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1、.冠词和数词教学目的一、知识目的:1. 连词概述;2. 连词分类; 3. 并列连词;4. 附属连词;5. 考点、易错点分析;6. 常用连词的用法; 7. 详细语境中连词的词义和一些常用易混淆连词的区别。二、才能目的帮助学生掌握学习词类的方法,学会举一反三。重难点解析一、 重点1. 并列连词;2. 附属连词;二、难点 详细语境中连词的词义和一些常用易混淆连词的区别。知识点剖析序号知识点预估时间掌握情况1名词的分类30分钟掌握2可数名词和不可数名词40分钟掌握3名词所有格30分钟理解4重点名词辨析20分钟理解教学内容:Grammar:冠词中考对冠词的考察主要为:不定冠词a和an的用法,定冠词the
2、的用法,零冠词的用法,习惯用语中冠词的位置及使用。一、冠词的概念及分类冠词是放在名词前面的一种虚词,没有词义,没有数和格的变化,不能单独使用,只能帮助名词或起名词作用的其他词类说明其意义。冠词有两种:a /an叫不定冠词,the叫定冠词。二、不定冠词a/an的用法: 1. a 用在读音为辅音开头的名词之前, an 用在读音为元音开头的名词之前。【注意】1 这里指的是“读音,而不是指字母。例:a university / useful book / usual thing / European country an hour/honest boy/honor荣耀;荣幸2 另
3、外在单独一个字母前也用an,如:A / E / F / H / I / L / M / N / O / R / S / X例:There is an “m in the word-music.2. 表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个, 通常在首次提到某人或某物时用a / an,以表示与其他事物的区别。 例;1 I gave him a book yesterday. 我昨天给了他一本书。 2 I am reading an interesting story. 我在读一本有趣的故事书。 3 I have got a ticket. 我有一张票。
4、;3. 用在事物的度量单位前, 如时间、 速度、 价格等, 表示 "每一个"。 例:1 We often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。 2 I went to the library once a week at least. 我一星期至少去一次图书馆。 3 The potato is sold at about 30 fen a jin. 土豆卖三毛钱一斤。 4. 用于某些特定的词组。例:a few, a little, have a good time, have
5、 a look, a number of, have a headache, have a rest, go for a walk等等5. a /an+序数词表示“又一,再一。例: I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.6. 可视为一个整体的两个名词前 例:a knife and fork 一副刀叉典例精讲:1.2019·来宾Would you like_ new blue T-shirt,Mary?Sorry,Mom. I prefer _ orange one.A.a;a B.a;an C.an;a D.an;an2.201
6、9·曲靖Have you seen the film Dad,Where Are We Going?Yes.Its _ interesting one.A.a B.an C.the D./3.2019·丽水Mrs. Smith has _ 8-year-old daughter who has won two national painting prizes.A.a B.an C.the D.不填4.2019·重庆I have _ English dictionary and it helps me a lot.A.a B.an C.the D./5.2019
7、183;镇江We can live a better life if we create _ less polluted world.A.the B.an C.a D.不填三、定冠词the的用法 1. 定冠词特指某些人或某些事物。 例:1 The bag in the desk is mine. 桌子里的书包是我的。 2 Is this the book you are looking for? 这是你要找的书吗? 3 Do you know the man in back? 你知道穿黑色衣服的人是谁吗?2. 假如第一次提到某人或事物的时候,用a / a
8、n,那么以后再次提到的话,就变成特指的人或事物了;或者说话双方都知道的名词前。例:1I bought a book from Xinhua book-shop. The book costs 15 yuan. 2 I saw a film yesterday. The film was ended at eight o'clock. 3 Open the door, please. 3. 定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或用于自然界现象或方位名词之前。这些事物当然是特指的事物,不可能有两个以上。 例:the sunthe moonthe earth the sky
9、the worldthe spring of 20191 The sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。 2 I can see a bird in the sky. 我能看到天空中有一只小鸟。 3 I like to have a walk with the bright moon light in the evening. 4. 定冠词与形容词连用, 可表示某一类人或事物。the +形容词表示“一类人例:1 The wounded were brought to the hospital. 受伤者被送到了医院。2 He always h
10、elps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。 3 The deaf can go to this special school. 耳聋者可以进这所特殊学校上学。 【注意】:the 用在姓名复数之前, 表示一家人。 1 The Greens are very kind to us. 格林一家人待我们很好。 2 The Whites like the classic music. 怀特一家喜欢古典音乐。 5. 用在形容词或副词的最高级和序数词前例:1 He is the tallest students in my class.2 Jim wa
11、s the first student who came to school this morning.6. 用在乐器前面例:play the piano/violin7. 用在山脉、河流、海、洋、名胜古迹等由普通名词构成的专有名词前例:the Yellow River the Pacific Ocean the West Lake the Great Wall8. 用于形容词或副词比较级等构成“ the.the. 的句式中,表示“越越。例: The more, the better.9. 用于固定搭配中。例:all the same仍然;all the time一直;at the momen
12、t此刻;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说;do the shopping/washing买东西/洗衣服;in the morning 在上午;in the open air 在户外,在野外典例精讲:6.2019·永州The little girl began to play _ violin at the age of five.A.a B.the C.不填7.2019·十堰Can you play _ guitar?Sure. Its a piece of cake for me.A.a B.an C.the D./8.2019·
