基于LCL滤波器的并联有源电力滤波器电流闭环控制方法_图文

1、Table 4Number of diV erentially expressed probes (genes at P <0.01 and log fold change of >2.0 between salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive geno-types under control and stress conditionsGenotypes/GenesControl UpMI 48CSR 27MI 48 versus CSR 27b Bulked- sensitive RILsBulked- tolerant RILsBulked sensi

2、tive versus bulked tolerant RILsGenes in QTL intervalsa b c dcSalt-stress aDown 39690 (64(2dTotal 79899 (70(2Up 7945421,37124 (1612 (1123 (16(2Down 1464631,03615 (939 (3322 (14(1dTotal 94010052,40739 (2551 (4445 (30(34029 (6150mM NaCl at seedling stageTaking signals from MI 48 as baseTaking signals

3、from bulked sensitive RILs as base1 common gene(Table4. The disproportionately high number of underexpressed genes in the control tolerant bulk was mainly dueto contamination with seed residues in the seedlings of sen-sitive RILs used for RNA extraction, as most of these genesrepresented seed storag

4、e proteins, e.g., glutelin, prolamin,albumin, or seed-speciW c hydrolytic enzymes, e.g., amy-lase, protease, lipase, and glycosidase (Table S1. This alsoshowed the extremely sensitive nature of the microarraytranscriptome proW ling system. There was no such contam-ination in the samples of salt-stre

5、ssed seedlings as theydid not show diV erential expression of any seed-speciW c genes. There were only 45 probes (30 genes diV erentially expressed between the tolerant and sensitive RIL bulks ascompared to 2,407 diV erentially expressed probes betweenCSR 27 and MI 48 under salt stress, which shows

6、nearly60-fold enrichment of the potential candidate genes(Table4.Co-localization ofdi V erentially expressed genes in the QTL regionsThree of the 30 diV erentially expressed genes between theRIL bulks under salt stress were co-located in the QTLregions mapped in the present study. The random distrib

7、u-tion of 30 genes in the whole rice genome of 389 Mbp(IRGSP 2005 predicts one gene per 12.9 Mbp, or100.6cM of total 3,019.5cM of the present genetic map,whereas eight QTLs regions represented 25.5 Mbp and120.3cM. Hence, there was no signiW cant enrichment ofthe diV erentially expressed genes in the

8、se QTL regions. Wefocused on those QTLs harboring diV erentially expressedgenes because all the salt ion concentration parametersmapped in this study may not necessarily be related to theW eld level salt tolerance. On the other hand, all the QTLsfor the salt tolerance trait of the genotypes may not

9、bemapped in this study due to lack of knowledge about suit-able phenotyping parameters. A non-random distribution ofdi V erentially expressed genes on the rice chromosomalregions in response to salt stress has been reported in earliertranscriptome proW ling study by Walia etal. (2005. In thepresent

10、study, twelve of the thirty diV erentially expressedgenes between the RIL bulks were clustered on chromo-somes 1 and 10 (Fig.2, while the remaining eighteengenes were distributed in the rest of the genome. Clusteringof W ve genes on chromosome 10 between markersHvSSR10-25 and RM5352 predicts possibi

11、lity of yetunmapped QTL in this region (Fig.2c. In fact, we did havetwo QTLs with LOD scores of 1.8 and 2.0 in this region onchromosome 10 for K+ and Na+/K+ ratio in straw, but theywere on the borderline of signiW cance in the present study.There is a published report on QTLs for Na+ uptake andshoot

12、 length in this region of chromosome 10 by Sabouriand Sabouri (2008. In addition to the three diV erentially expressed genes under salt stress that were co-located inthe QTL regions, one more gene diV erentially expressedbetween the tolerant and sensitive RIL bulks was identiW ed under control condi

13、tion, making in total four genesco-located in the QTL regions (Table5.Annotation ofdi V erentially expressed genes co-located in the QTL regionsAmong the four diV erentially expressed genes located inthe QTL intervals, an integral membrane protein DUF6homolog (Os01g19290.1 in the QTL qNaSH -1.1 on c

14、hro-mosome 1 was constitutively down regulated in the tolerantRILs (Table5. Similarly, expression of ATP synthaseepsilon chain gene (Os12g19430.1 in the QTL qNaSV -12.1 on chromosome 12 was down regulated in the tolerantRILs, both constitutively as well as in response to salt123Y TIGR Gene Id. (LOC

15、no. Os01g17214.1Os01g19290.1Os01g19860.1Os12g19430.1_H垁|餀U_Z I鵉<瞿鉣_啷烕 朹8_VsY賠宊stress. Expression of two genes located in the QTL regionswas up regulated in the tolerant RILs under salinity stress.These were (1 major facilitator superfamily antiporter(Os01g17214.1, and (2 cation chloride cotranspo

16、rter(Os01g19860.1 located on chromosome 1 in the QTLregions qKLV -1.1 and qKSH -1.1, respectively. There wereno diV erentially expressed genes between the tolerant andsensitive RIL bulks in the QTL regions of chromosome 8mapped in the present study (Fig.2b. DiV erential expres-sion of the four genes

17、 co-located in the QTL regions identi-W ed using microarray experiments was also validated usingqRT-PCR. The results of two experiments were consistentexcept that the magnitude of diV erential expression wascomparatively lower in case of RT-PCR (data not shown.Allele frequencies ofthe QTL markers in

