剑桥初级语法笔记

1、3、现在进行时：I am doi ng以下动词不可用于现在进行时:likelovewantknowun dersta ndrememberdependpreferhaten eedmea nbelieveforget4、 现在进行时的疑问式：Are you doi ng?5、一 般现在时：I do/work/like 等一般现在时用来表示一般性的事实、有时或经常发生的事情：I like bigcities.Always/never/ofte n/usually/sometimes常与一般现在时连用：In ever eat breakfast.6、一般现在时的否定式：I don 'the

2、 does n ' t +动词原形I don ' t have a bath every day.【every day表每天，作状语；everyday 表每天的，形容词】7、一般现在时的疑问式：Do you？Do/does主语动词原形Doyouworkon SundaysDoyour friendsliven ear hereDoesAnneplaytenn isWheredoYour friendsliveHow oftendoyouwashyour hairWhatdoesThis wordmea nHow muchdoesitcostto fly toRome*What

3、do you do? 表示“你是做什么工作的？”8、have/have got（1）have=have gothas=has gotDon' t have=haven ' tgot Doesn' t have=hasn 'Do you have=have you gotDoes he have=has he got(2) have表“吃、喝、拿”时，不能用 have got代替havehave breakfast/l un ch/d innerhave a meal/a pizza/a san dwichhave a cup of coffeehave sth

4、to eat/dri nk(3)下列短语中，要用havehavehave a bath/a showerhave a rest/a holiday/a party have a nice time/a good trip/fu n have a walk/a swim/a game have a dream/a n accide nt have a babyhave a look15、现在完成时（1）have done（2）just/already/yetJust 表“刚才” :we' ve just arrived.Already 表“已经”（在预料之前）:they ' ve

5、 already arrived .（二beforeyou expected）Yet表“直到现在”（用于否定句和疑问句中）：they haven' t arrivedyet.(3) 现在完成时与ever (用于疑问句中)/never连用：Have you everplayed golf ?(4) gone 表 “去而未归” ：she has gone to China.Been 表“去而已归” ：he has been to China.(5) How long have you ？She has bee n in Irela nd since Mon day/for three da

6、ys.一般现在时现在完成时Dan and Kate are married.They have bee n married for four years.Are you married?How long have you bee n married?现在进行时现在完成进行时I' m lear ning En glish.How long have you bee n lear ning En glish?25、what are you doing tomorrow?I am doi ng somethi ng tomorrow表示“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划明天做某事”I am

7、going to do something.同上(be going to 与 will 的区别)注意：用一般现在时表示时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等：The train arrives at 7.30.27、will/shall(1) I shall =I will 、we shall=we will :I shall be late tomorrow. = I will be late tomorrow.在构成将来时的时候，不可将 shall与you/they/it/he/she等非第一人称连用：Tom will be late.( 而不能 Tom shall be late.)(2

8、) I ' ll 表“提议或决定做某事”:I ' ll phone you tomorrow.I thi nk I ' ll/I do n' t th ink I ' ll 表“决定做某事” ：I thi nk I ' llgo to bed early toni ght.(3) Shall I/Shall we?表“你认为好吗？”28、might二may29、can/could : could 为过去式30、must/mustn ' t/don ' t need to(1) 表示过去时，用 had to 而不用 must: We

9、 had to walk home last n ight.(2) don' t need to = don ' t have to31、should(1) I think should/I don ' t think .should/do youthink should?(2) ought to =should32、I have to(1) 表过去时，用had to(2) 表示认为有必要做某事或提出个人看法时，must或have to都可 以不是表个人看法时，只能用have to :Eg: You can' t park your car here for n

10、othing. You have to pay.(非个人看法)I t' s a fantastic film. You must see it./You have to see it.33、 I used to/I didn ' t used to/ did you use to ？38、there has been/there have been一般过去时现在完成时There was an accide nt last ni ght.Look! There ' s been an accident.When we arrived at the theatre, the

11、re was a long queue outside.This road is very dan gerous. There have bee n many accide nts.Why are those policeme n outside the bank?There ' s befthere was a robbery.41、反义疑问句Have you?/are you?/don ' t you? 表“对某事感兴趣或感到惊奇”1 ' ve bought a new car.Oh, have you?记住：前否后肯，前肯后否It ' s a nice d

