分词短语有时可以过去分词短语有时可以(相当于时间状语从句)和条件(相当于时间状语从句)和条件(相当于条件状语从句),如:(相当于条件状语从句),如: United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If we are united ) Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated ) Seen fr

22、om the hill, the park looks very beautiful.过去分词短语作状语时,前面有时可以加上过去分词短语作状语时,前面有时可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等连词,这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句等连词,这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句(省略部分多为(省略部分多为 “主语主语 + be 的多种形式的多种形式”)。需要注意的是,省)。需要注意的是,省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同,如:略的主语必须和主句的主语相同,如: If / When heated, water changes into steam. Even if

23、invited, I wont go. We will not attack unless attacked. The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to. 现在分词做宾语补足语,如:现在分词做宾语补足语,如: Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. He tried to start the engine running. The words immediately set us

24、all laughing.注:现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行,注:现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行,强调动作过程。强调动作过程。 过去分词做宾语补足语,如:过去分词做宾语补足语,如: He watched the TV set carried out of the room. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. Youd better have your shoes mended.注:过去分词

25、做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果,并有被动意义。注:过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果,并有被动意义。 现在分词做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着逻辑上的主谓关系,宾语现在分词做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着逻辑上的主谓关系,宾语补足语一般为宾语所做的动作;过去分词做宾语补足语时,与宾语补足语一般为宾语所做的动作;过去分词做宾语补足语时,与宾语有着动宾关系,宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,如:有着动宾关系,宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,如: He saw an old man getting on the bus. An old man was getting on the bus. I once

26、heard this song sung in Japanese. This song was once sung in Japanese. I dont want the children taken out in such weather. The children were taken out in such weather. 以上句子可以变为被动结构,这时,宾语补足语就成了主语补足以上句子可以变为被动结构,这时,宾语补足语就成了主语补足语,与谓语一起称为语,与谓语一起称为“复合谓语复合谓语”,如:,如: We were kept waiting for quite a long tim

27、e. She was never heard singing that song again. One of the glasses was found broken. 有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语补足语,又可以用现在分词作宾有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语补足语,又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,语补足语,这些动词是:,这些动词是:catch, keep, mind, prevent, remember, stop, start, smell, excuse, spy, send 等,例如:等,例如: She caught her son smoking a cigarette. Wed bette

28、r keep the fire burning. I dont mind you joking. I like it. The heavy rain prevented us coming here on time. I dont remember him ever saying anything like that. We must try to stop them getting into trouble. His words started me thinking seriously. Can you smell something burning? The earthquake sen

29、t the china and glass crashing to the ground. 现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中,表示动作在谓语动作之前现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中,表示动作在谓语动作之前发生,如:发生,如: Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. The delegates, having fulfilled their mission, arrived back in Shanghai.注:在独立结构中,也可以用现在分词的完成形式,如:注:在独立结构中,也可以用现在分词的完成形式,如: His comrades having all left for the front, he didnt want to stay in the rear. 在表示一个被动的动作时,如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的,或在表示一个被动的动作时,如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的,或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的,就可以用现在分词的被动形式。是与谓语表示的

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