13、嘉兴Whats the matter with you?I cant remember where I parked _ car.A.a B.an C.the D.不填9.2019·淮安Beijing is one of _ biggest cities in China.A.a B.an C.the D./10.2019·威海Mom,I like _ green T-shirt. Could you buy it for me?A.a B.an C.the D.不填四、零冠词的用法:1. 人名、地名、国名等专有名词前通常不用冠词:例:1 Mary; Tom; Jim; M
14、iss Li; Mr. Zhang; Lei Feng 2 Beijing; Shanghai; London; Paris 3 England; China; Germany; South Africa 2. 称呼语前或表示官衔,职位、身份的名词前不加冠词;例:1 The guards took the American to General Lee. 2 Lincoln, president of the United States, was murdered in 1864.3 In 1860, Lincoln became President of the
15、 United States. 3. 当名词前有this/that等指示代词、my/your等物主代词和some/any等词时,不用任何冠词;例:1 This is my computer. 2 That book is their teachers.4. 年份、月份、星期、日期、季节、节日等名词前不用冠词:例:in 1988 in August on Thursday in spring on August 8thWe go to school from Monday to Friday. Childrens Day falls on the 1st June. 5. “一日三餐等
16、名词前不用冠词: have breakfast lunch, supper I have breakfast at 7 every day. 【注意】1 前面有形容词修饰,需用不定冠词;例:He had a big dinner today. 他今天吃了顿丰富的晚餐。2 后面有定语修饰,需用定冠词:例:The breakfast he had today was good. 他今天吃的早餐不错。 6. 球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前不用冠词:例: 1. play football basketball/volleyba
17、ll/tennis/ table tennis 2. play chess card7. 当“bike, car, bus, train, boat, ship, plane等与“by连用,表示一种交通手段时,不用冠词: by bus,by train;例; 1 He goes to work by bike. 他骑车去上班。 2 Did you come back by plane or by train? 你坐飞机还是坐火车回来的?8. 在某些固定搭配里,名词之前常不用冠词. 例:on foot; at home; at night; from
18、morning till night, on time, in time, at first, at last等。典例精讲:6.2019·永州The little girl began to play _ violin at the age of five.A.a B.the C.不填7.2019·十堰Can you play _ guitar?Sure. Its a piece of cake for me.A.a B.an C.the D./8.2019·嘉兴Whats the matter with you?I cant remember where I p
19、arked _ car.A.a B.an C.the D.不填9.2019·淮安Beijing is one of _ biggest cities in China.A.a B.an C.the D./10.2019·威海Mom,I like _ green T-shirt. Could you buy it for me?A.a B.an C.the D.不填【重难点】五、在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别: 1. 有些个体名词“school,college,prison, hospital,bed等词与动词或介词连用时,有无冠词表示不同含义例:
20、go to hospital去医院看病 go to the hospital去医院 并不是去看病,而是有其他目的in hospital 生病住院, in the hospital 在医院里at table进餐 at the table在桌子旁 by sea乘船 by the sea在海边 in front of 在前面 in the front of 在范围内的前部 2. 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。例:He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。如后一个形容词无冠词,那么指一物。例:He rai
21、ses a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。3. a teacher and writer一位老师兼作家一个人a teacher and a writer一位老师和一位作家两个人典例精讲:11.2019·内江Would you like to come to my party this afternoon?Id like to,but my mother is ill in _ hospital,I will go to_ hospital to see her.A.不填;a B.a;the C.the;the D.不填;the12.2019·兰州
22、She likes playing _ piano; her brother likes playing _ basketball.A.the;a B.a:the C./;the D.the;/13.2019·邵阳The young man in a blue coat is my PE teacher. He often plays_basketball with us.A.the B.a C./14.2019·泰州Lu Jailed,14,from _ Hangzhou Foreign Language School,won _ first place in the C
23、CTV Character Spelling Contest中国汉字听写大会.A./;the B.a;the C.a;a D./;a15.2019·广东Eric is not going to Nanjing by _ plane. Instead,he is taking _ train.A./;a B.a;/ C.a;the D.the;a数词中考对数词的考察主要为:基数词的根本构成和用法;序数词的构成和用法;分数表达法;时间表达法;hundred,thousand,million的用法一 数词的分类 数词主要分为基数词和序数词两类。1. 基数词 表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如
