英语课程标准英文版

1、NewEnglishCurriculumforandJunior/SeniorMiddleSchoolsExperimentalVersiondraftedbytheEducationMinistryofthePRCNoteonthistranslationTimMartinShaanxiInstituteofEducation,October2005Part 1: IntroductionSince'sreformandopening,thescaleofitsEnglisheducationhascontinuallygrown,attendedbysignificantachie

2、vementsinteachingandlearning.However,Englisheducationinitscurrentformisfailingtomeettheneedsofcontemporarysocialandeconomicdevelopment.ThecurrentroundofreformstotheEnglishcurriculumaimtoendthefollowingpractices:Over-emphasizingthetransmissionandexplanationofknowledgeaboutgrammarandvocabularyNeglecti

3、ngtodevelopstudents'abilitytouselanguageforrealIntheirplace,thereformsaimtoestablishacurriculumthat:Motivatesstudents,isrelevanttotheirlifeexperiencesandcognitivelevelPromotestask-basedteachingmethodsInvolvesstudentsinexperiential,practical,participatoryandcooperativelearningDevelopsstudents'

4、;positiveattitudes,thinkingskills,practicalabilities,culturalawarenessandautonomythroughthelanguagelearningprocessTheNatureoftheNewCurriculumMastercertainbasiclanguageknowledgeMasterlistening,speaking,readingandwritingskillsHowever,atanotherlevelthecurriculumshouldalsoservestudents-rounddevelopment,

5、providingthemwithopportunitiesto:StrengthentheirinterestinstudyingEnglishGrowinself-discipline,perseveranceandself-confidenceImprovetheircooperative,investigativeandthinkingabilitiesDeveloptheirmemory,imaginationandcreativityAdoptgoodstudyhabitsandeffectivelearningstrategiesDevelopasautonomousandlif

6、elonglearnersBuildmoralintegrityandahealthyoutlookonlifeEstablishbothnationalspiritandanawarenessofandrespectforculturaldifferencesBroadentheirhorizonsandenrichtheirlifeexperienceTakepartinculturallifeDevelopasindividualsBasicPrinciplesoftheNewCurriculumThecurriculumpromotesqualityeducation(asoppose

7、dtoexam-orientatededucation)andtheall-rounddevelopmentofthestudentsTopromotequalityeducationparticularattentionmustbepaidto:Valuingeachstudent'sfeelingsStimulatingstudents'interestinstudyingEnglishHelpingstudentsgainasenseofachievementandself-confidenceImprovingstudents'abilitytocontribu

8、tetoculturalandsociallifeDevelopingstudents'practicalabilitiesFosteringstudents'creativityThecurriculumobjectivesareholisticandflexible.LanguageSkillsLanguageKnowledgeAttitudestoLearningLearningStrategiesCulturalAwarenessThisdesignallowsstudentstoprogresssystematicallythrougheachlevelwhilstm

9、eetingthefullrangeofthecurriculum'sdemands.StudentsareputatthecentreofthecurriculumandindividualdifferencesarerespectedStudents'mustbeattheheartofthenewcurriculum.Forexample,theirdevelopmentalneedsmustbethecentralconsiderationwhendeveloping:CurriculumobjectivesTheteachingandlearningprocessTh

10、eassessmentprocessTeachingandlearningresourcesWhenimplementingthecurriculumeachstudentmustbeallowedtodevelopindividuallyundertheguidanceoftheteacher:Thecurriculumpromotesactivity-basedmethods,experientialandparticipatorylearningSensoryExperiential'Handson'/practicalParticipatoryCooperativeAd

11、justtheirlearningstrategiesandcontroltheiremotionsFormpositiveattitudestowardslearningThecurriculumrecognizestheimportantroleofformativeassessmentinpromotingstudent'developmentEncourageandmotivatestudentsBenefitstudents'healthypersonaldevelopmentGiveteachersusefulfeedbackfromwhichtodevelopte

12、achingandlearningInformtheongoingdevelopmentandperfectionoftheEnglishcurriculumFormativeassessmentshouldbeanimportantpartoftheEnglishteachingandlearningprocesswithaparticularemphasison:Encouragingstudents'activeparticipaleamriingImprovingstudents-cosedenceSummativeassessmentshouldfocuson:Testing

13、students'integratedlanguageskillsTestingstudents'abilitytouselanguageThecurriculumexpandstherangeoflearningresourcesandopportunitiesavailableThecurriculumshouldstrivetouseanddevelopresourceswhosecontentis:RealisticClose to the studentslivesContemporaryHealthyRichandvariedActiveuseshouldbemad

