整理文体学答案

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上文体学 课后题 1、2单元1 Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples.1）Words and phrasesshilly-shally= pararhyme super-duper= rhymehigh and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhymekith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhymepart and parcel = reverse rhyme

2、by hook or by crook = rhyme2）Pride and Prejudice = alliterationThe Loves labour Lost = alliteration Of Mice and Man = alliterationBill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliterationFather in a Fix = alliteration Witch Watch = alliterationThe Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration3)Advertisements-Drinka P

3、inta Milka Day = sound elision-Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision-Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment, but still economise. Be bold and be beautifulbut dont break the bank. = (in order) alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration 2 The underlined word(s) in each o

4、f the following examples1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man has a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child to learn the language however badly it is taught. This makes man different from animal, which does not have such a device. That is why chimpanze

5、e (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) can never learn the language however hard it is taught.2）Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the same pronunciation with the main character in Shakespeares tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Romeo has deep love for Juliet. It i

6、ndicates that Romeow the cat has affection for the master. 3)Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop of its kind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick. 3 1)phonological devices in the following extract.A creak of hin

7、ges.aisle.In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiled surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of such

8、words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable.2） Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom3） Sawyer and comment on the graphological forms.“TOM!”No answer. .-Mark TwaiThis is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sa

9、wyer, depicting how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Granny speaks. When we read it, we have the feeling of watching Granny on a stage play. For example, “TOM!” is said louder than “Tom!”. “Y-o-u-u,

10、 Tom!” indicates Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard far away. The exclamation marks “!” show her emotion, and the dash “ implies her sudden stop. The italicized through emphasizes the contrast with “over” and “under”, humorously implying her glasses are intended for

11、ornament rather than practical use. In the whole passage, we see the only character Granny, who is speaking to herself. It is very much like a stage monologue. After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there is a touch of humour all through.3单元1 What are thethree ways of clause

12、 classification?classification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. By constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO, SVOC. By verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. By functions clauses can be categorized either as independent

13、clause or dependent clause. 2 how do we distinguish situation types?By according to meaning or sense of the verb.3 Name the participant roles in action types?The participant roles in action types are: agentive role (doer of the action), external force (causer of the action), intrumental role (tool t

14、o do the action with), recipient role (receiver of the action) and objective role (the affected or the result of the action). 4 What is a simple sentence? What is a multiple sentence? Directly/indirectlyA simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O) (C) (A).A multiple sentence consis

15、ts of more than one clause. It may be either a compound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence. D :nominal clauses function as S O C .I:relative clauses function as modified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJP5 What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incomplete sentenc

16、e?Neither type conforms to the basic clause structure. But a minor sentence is supposed to be “complete” in the sense that it is finished. An incomplete sentence never comes to its end because of sudden interruption or other reasons. For example,(1)Attention, please. (2)Help!(3)Going to the lecture?

17、 (4)Why are you late?Because I Of the four sentences, (1) (2) (3) are minor sentences whereas (4) is an incomplete.6 What are the major components of a noun phrase?What is the use of pre-modification?What is the function of post-modification?A complete noun phrase consists of four constituents: dete

18、rminer, pre-modifier, head and post-modifier. The determiner can be an article, numerals, numeral pronouns; all the words between the determinative and the head are pre-modifier, whatever part of speech they belong to; the head can be a noun or a pronoun; the post-modifier is usually a prepositional

19、 phrase, a noun phrase, a non-finite clause, a relative clause, etc.Frequent use of pre-modification in newspaper headlines can economize space, and arouse the readers interest as well because pre-modification is usually short, thus cannot spell out details. This keeps the reader in suspense and kic

20、ks up their eagerness to find out. Pre-modification tends to be informal and appears in less formal style.Post-modification can be very long and complicated. Using post-modification can give enough room for details and for further information. Therefore, it is frequently used in more formal contexts

21、, for instance, written language. Written legal English prefers post-modification in noun phrases, because the composer of a legal document must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly, guarding against any possible misinterpretation.7 What are the three basic factors in the formation

22、of written texts?For effective presentation of information and language processing on the part of the reader, we usually attach importance to sequence, segmentation and salience in the formation of texts, both spoken and written.8 Which type of branching is common in informal speech? Which type of b

23、ranching is preferred in written styles?Right-branching is common in speech, in relaxed and informal presentation of ideas.A writer may favor right-branching and use short, simple sentences to represent a narrative style of simplicity, directness and intensity. Left-branching, however, is better ada