18、extreme tolerant and susceptible RILsDiscussionQTL mapping studies have resulted in identiW cation of hun-dreds of chromosomal intervals associated with complextraits such as drought and salinity tolerance in crop plants(. However, only in a fewinstances has it been possible to

19、positively identify thefunctional alleles of genes underlying the QTLs. One123dEarlier, Ammar etal. (2009 used an F2 mapping popula-tion from the CSR 27/MI 48 cross for mapping salt ion con-centration parameters to identify 25 signiW cant QTLs for 17di V erent salt tolerance parameters on chromosome

20、 1, 2, 3,and 8. However, they were unable to do repeat phenotypingdue to transient nature of the F2 population. Here, a RILpopulation from the same cross was used for mapping ninesigni W cant QTLs for Na+, K+ and Cl¡ ion concentrationsand SSI for percent spikelet fertility on chromosomes 1, 8,a

21、nd 12. The QTL intervals on chromosomes 1 and 8mapped in the present study were at similar positions tothose identiW ed by Ammar etal. (2009. Besides this, theirmap was based on only 79 SSR makers, whereas in thepresent study 149 SSR and SNP makers were used for themap construction, and salt concent

22、rations in straw and SSIfor yield, grain number and spikelet fertility were newphenotypic parameters. Use of RILs allowed repeated andreliable phenotyping in the present study. Out of the nineQTLs, the chromosomal location of W ve parameters coin-cided with previously mapped QTLs for salt tolerance

23、traitsand four QTLs were novel to this study.Comparing our results with earlier genetic mappingstudies, the QTL for high Na+ concentration in straw con-tributed by CSR 27 was located on chromosome 1 nearSALTOL locus mapped earlier for salt tolerance in rice vari-ety Pokkali (Gregorio 1997; Bonilla e

24、tal. 2002. The tol-erant variety CSR 27 accumulated more Na+ in the straw atmaturity, whereas the sensitive variety MI 48 accumulatedmore K+ in this tissue. Thus CSR 27 was able to eV ectively partition more of the absorbed K+ into vegetative stem andreproductive tissues and more Na+ into mature ste

25、m and old133leaves to avoid the salt damage, due to protective role of K+(Cakmak 2005; Zhu etal. 1998. The Na+/K+ ratio in thestraw of CSR 27 was nearly three times higher than MI 48.The SALTOL QTL also aV ects the Na+/K+ ratio in rice tis-sues, but the gene(s for salt tolerance underlying this QTLi

26、s not cloned as yet. The SKC1 gene responsible for salt tol-erance in rice variety Nona Bokra by K+ ion homeostasisis also located within the SALTOL region (Ren etal. 2005, indicating that this region of chromosome 1 is consistentlyassociated with QTLs for salt ion concentration in diV erent studies

27、 involving diverse genetic backgrounds. At present,W ve linked markers, RM 8094, RM3412, RM493,RM10748, and RM10793 have been identiW ed in a 1.3 MbpSALTOL -SKC1 region on rice chromosome 1 for breedingapplication and W ne mapping of the region is in progress(Thomson etal. 2007.'箅_k 祥譥籣阓tCo乏騙贒Us

28、荁?ReferencesAmmar MHM, Pandit A, Singh RK, Sameena S, Chauhan MS, SinghAK, Sharma PC, Gaikwad K, Sharma TR, Mohapatra T, SinghNK (2009 Mapping of QTLs controlling Na+, K+ and Cl¡ ionconcentrations in salt tolerant indica rice variety CSR27. J PlantBiochem Biotechnol 18:139150Amrutha RN, Sekhar

29、PN, Varshney RK, Kishor PBK (2007 Genome-wide analysis and identiW cation of genes related to potassiumtransporter families in rice (Oryza sativa L. Plant Sci 172:708721Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995 Controlling the false discovery rate:a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat

30、SocSer B 57:289300Bonilla P, Dvorak J, Mackill D, Deal K, Gregorio G (2002 RFLP andSSLP mapping of salinity tolerance genes in chromosome 1 ofrice (Oryza sativa L. using recombinant inbred lines. PhilippAgric Sci 85:6876Brumos J, Colmenero-Flores JM, Conesa A, Izquierdo P, Sánchez G,J-Iglesias

31、D, López-Climent MF, Gómez-Cadenas A, Talon M(2009 Membrane transporters and carbon metabolism implicatedin chloride homeostasis diV erentiate salt stress responses intolerant and sensitive Citrus rootstocks. Funct Integr Genomics9:293309Cakmak I (2005 The role of potassium in alleviating

32、detrimental eV ects錩_撡愴 _;Fischer RA, Maurer R (1978 Drought resistance in spring wheat cul-tivars. I. Grain yield responses. Aust J Agric Res 29:897912Giovannoni JJ, Wing RA, Ganal MW, Tanksley SD (1991 Isolation ofmolecular markers from speciW c chromosomal intervals usingDNA pools from existing m

33、apping populations. Nucleic AcidsRes 19(23:65536555Gong JM, He P, Qian Q, Shen LS, Zhu LH, Chen SY (1999 IdentiW -cation of salt-tolerance QTL in rice (Oryza sativa L. Chin SciBull 44:6871Gregorio GB (1997 Tagging salinity tolerance genes in rice usingT濻c彩O钬縵_磋QTL mapping analysis based on multivari

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