过去完成时,宾语从句,最高级

1、past perfect tense构成：助动词构成：助动词had + 动词的过去分词动词的过去分词用法：用法：1. 过去完成时动词表示过去某一时间或某过去完成时动词表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。强调过去一动作之前完成的动作或状态。强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时。某一动作发生在另一动作之前时。1.他说他以前见过你。他说他以前见过你。He said that he _ (see) you before.had seen2. 到六点钟为止他们已经工作八小时了。到六点钟为止他们已经工作八小时了。By six oclock they _(work) for eight hour

2、s.had worked2. 过去完成时词可以表示过去某一时过去完成时词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一动作一直持续一动作一直持续 或将继续下去。或将继续下去。By six oclock they _ (work)for eight hours. When I came to GZ , he _(be) there for a long time.用法：用法：1. 到了六点钟为止，他们已经工作了八小时了。到了六点钟为止，他们已经工作了八小时了。2. 我到广州时，他在那里很长时间了。我到广州时，他在那里很长时间了。had workedhad b

3、een3.到上个月中旬我们在北京住了有五年时间了。到上个月中旬我们在北京住了有五年时间了。By the middle of last month we _(live) in Beijing for five years.had lived1. 到昨晚上，他已写完那封信。到昨晚上，他已写完那封信。By yesterday evening he _ (write) that letter.2. 他说他以前见过你。他说他以前见过你。He said that he _(see) you before.3. 当我进来时，他已做完了作业。当我进来时，他已做完了作业。When I came in he _(

4、finish) his homework.过去完成时与过去完成时与 by then(截止到那时截止到那时); by 9 oclock(直到九直到九点钟点钟) by the end of (在在结束结束/末之前末之前); by the time(在在时之前时之前); up till then (直到那时直到那时); up until last night(直到昨晚）等连用，表示过去的过去。直到昨晚）等连用，表示过去的过去。had writtenhad seenhad finished3. 过去完成时和过去完成时和 already, just, ever, yet 等连用表示过去的过去。等连用表示

5、过去的过去。用法：用法：例如：例如：1. 他告诉我说他们队已经赢了。他告诉我说他们队已经赢了。He told me that his team _ already _ (win).hadwon2. 她说她仍没去过长城。她说她仍没去过长城。She said that she _(not go to) the Great Wall yet.hadnt been to用法：用法：过去完成时与过去完成时与when, before, as soon as, till/ until 等引导时间状语的从句连用，等引导时间状语的从句连用，强调动作发生的时间前后。强调动作发生的时间前后。例如：例如：1. 她到家

6、之前她的孩子已经睡着了。她到家之前她的孩子已经睡着了。When she got home her children _(sleep).had slept2. 在他们到达之前电影已经开始了。在他们到达之前电影已经开始了。Before they arrived here the film _ already _ (start).hadstartedLast night, as soon as I _(finish) my work I went to sleep.3. 我完成作业了就去睡觉了。我完成作业了就去睡觉了。had finished1. After he _ (finish) his wo

7、rk he went out.had finished2. The children ran away after they _ (break) the window.had broken3. I went to Toms house but he _ (go) out.had gone4. Annie told me that his father _ ( go ) to Paris and he _ ( come ) back in a few days.had gonewould come5. My friend _ (buy) the car two years ago. He _ (

8、buy) it for two years.boughthas had形容词和副词的比较等级（假设A和B为进行比较的人或事物）1、原级：使用形容词或副词原形，表示A与B一样（或不一样）。2、比较级：使用形容词或副词比较级形式，表示A与B二者相比哪一个更。3、最高级：使用形容词或副词最高级形式，表示三者（或三者以上）相比哪一个最。1.一般在词尾后加 er 或est. soon-sooner-soonest clever-cleverer-cleverest2.以辅音字母辅音字母加“y”结尾的形容词副词,先把“y”变为“i”,再加er或est. (形容词加形容词加-ly构成的副词除外构成的副词除外

9、) angry-angrier-angriest busy-busier-busiest3. 以一个辅音字母结尾的形容词，前面的元音字母发短元音时,应 先写双写这一个辅音字母，再加er或est. big-bigger-biggest thin-thinner-thinnest fat-fatter-fattest wet-wetter-wettest hot-hotter-hottest red-redder-reddest 形容词或副词比较级和最高级的构成4. 多音节词和一些双音节词在该词前加more/ most变为比较级/最高级。(以ly结尾的副词除early以及不规则变化外，也应加mor

10、e/most)Eg. interesting more/most interesting careful more/most careful slowly more/most slowly usefulmore useful- the most useful 例外: tired more / the most tired以下两种变化方式都可: friendly- friendlier, friendliest / more/the most friendlyOften- oftener/ oftenest more/the most often形容词或副词比较级和最高级的构成不规则变化 goo

11、d/well better, best bad/badly/ill worse, worst many/much more, most little less, least * old older, oldest 年长的；老的；旧的 elder, eldest（亲戚关系中）年长的 * far farther, farthest 远的 further, furthest 远的（有更加、进一步的含义）形容词或副词各比较等级的基本用法1、原级：使用形容词或副词原形，表示A与B一样（或不一样）。 主要用于A as/(not so) as B 结构。 Eg. 1) Jim is as tall as M