24、下:A从110: one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,tenB. 从11-19: eleven,twelve,thirteen, fourteen, fifteen,sixteen, seventeen,eighteen, nineteen这里除 eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, eighteen为特殊形式外,fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。C从 2199:整数几十中除twenty,thirty, forty,fifty,e
25、ighty为特殊形式外,sixty,seventy,ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时,在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“- 21 twenty-one 76 seventy-sixD百位数:1-9基数词形式加“hundred,表示几百,在几十几与百位间加上and101 a hundred and one 320 three hundred and twenty 648 six hundred and forty-eightE千位数以上:从数字的右端向左端数起,每三位数加一个逗号“,。从右开场,第一个“,前的数字后添加 thousand,第二个“,前面的数字后添
26、加 million,第三个“,前的数字后添加 billion。然后一节一节分别表示,两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。例:2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight。16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four。5,237,166,234 five billion,two hundred and thirty-seven million,one hundred and sixty-six thousand,two hundred and thirty-f
27、ourF基数词在表示确切的数字时,要用百、千、百万、十亿的单数形式;但是,当基数词表示不确切数字,如成百、成千上万,三三两两时,那么以复数形式出现。例:four hundred boys There are hundreds of people in the hallThey went to the theatre in twos and threes注:several+ hundred/thousand/million /billion+复数名词eg:There are several hundred students.G表示人的不确切岁数或年代,用几十的复数形式表示。1) 表年龄: in
28、ones + 整十的复数, 表示在某人几十岁时 例:He became a professor in his thirties他三十多岁时成为了教授在他四十岁时: _ 2) 表示年代: in the + 年份的复数,在几世纪几十年代.例:It was in the 1960s那是在二十世纪六十年代。 H基数词的句法功能例:基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。The two happily opened the box作主语 I need three altogether作宾语Four students are playing volleyball outside作定语 We are
29、 sixteen作表语They three tried to finish the task before sunset作同位语拓展:常见的数字符号和等式的读法:=等于号读作 equals,+加号读作 plus或and,-减号读作minus,×乘号读作times 或multiplied by,÷除号读作divided by。例:3+2=5读作Three plus two equals或isfive./Three and two is或equalsfive./Three and two makes five.5-3=2读作 Five minus three equals或is
30、two.8×7=56读作Eight times seven equals或isfifty-six./Eight multiplied by seven is fifty-six.10÷5=2读作Ten divided by five equals或istwo.典例精讲:1.2019·东营When he arrived at the airport,Lee Minho found that _ fans were waiting for him there.A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of2.2019
31、183;山西Jack,I want to go to _ to see a dentist.Could you tell me the address?No problem.A.Room 606 B.No.2 Hospital C.Fifth Avenue3.2019·淮安She enjoys collecting. She has collected over three_ stamps.A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of4.2019·兰州Please turn to Page _ and read the _
32、story.A.Ten;two B.Ten;second C.Tenth;second D.Tenth;two5.2019·南宁They are the students of_ .A.grade 7 B.Grade 7 C.7th grade D.Grade 7th2. 序数词:表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式:A从第一至第十九:其中,one first, two second, three third, five fifth,eighteighth,nineninth,twelve twelfth为特殊形式,其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th构成。例如: s
33、ix sixth、nineteen nineteenthB从第二十至第九十九:整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i,再加“eth构成。twentytwentieth thirtythirtieth 第四十 第五十 表示第几十几时,用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“和个位序数词形式一起表示。thirty-first 第三十一 fifty-sixth 第五十六 seventy-third 第七十三 ninety-ninth 第九十九C第一百以上的多位序数词:由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一;one thou
34、sand,three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十D.序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。firstlst second2nd third3rd fourth4th sixth6th twentieth20th twenty-third23rd注:lst,2nd,3rd为特殊形式,其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。E序数词的句法功能:序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。The second is what I really need作主语 He choose the second作宾语We are to carry out the first plan.