12、ay, isn' t it?That isn ' t your car, is it?42、 too/either so am I/neither do I(1)句尾too (肯疋)I' m happy too.either (否定)I' m not happy either.I' m happy.So am I(so was he/so do I/so would I)I' m notI' m not happyNeither am I(可用nor代替neither)I am(2) both+复数名词either/neither单数名词

13、，谓语动词用单数both(of)theeitherofthese/those n eithermy/your/Paul ' s 44、疑问句(1) is it ?/have you?/do they ?why isn ' t ?/why don' t ？(2) who saw you?/who did you see?（3） 以特殊疑问词开头的句子，介词位于句尾：where are you from?（4） what' s it like?/what are they like?表询问某事物的情况一新旧、好坏、大小等（5）疑问词whatWhat+名词What t

14、ime -/what size不加名词What' s your name?whichWhich+名词（物/人）Which train did you catch?不加名词时，不指代人Which is biggest?howHow+形容词/副词How tall are you?How deep/how heavy/how high/how big What （范围更广）Which （选择较少）What' s the capital of Argentina?Which colour do you prefer, pink or yellow?52、不定式与-ing形式动词+不定式

15、wantpla ndecidetry+to (tohopeexpectofferforgetwork/to do/ton eedpromiserefuselear nbe)动词+-i ngenjoystopsuggest+-i ng(do in g/work ing)mi ndfinish动词+-ing或不定式likelovestartcon ti nue+-ing/to preferhatebegin55、go togo to work(be)at workgo to school(be)at schoolgo to uni versity(be)at uni versitygo to ho

16、spital(be)i n hospitalgo to pris on(be)i n pris ongo to bed(be)i n bedgo to sleep(be)i n/at churchgo to churchgo to the ban k/the theatre/the airportgo homego to the doctor/de ntist(be)at homego ongo on holiday go on a trip go on a tour go on an excurs ion go on a cruise go on a strikego forgo for a

17、 walk go for a run go for a swim go for a drink go for mealgo(go in g/we nt/gone)shopp ing swimmi ng fishi ng sai ling skii ng joggi ng56、get +名词（收到/买到/找到某物）get a job/get a letterget +交通工具get a bus get a train get a taxiget +形容词（变得.）get hungryget cold get tiredget to +地点 （到达）get to workget to NY(get

18、 here/get home)get的短语get in a car get out of a carget on a bus get off a busget married (结婚) get dressed (穿衣) get lost (迷路)57、do 与 makedodo an examdo a testdo a coursedo homeworkdo houseworkdo somebody a favour do an exercisedo the shopp ingdo the washing 洗衣服 do the wash in g-up 洗碗 do the ironing 熨烫

19、do the cook ingmakemake a mistakemake an appo in tme ntmake a pho ne callmake a listmake a no isemake a bedmake a film 扌白电影 take a photograph 扌扌照66、名词在英语中，下列词语以复数出现:scissors glasses trousersjea nsshorts tights pyjamas people police以下名词通常不可数advice breadfurniturehairin formationin ews weather worka bo

20、ttle of watera cart on of milka bar of chocolate/ a box of chocolatesa piece of cheesea bottle of perfumea piece of musica bowl of ricea cup of coffeea game of tennis73、the的用法the sun the moon the world the sky the sea the country the police the fire brigade the armythe top the end the middle the lef

21、tthe pia no the guitar the trumpetthe radiothe Internet1. television/TV 不用 the : I watch TV a lot.但是 can you turn off the TV(=the TV set)2. breakfast/lunch/dinner 等不加 the3. next/last + week/month/year/summer等不力口 the4. 球类名词前不加the5.学科名词前不加thethe(地名)1.地域名称前一般不用theFran ce/Japa n/Peru2.与国家、岛屿、山脉等名称的复数形 式

22、连用the Alps/the Philippi nes/the Netherla nds/the Canary Isla nds3.洋、海、江、河的名称前用thethe Atla ntic/the Amazo n/the Nile/theBlack sea4.街道、广场等名称前不用thelives in Newton Street/HighfieldRoad/Times Square5.机场、车站、大学、城堡等重要建筑物不用theKenn edy Airport/L ondon Zoo/VictoriaStati on6.宾馆、影院、剧院、博物馆的名称前 要用thethe Rege nt Ho