12、ike.Jim is not so tall as Mike.2)Jim works as hard as Mike. Jim doesnt work so hard as Mike.2、比较级：使用形容词或副词比较级形式，表示A与B 二者相比哪一个更。 主要用于A than B 结构。Eg. 1) Jim is taller than Mike.2) Jim works harder than Mike.比较级用法扩展1）比较级前面可以有much, even,far, Still, a bit,a little, a lot, 等修饰语,用以加深程度。 e.g. e.g. This book

13、 is much better than that one. This book is much better than that one. e.g. Hes far cleverer than his brother.e.g. Hes far cleverer than his brother. e.g. Eat a bit more, will you? e.g. Eat a bit more, will you? 2）比较级比较级，表示越来越 hotter and hotter 越来越热 more and more beautiful 越来越漂亮3） than 后面的人称代词用主格或宾格

14、都可以。 He is taller than I (am). He is taller than me.3、最高级：使用形容词或副词最高级形式，表示三者（或三者以上）相比哪一个最。 主要用于the in/among/of +所包含人或事物的数量3的集合短语结构。Eg. 1) Jim is the tallest in our class.2) Jim works (the) hardest of all the boys.最高级用法扩展 最高级用法扩展形容词最高级前的the在以下几种情况下可以省略：1） 该形容词前有物主代词或名词所有格。 He is my/Jims best friend.2

15、） 比较含义模糊。 We are busiest on Monday. This is a most interesting book. 这里的most相当于very。补充： China is one of the most beautiful countries. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.The Object Clause 宾语从句是主从复合句的一种。主从复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的。 主句是复合句的主体，从句仅仅是主句的一个成分，它从属于主句，不能独立。从句在全句中充当什么成分，就叫什么从

16、句。宾语从句当中的从句在全句中作宾语。重点和难点重点和难点 1 1、由不同引导词引导的宾语从句、由不同引导词引导的宾语从句 2 2、直接引语和间接引语、直接引语和间接引语 3 3、宾语从句中时态的变化、宾语从句中时态的变化由从属连词由从属连词thatthat引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句 由连接代词 who,whom,whose,which， what 和连接副词 where,how,why,when引导的宾语从句由从属连词由从属连词 whether, if 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句note：that 在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语当中往往省略e.g. I hear (tha

17、t) _. （一小时后他会回来）He said (that) _. （他非常想念我们）The teacher told us (that) _. （地球围着太阳转） he will be back in an hour he missed us very much the earth moves around the sun1. He asked _. (谁能回答这个问题）2. Do you know_? （他们在等谁）3. He asked _. （谁的书法是班上最好的）5. Do you know _ (地球和月亮哪一个比较小）6. Please tell me _. （我们什么时候开会）

18、7. Can you tell me _? （他在哪儿）8. Could you tell me _? （我该怎么去车站）9. Would you tell me _?（为什么火车迟到了）由连接代词what, whom, whose, which, what及连接副词 when, where, how, why引导的宾语从句 who could answer the question whom they are waiting for whose handwriting was the best in the class when well have a meeting where he is

19、 how I can get to the station why the train is late? which is smaller, the earth or the moon?由从属连词由从属连词whether, if 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句e.g. 1. I want to know _. （他是否跟我们一起去公园）2. Ask him _. （他是否能来）3. I dont know _.（是否要下雨） if (whether) he will go to the park with us whether (if) he can come whether it is goi

20、ng to rain or not直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系陈述句变为引导的宾语从句e.g. 1. He said, “You are younger than I ”. 2. He says, “Tony is a good student ”. He said that I was younger than him. He says that Tony is a good student. 直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系一般疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句e.g. She said, “ Do

21、you often come here to read newspaper? ” “Will they go to visit the Great Wall?” he asked. She asked if (whether) I often came here to read newspaper. He asked if (whether) they would go to visit the Great Wall. 直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系特殊疑问句变为特殊疑问句变为who, what, when等引导的宾语从句等引导的宾语从句e.g. 1. H

22、e asked, “Where do you live?” 2. “How can we get to the post office?” he asked. He asked where I lived. He asked how they could get to the post office. 直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系 1、当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语 从句的谓语动词可以用所需要的任何一种时态。 2、当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句的谓语 动词要用相应的过去时态，但当宾语从句叙述的内容 为客观真理时，仍然用一般现在时。

23、e.g. The teacher said that the moon moves around the sun. The radio says it _ cloudy Tomorrow. (be)The headmaster hopes everything _ well. (go)Tony says that they _ (play) basketball at six oclock yesterday evening. I hear they _ (return) it already. He said that they _ members of the Party since 19

24、48. (be)He asked what they _ at eight last night. (do)The teacher told his class that light _ faster than sound. (travel)I think you _ about the relay race now. (talk)I didnt know whom the letters _ from. (be) will be goes were playing has returned had been travels are talking were were doing10. I d

25、idnt know what time he _ the letter. (write)11. Mr Cai told me that the earth _(move) round the earth. 12. Could you tell me who _ away the book already? (take)13. Ling Feng told me he _ to several times. (be)14. Our teacher told us in class the sun _ in the east. (rise)15. Can you tell me what they _ yesterday? (do) wrote moves has taken has been risesdid将下列句子合并为一句将下列句子合并为一句: :1