35、作定语 She is the second in our class作表语序数词前常要加定冠词 the;但假设序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时,那么表示“再一“又一。 Weve tried it three timesMust we try it a fourth time? 我们已经试过三遍了还必须试一次第四次吗?表编号 构造:名词首字母要大写 + 基数词 = the +序数词 +名词Lesson One = the first lesson the fifth page=Page 5five the twenty-first room=Room 21twenty-one典例精讲:6.2019
36、·孝感I hear your pen pal is visiting Wuhan again. Is it the _ time for him?Yes,and he will come for a third time next spring.A.first B.second C.third D.fourth7.2019·孝感Today is the boys _ birthday. He is 12 years old.A.twelve B.twelvth C.twelfth D.the twelfth8.2019·天津 _ month of the year
37、 is May.A.Two B.The second C.Five D.The fifth9.2019·凉山Have you ever come to Xichang before?Yes.This is my _ visit to Xichang,I have come here twice before.A.two B.second C.three D.third10.2019·成都Which month of the year do you like?July,the _ month because summer vacation begins in this mon
38、th.A. second B.seventh C.ninth二、时刻表示法1. 表示几点钟用基数词可以加oclock,也可省略:5:00 读作 five oclock 或 five2. 表示几点过几分,在分钟后加past,再加小时 例;five past seven 七点过五分 half past six 六点半 a quarter past eight 八点过一刻3. 表示几点差几分,在分钟后面加to,再加小时例:ten to eight 差非常八点七点五非常 a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点十一点四十五分差二非常六点 4.在日常生活中, 以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字:
39、例:14:03 读作 fourteen o three 18:30 读作 eighteen thirty 三、年月表示法1.世纪=定冠词+序数词+century表示,也可以用定冠词+百位进数+s表示the sixth/6th century=the 500s 公元六世纪 the 1900s 二十世纪 the 1600s 十七世纪2. 年代用定冠词+基数词+十位整数的所有格或复数形式构成例:in the 1930s/in the 1930sin the thirties of the twentieth century或 in the nineteen thirties在二十世纪三十年代;在十九
40、世纪六十年代 3. 表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期,可以在定冠词后,年代前添加 early,mid-,latein the early 1920s 在二十世纪二十年代早期 in the mid-1950s 在二十世纪五十年代中期4. 年月日表示法A年份用基数词表示,一般为阿拉伯数字:1949 读作 nineteen hundred and forty-nine 或 nineteen forty-nine1800 读作 eighteen hundred 1902 读作 nineteen hundred and two或 nineteen o two表示在哪一年,一般在年数前加介词in,eg: in
41、 2019 在2019年理解使用year时,year放在数词之前in the year two hundred fifty-three B.C. 在公元前253年B. 月份,在哪个月,用介词in加第一个字母大写的月份词:例如:in May在五月;月份常用缩写形式表示:缩写形式除May,June,July外,其它的月份都由其前三个字母表示,但September除外。JanuaryJan FebruaryFeb MarchMar. AprilApr AugustAug SeptemberSept OctoberOct NovemberNov DecemberDec注:这里缩写形式后面加点不能省略C
42、日期 在详细哪一天要添加介词on。National Day is on Oct. 1.October first也可以表示为 National Day is on the 1st of OctoberMay 5th 五月五日读作May fifth 也可以表示为the fifth5thof MayMar. 1st 读作March first或 the first of March注:通常情况下morning,afternoon,evening等词前用介词in。但是,当这些词前后有一修饰限定的词作为定语,把它们限定为某一天早晨、下午或晚上时,介词应改为on。这里的修饰限定词可以是介词短语、名词、形
43、容词、定语从句等。 例:On a cold morning,the old man died lonely in his houseThe accident happened on the afternoon of July 7We are to have a small test on Monday morning四、分数表示法.1.构造: a.分子用基数词,分母用序数词 .b.当分子大于1时,分母加复数. 3/4 three fourths或 three quarters 1/3 one third或a third 1/2 a half = one second 1 1/2 one and
44、 a half2.注意:a.当分数后面接可数名词时,假如分数表示的值大于1,名词用复数;<1,名词用单数。1 1/2 hours 一个半小时读作 one and a half hours 4/5 meter 五分之四米2 3/4 mete rs 二又四分之三米读作two and three-fourths metersb.分数词作主语时, 谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定.例:Two fifths of the milk _be drunk by Tom . One third of the students _be girls .五 、小数表示法1. 小数用基数词来表示,小数点读作
45、point,o读作 zero或oou,整数部分为零时,可以省略不读。0.4 zero point four或point four 零点四 10.23 ten point two three 十点二三25.67 twenty-five point six seven 二十五点六七 l.03 one point o three 一点零三2. 当数字值大于1时,小数后面的名词用复数,数字值小于1时,小数后面的名词用单数。1.03 meters 一点零三米 0.49 ton 零点四九吨 l.5 tons 一点五吨六、百分数表示法 : 百分数=基数percent表示 这里的percent不用复数形式。50 fifty percent 3 three percent 0.12 zero point one two percent七、数量表示法1. 表示长、宽、高、面积等: 用基数词+单位词meter,foot,inch,kilo
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