24、pted to writing because it is structurally more compact and logical, and it is usually more formal. Since subordinate ideas are presented first, postponing the main idea, readers often feel in suspense and try to read on to obtain the main idea towards the end of the sentence. 9 What is the basic ph

25、rase order?What are the stylistic effects of fronting and postponement?The basic phrase order in an English declarative clause is more or less fixed: SV(O)(C)(A), with A being mobile in position. The change of the order can make a particular language unit more salient.Fronting refers the movement of

26、 a sentential element from its usual position to the front, and postponement refers the movement of a linguistic unit from its normal place towards the end of the sentence. In both cases the elements moved are highlighted. For example,(1)Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (fronti

27、ng talent and capital for emphasis)(2)A car stopped and out stepped the President of the University. (Postponing President of the University again for emphasis)10 What is syntactic parallelism and its function?Syntactic parallelism refers to the repetition of the same syntactic form (e.g. tense, asp

28、ect) and phrase/clause structure in two or more neighboring clauses or sentences. It reinforces meaning by contrast or antithesis, or helps to build up an emotional climax. For example,See how they can saw. Power saw. And drill. Power drill. And sand. Power sand.This is an advertisement for selling

29、Power Brand series of tools. When the reader finishes the reading, they will not forget the brand name Power.4单元2 What is the difference in the effect between the use of Latinate and that of native words? Why?Generally speaking, Latinate words are words of science, religion and official communicatio

30、n; and in most cases, they help to create the effect of coolness, dignity and intellectual distance.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin constitute English-speaking peoples basic vocabulary.Such words are emotionally charged. A high percentage of Anglo-Saxon words is quite usual in informal style.3 What is t

31、he difference between a general word and a specific word? Is it true that use of specific words should always be recommended?A word is general when it refers to a group of objects or a class of objects or action, and specific when it refers to a member of that group or class. The relationship betwee

32、n a general (superordinate) and specific (subordinate) term is hyponymy. General terms are often too vague to convey any precise meaning. The use of specific words is more informative in detail and can evoke vivid images in the readers or hearers mind. However, general terms are preferred, when ther

33、e is no need for specification, or when the user wants to leave things vague for some (tactical) reason.5 What is repetition ?What is reiteration? Why should people employ repetition and reiteration in speech or writing?When a linguistic form is used twice or more, the result is repetition. For exam

34、ple,We begin our morning class at 8:00. Lunch begins at 11:30 and afternoon classes begin at 2:00 again.When the same idea is repeated in a different form, it is reiteration. For example,We begin our morning classes at 8:00, and afternoon classes start at 2:00 again.In literary texts, repetition is

35、usually rhetorical. The intensive repetition of an expression can be a powerful thematic device. It helps to direct the readers attention to the interpretation of its significance. Whatever is repeated is emphasized. Reiteration is used to avoid the monotonous effect of the repetition of the same ex

36、pression. 6 What is collocation? What is the use pf analyzing lexical collocation of an item in a piece of language?Collocation refers to the concurrence of words or conventional use of certain words together in a text. In a given text, the collocates of an item constitute its lexical context which

37、determines the meaning of the item. This device may contribute to the theme of the text. The analysis of collocation can help us grasp the main idea of the text.7 The following are groups of specific words. Name a general word whose meaning is included in the meaning of the specific words. 1)stride,

38、 strut, march, amble, strode, saunter (walk)2)drag, haul, heave, wrench, tow (pull)3)whisper, chatter, babble, mumble, mutter(talk)4)bottle, vase, jug, cup, pot, barrel, bucket, box(container)5)car, jeep, van, tanker, minibus, cart, bicycle(vehicle)AppreciativeNeutralPejorativeworkdrudgery, toil, gr

39、indfashion, stylevoguefadpoliceman, copflatfootcivil servantgovernment officialbureaucratfamous, celebrated, renownednotoriousportly, stout, chubby, plumpfatadventurous, daringreckless, rash8 The words in each of the following groups have roughly a similar conceptual meaning. Discuss the difference

40、in their associate meanings.9 Compare the A B extracts in terms 1)the percentage of Anglo-Saxon words;2)the percentage of Latinate words of three syllables and more.In A of the 48 words, only six come from other languages, four of which are from French, but in B of the 39 words, 18 words are from La

41、tin and another one from Greek. Since Latinate words make up a high percentage in B, it is much more difficult to understand.10 Comment on the adjective used in the following advertisement.(Manhattan shirts, slacks and accessories)To persuade the would-be customers to buy the product, the author use