14、eof:AudiovisualmaterialPrintmediaTheInternetStudentsshouldbeencouragedtotakeresponsibilityforfinding,usinganddevelopinglearningresourcesthemselves.TheCurriculumDesignThecurriculumfollowstheinternationalpracticeofdividingthegeneralobjectivesintodifferentabilitylevels.Whendesigningtheseninelevelsconsi

15、derationwasgiventothefollowing:ThenatureoflanguagedevelopmentThedifferentneedsofdifferentagegroupsTheneedsofdifferentethnicgroupsandareasTheeconomicimbalancesthatexistinTheaimistohavedesignedasystemthatisholisticandflexible.Thecorrespondencebetweenthelevelsystemandthegradesystemisshowninthefollowing

16、diagram:Diagram1:TheLevelsandtheGradesPart 2: IntroductiontoTheGeneralObjectivesDiagram2:TheGeneralObjectivesDiagram3:ComparisonoftheOldandNewCurriculumsThestudents'attitudestolearningstronglyinfluencetheirlearninganddevelopmentSuccessfullearningstrategiesimprovetheeffectivenessofstudentsCultura

17、lawarenessensuresstudentsuselanguageappropriatelyTable1:TheOverallDescriptorsforComprehensiveLanguageCompetencePart 3: TheGeneralObjectivesinDetailDetaileddescriptorsforLevels2and5ofeachofthefivegeneralobjectivesarepresentedinthefollowingtables.PleaserefertothetranslationoftheseniorEnglishcurriculum

18、(availablefromtheVSOProgrammeOffice)forLevel6-9descriptors.Table 2: LevelDescriptorsforLanguageSkillsObjectiveN.B.TheoriginalincludesLanguageSkillsdescriptorsforLevels1,3,4,6,7,8and9Table 3: LevelDescriptorsforLanguageKnowledgeObjectiveTable 4: LevelDescriptorsforAffectiveAttitudesObjectiveTable 5:

19、LevelDescriptorsforLearningStrategiesObjectiveTable 6: LevelDescriptorsforCulturalAwarenessPart 4: GuidelinesforImplementationSuggestionsforTeachingandLearningLaythegroundworkforstudents-roundaadlifelongdevelopmentTeachingandlearningshouldmeetthediverseneedsofallstudents,ensuringthehealthydevelopmen

20、toftheirmindandbody.Inparticulartheteachershouldpayattentiontothefollowing:EncouragestudentstouseEnglishbravely,takingalenientattitudetowardsmistakestheymakeduringthelearningprocess.Givestudentsplentyofspaceforself-development.Encouragestudentstodeveloptheirlanguageskillsinanintegratedwaythroughexpe

21、riential,practical,cooperativeandinquiry-basedlearning.Createconditionsthatallowstudentstoexplorequestionstheyarepersonallyinterestedinandsolveproblemsbythemselves.Createarelaxed,democraticandharmoniouslearningenvironmentPositiveattitudesareanessentialconditionforeffectivelearning.Negativeattitudesc

22、annotonlyreducetheeffectivenessofstudybutalsoadverselyaffectstudents'ktegndevelopment.Inparticular,teachersshouldheedthefollowing:Respecteachindividualstudent,activelyencouragingeveryonetotryandsafeguardingtheirself-esteemandenthusiasm.Integratestudents'Englisheducationwiththeiremotionaleduc

23、etielopDcooperativespiritbyorganizinglearningactivitiesthatletstudentsworktogether,helpeachotherandexperiencegrouprecognitionandachievement.Payparticularattentiontointrovertedstudentsorweaklearners,tryingtogivethemasmanylanguagepracticeopportunitiesaspossible.Activitiesmusthaveclearandachievableaims

24、andobjectives.Activitiesmustberelevanttostudents'lifeexperiencesandinterests;thecontentandstyleshouldbeastruetolifeaspossible.Activitiesshouldbeofacross-curricularnature,promotingtheintegrateddevelopmentofstudents'thinkingandimagination,aestheticandartisticsense,cooperativeandcreativespirit.