23、tel/the Natio nalTheatre/the Science Museum7.表方位时用thethe n orth/south/east/west of 77、not + any/no/more(1) not + any二no .二not a(2) no通常用于 have (got) 与 there is/are 之后(3) 动词否定形式+any =动词肯定形式+no(4) no之后接名词、none可单独使用None 表示“无” ；no-one 表示“没人n obody = not + an ybodyno-one =not + anyonenothing = not + any

24、thi ng80、every/all(1) every +单数名词，谓语动词用单数(2) everywhere 是畐U词all most some any no+cities childre n books moneyall(of)themostofthis/that somethese/those anymy/your none83、a lot/ much/many/(a)little/(a)few(1) a lot of +可数/不可数，也可不跟名词(2) much环可数，用于否定句与疑问句，也可不跟名词(3) many复数(4)a little+不可数表有一点但不多a few+复数表“有

25、一点但是不多”little+不可数表"几乎没有”few+复数表“几乎没有”88、a bit older/ much olderA bit older tha nA bit more difficult tha nMuch better tha n Much more expensive than 89、not as asNot as much as.Not as many as The same as .90、the oldest/ the most expensive可用最高级 +I ' ve ever./ you ' ve ever.等：The film was

26、very bad. I think it' s the worst film I ' ve eversee n.ve ever done?What is the most unu sual thi ng you91、enough/tooeno ugh for sb/sthtoo -for sb/stheno ugh to do sthtoo to do stheno ugh for sb/sth totoo for sb todo sthdo sth93、词序(1 )地点状语位于时间状语之前：we went to a party last night.(2) always/ne

27、ver/often等词用于动词之前，be动词之后，两个动词之间：I always drink in the morning.e.g.alwaysofte never rarely also already allusually sometimesn everseldom just stillcoffee bothI am always tired.I will always remember you. / I can n ever find my keys.96、give/ lend/pass/send/show/buy/getgive sth to sbgive sb sth注意：当某物为代

28、词it或them时，用第一种结构比较好：I gave it tomy father.98、when(1) 当以when开头时，两部分用逗号隔开：Whenl went out, it was rai ning.(2) 般现在时用于 when之后表示将来：Lisa will be in Mexico whe n Sarah is in New Y ork.Please close the win dow before you go out.I ' ll wait here until you come back.99、if(1) if之后常用一般现在时：If you see Ann tom

29、orrow, can you ask her to call me?What shall we do if it rai ns?I/you/hewould .(2) if I/you/he/she/they/it hadif I/it/ he/she was 或 if I/it/he/she were .(这里的动词都是过去式）IfIhad/k new/lived/we ntIwouldbuyydidn ' t have/didn' tyou(n ' t)beouknow itcould(have itwere theyn' t)go.tcould hey在这种

30、句子里，句意表示事实上这个假设不成立:If I had the mon ey, I would buy a fast car.事实上我没有钱买车。I wou ldn ' t go out if I were you.事实上我不是你。(3) 比较if I have/ if it isImust go and see Hele n. If 1 have time, I will go today. (=maybe I ' ll have time, so maybe I ' ll go) I ' ll help you if I can.(=maybe I can

31、help you)if I had/if it was I must go and see Hele n. If 1 had time, I would go today. (=I don ' t have time today, s( will not go) I ' d help you if I could, but I can.103、at/on/inat （时间点）8 o' clock10.30mid ni ghton （星期、日期、节日）Sunday/Monday 25 April/6 June New Year ' s Dayin （月份、年份、季

32、节）April/J une 2003/1998 summer/spri ng（2）固定搭配at the weeke nd at n ight at Christmas at the end of at the mome ntin the morni ng in the after noon in the eve ning in five mi nu teson Mon day morning on Tuesday after noon注意：this、last、next、every 等前不用介词，女口 next year106、in/at/on(1)inin a roomin a shopin the waterin Brazilin the fieldatat the bus stopat the doorat the traffic lightsat her deskat the top/bottom/e nd of(at the age of 21/at 50kilometres an hour/at 100 degrees)onon a shelfon a plateon a balc onyon the flooron a wallon a dooron the ceili ngon a horse/bicycle/mot