42、s a series of appreciative adjectives: confident, correct, successful, strong, savvy, fashionable, happy, robust, virile, and wise, plus famous to show what good things Manhattan Brand products would bring to the buyer.5单元 1 What is dialect? A dialect is a variety habitually adopted by people in a c

43、ertain region (regional dialect) or by people of a certain social group (social dialect). Dialects differ from one another in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.one regional dialect speaker may be able to speak more than one social dialect when needed.2 What is the difference between dialect and

44、accent?Accent is the special phonological features shown by one who speaks a dialect. It is regional in nature. A dialect can be spoken with different accents, standard and non-standard. A person may shift from one dialect to another while speaking but s/he is unable to cover his or her accent. For

45、example, a Londoner speaks British English with a London accent, but a person born and brought up in Manchester may speak British English with a Manchester accent.3 What is Standard English? Is there a standard accent with which people speak Standard English? Standard English refers to the particula

46、r socially-favoured variety which is based on the speech and writing of educated users of the language. With a widely accepted, codified grammar and vocabulary, SE is primarily used for public communication: used in books and newspapers, official documents and news broadcasts; in schools, taught to

47、non-native learners of English. Yes. In each regional variety, one accent is most widely accepted such as RP (received pronunciation) in British English. Since this accent is related to BBC broadcaster, the royal family and educated speech, it is considered to be the standard accent in Britain.6单元1

48、1）What does channel limitation mean? How does channel limitation affect language use?Channel limitation means that the transmission of a message is limited to one channel onlyvisual or auditory. Speech, in most cases, has no channel limitation. Talking face-to-face, both the speaker and hearer can s

49、ee and hear each other. Apart from the language, gestures, facial expressions, shared knowledge, and situation all contribute to the communication. Therefore, the language is often inexplicit. Writing, on the other hand, has channel limitation. Then the language should be explicit. For example, The

50、teacher standing there is her mother”, which is understandable if the two speakers are together in the same context. But in written language such should be forbidden. We should make it explicit like The teacher standing under the tree in front of the classroom building is Wang Qians mother. 2）In wha

51、t ways does spontaneously spoken language differ from prepared written form?In spontaneous speech one has little time for planning or revising ones utterance. While speaking, one has to monitor what has been said and its response by the hearer, and simultaneously to plan the next utterance. If ones

52、planning falls behind the delivery, the speech is characteristically broken up by the following features of normal non-fluency: filled/ unfilled pauses, unintended repetitions, and false starts. For example,He was - as it were - you know him do you - how shall I say er - withdrawn - er shut-in as th

53、ough as though he had a kind of - mm goldfish bowl round his head - not very easy7单元1What is role relationship? Give some examples.By role relationship we mean the relationship between the roles adopted by addresser and addressee in a given situation. Role relationships range from temporary to perma

54、nent: casual acquaintances on a train, customersalesman, colleagues in an office, managementemployees, teacherpupil, parentchild.2 By what scales do we classify language features typical of various attitudes?Language features indicating the attitude are usually classified along four scales: formalit

55、y, politeness, impersonality and accessibility3.What factors affect the degrees of formality?The degrees of formality are determined by the role relationships, number of hearers, and contexts of situation, such as a public lecture, playground at playtime, church service, cocktail party, and so on.4H

56、ow does language vary in terms of politeness?Language varies according to the degree of intimacy between the address and addressee; the degree of social distance separating the addresser and addressee. Language becomes more and more polite when the addressee is more senior in status and les intimate

57、 in relation.5 What are the basic patterns of the use of address forms?The basic address patterns include: Title (Professor, Doctor, Reverend), Title + Last Name (Professor Zhang, Mr Smith, Miss Thatcher), First name + Last Name (Michael Hall, John Smith), Last Name (Smith, Thatcher), First Name (Mi

58、chael, John), Shortened First Name (Mike=Michael, Elizabeth=Liza/Liz), Nickname (Piggy, Bully) and Terms of Endearment (Darling, Dear, Honey, Sweet). 6 What is linguistic impersonality?Language becomes impersonal when it avoids direct reference to the addresser and addressee. That is the writing avoids the use of personal pronouns such as I, we, you, etc7 .How do we measure the degrees of accessibility?We can measure the degrees of accessibility by the following formula: FOG INDEX = 0.4 (L+H)L = the average sen