25、Activitiesshouldnotpurelybelimitedtotheclassroombutalsoextendtooutofschoollearning.N.B.InJuly2005VSO'scurriculumadvisor,ProfessorZhangLianzhong,mentionedthatthissectionofthecurriculumwillberevisedsuchthattheTBL(Task-BasedLearning)approachasoneoftheusefultoolswithinthebigboxofCommunicativeLanguag

26、eLearning.”1.4.ProvideincreasedguidanceaboutlearningstrategiesHelpingstudentstoadoptgoodstudyhabitsandeffectivelearningstrategiesisoneoftheimportanttasksofthenewcurriculum.Teachersshouldconsciouslygivestudentsguidanceaboutlearningstrategiessothat,throughlearningandusingEnglish,theyarelearninghowtole

27、arn.Tothisendtheteachershouldobservethefollowing:Givestudentschancestoestablishtheirownstudytargetsandthemeansoffulfillingthese.Helpstudentstouseinference,researchandinquirystylemethodstocarryouttheirlearning.Developstudents'practicalabilitiesandcreativethinkingbydesigninginquirybasedactivities.

28、Encouragestudentstouseobservation,discoveryandinductiontoacquirelanguageknowledgeandgrasplanguagefunctions.Helpstudentstocarryoutself-assessmentduringthelearningprocessandadjusttheirownlearningobjectivesandstrategiesappropriatelyaccordingtotheresults.Languageandculturearecloselyrelated,languagebeing

29、themaintransmitterandcarrierofculture.TeachersshouldworkhardtohelpstudentsachievethefollowingduringtheEnglishlearningprocess:Understandforeigncultures,especiallythoseofEnglishspeakingcountriesUseEnglishappropriatelyConstantlybroadentheirculturalhorizonsDeepentheirunderstandingoftheirowncultureUsemod

30、ernteachingtechnologyandexpandlearningopportunitiesInordertoincreasetheeffectivenessofteachingandlearning,teachersshouldmakegooduseofmoderntechnology,expandtherangeresourcesandopportunitiesthroughwhichstudentscanlearn,therebymodernizinglearningways.Conditionspermitting,teachersshouldtryto:Createcond

31、itionsforstudentstostudymoreindependentlythroughsensibleuseofavarietyoflearningresources,suchasbroadcasts,printmedia,librariesandtheInternet.OrganizelivelyandactiveextracurricularactivitiestopromotestudentslearningTeachersshouldarrangeavarietyofextracurricularactivitiesaccordingtothestudents'age

32、andintereststohelpthemexpandtheirknowledge,broadentheirhorizons,strengthentheirintellectandindividualityandusetheirtalents.Thecontentandformofthesecarefullyplannedactivitiesshouldberichandvaried.Suggestionsinclude:RecitalsSongsStorytellingSpeechesPerformancesEnglishcornerEnglishwalldisplaysCclassdis

33、cussionsExhibitionsTheteachershouldbegoodatleadingtheseactivitiestomaintainstudentsinterestandfostertheircreativityandinitiative.ContinuetodevelopprofessionallyTeachersshouldaimto:Familiarizethemselveswiththeprinciples,objectives,content,teachingandlearningmethods,psychologicaltheoriesandlanguagelea

34、rningresearchfindingsofthiscurriculumSelectandadjustEnglishteachingandlearningstrategiesaccordingtotheirstudents'psychologicalcharacteristicsDeveloptheirabilitytoorganizeandmonitoractivitiesUseavarietyofteachingskillsandmethodsflexiblyMastertheuseofmoderneducationaltechnology,usingitincreasingly

35、intheirowncontinuingstudyandrealclassroompracticeConsciouslydeepentheirknowledgeofChineseandforeignculturesActivelyandcreativelyexplorewhichteachingandlearningmethodsbestsuittheirstudents'needs,localconditionsandtheobjectivesFollowhighfrequencyprinciplestoensureeffectiveteachingandlearningInGrad

36、es3-6thereshouldbeaminimumoffourteachingandlearningperiodsperweek,withshorterperiodsfortheyoungeryears.ForGrades5and6classesshouldnotexceedtwoperiodsinlength.Inordertoensuretheeffectivenessofteachingandlearning,classsizesshouldnotexceed40atprimarylevel.Grades7)andseniorschoolstudentsshouldhaveaminim

37、umoffourlessonsaweek.N.B.Theoriginalprovidesfivesamplelearningactivitiesherethathavenotbeentranslated.SuggestionsforAssessmentandEvaluationLetstudentscontinuouslyexperienceprogressandsuccessduringthelearningprocessLetstudentsknowtheirownprogressandbuildconfidenceProvidetheteacherwithfeedbackonthetea

38、chingandlearningprocessHelptheteacherreflectontheirownteachingpracticeandadjustitaccordinglyHelptheteachercontinuouslyimprovethequalityoftheirteachingProvidetheschoolwithpromptfeedbackontheimplementationofthecurriculumHelpimproveeducationalmanagementInformtheongoingdevelopmentandperfectionofthenewEn

39、glishcurriculumEnsurethatstudentsarethesubjects(notobjects)ofassessmentAssessmentshouldhelpstudentsknowtheirownprogress,developselfconfidence,reflectonandadjusttheirownstudyprocess,therebyensuringthecontinuousdevelopmentoftheirlanguageability.Teachersshouldhelpstudentscarryoutself-assessment.Student

40、sshouldbeactiveparticipantsandcollaboratorsinavarietyofassessmentactivities.Assessmentshouldbeanorganicpartofteachingandlearningactivities.MakesureformativeassessmentplaysaroleinstudentdevelopmentEstablishanopenandrelaxedatmosphereforassessmentUsebothtestsandothermethodsEncouragestudents,classmates,

41、teachersandparentstocollectivelyparticipateinassessment,therebydiversifyingthesubjectsofassessmentFormativeassessmentcantakemanyforms,suchas:ComparisonandassessmentofclassroomlearningactivitiesAlearningportfolioQuestionnairesInterviewsFeedbackfromparentsEverydayquizzesandtestsFormativeassessmentcanb

42、erecordedintheformofdescriptions,levelsormarks.Nomatterwhatmethodisused,theroleofassessmentinencouraginglearnersmustnotbeforgotten.Accordingtotheassessmentresults,teachersshouldgivestudentsindividualfeedback,ensuringtheirsteadyprogressandencouragingthemtoreflectonandbetterthemselves.Makesureassessme

43、ntmethodsarevariedandflexibleTeachersmustselectassessmentmethodssuitablefortheageofthestudentsandthelearningconditions.Duringformalassessmentteachersshouldpermitstudentstoselectassessmentmethodsthatsuittheircharacteristicsorstrengths.Ifstudentsgetunsatisfactoryresultsduringacertaintesttheyshouldbeal

44、lowedtonegotiatewiththeteachertoretakethetestaftersufficientpreparation.MakesureassessmentfeedbackisusedtoincreasetheeffectivenessofteachingandlearningTheteachershouldaskthemselvesthefollowingquestions:Doestheassessmenthelppromoteautonomouslearningandself-confidence?Doestheassessmentreflectthestuden

45、ts'achievements?Doestheassessmentreflecttheteachers'strengthsandweaknesses?Doestheassessmentreflectproblemsinthestudents'learningprocessTeachersshouldpromptlyadjusttheirteachingmethodsandplansaccordingtoassessmentfeedback.Listeningtestsmustaccountforaminimumoftwentypercentoftermly,yearly

46、andgraduationexams.Listeningtestsshouldcheckstudents'understandingandabilitytogaininformationratherthanaskingthemtodistinguishbetweendifferentpronunciations.Writingexamsshouldavoidtestingknowledgeofphoneticsorgrammarinisolation.ThereshouldbeanincreaseinquestionsthatrequirestudentstouseEnglishina

47、specificlanguagecontext.Objectivequestionswithasinglecorrectanswershouldbereducedinfavourofmoresubjectivequestionswithseveralcorrectanswers.Examresultsshouldnotbepubliclydisplayednorstudentsrankedinorderoftheirresults.RecognizethespecialcharacteristicsofassessmentforGrades36Themainpurposeofassessmen

48、tatprimarylevelshouldbetoencouragestudents'interestandactiveparticipationinlearningEnglish.Assessmentmethodsshouldbevariedandchoiceshouldbeoffered.Formativeassessmentshouldbethemaintype,focusingmainlyonstudents'performanceandabilitytocooperateduringavarietyofeverydayteachingandlearningactivi

49、ties.InGrades3and4endoftermorendofyearassessmentshoulduseassessmentactivitiessimilartonormalteachingandlearningactivities.Throughobservingstudents'behaviouranddiscussingwiththemteachersshouldassesstheirabilitytouseEnglishtodothings.PayattentiontotherelationshipbetweenassessmentandteachingandlearningTheassessmentofeachlevelshouldbefoundedonthegeneralobjectivesThegeneralobjectivesshouldbethebasisforallassessment.SincetheassessmentofLevel2willbeorganizedbyindividualplacesandschools,formativeassessmentshouldbethemainmeans.Thesameappliestoallotherlevelsa