毕业论文头孢丙烯分散片的制备及质量考察

1、泰山医学院毕业设计（论文）题目：头孢丙烯分散片的制备及质量考察院（部）系药学院所 学 专 业制药工程年级、班级完成人姓名指导教师姓名专业技术职称 年 月 日摘 要目的 研制头孢丙烯分散片，通过减少药物崩解时间，提高药物的吸收度。方法 通过头孢丙烯分散片辅料相容性试验，筛选制剂的最佳处方，从溶出度、含量测定等实验对制剂进行质量检查。结果 筛选出最佳处方为微晶纤维素、低取代羟丙基纤维素、预胶化淀粉、8%PVP 50%乙醇溶液、阿司帕坦、交联聚维酮、二氧化硅、硬脂酸镁、并进行方法学考察，样品的溶出度、含量测定与上市药品相似。结论 按本处方工艺所制得的分散片分散均匀性符合规定，全部崩解时间约在1分钟，

2、溶出度较高，含量测定符合要求。关键词：分散片；溶出度；含量测定AbstractObjective: To study of cefprozil dispersible tablet, by reducing drug disintegration time, enhancing drug absorption.Methods: Through cefprozil dispersible tablet excipient compatibility testing, screening the best prescription preparation, from the dissolution

3、, assay experiment on the preparation of quality inspection.Results: Screening out the best prescription for the microcrystalline cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, pregelatinized starch, 8%PVP 50% ethanol solution, aspartame, PVPP, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, and methodolo

4、gical study, sample dissolution, content determination and marketed drugs similar to.Conclusion: According to the prescription and process of the prepared dispersion tablets uniformity in accordance with the regulations, all the disintegration time in about 1 minutes, high leaching rate, determinati

5、on meets the requirements. Key words: Dispersible tablets; Dissolution; Content determination.目 录正文x前言x仪器与试剂x实验方法与结果x讨论x结论x参考文献x文献综述x致谢x附录x头孢丙烯分散片的制备及质量考察学生：张俊洋 指导教师：曹明亮（泰山医学院药学院，泰安 271016）1 前言头孢丙烯(cefprozil)为白色至淡黄色结晶性粉末。在水中微溶，在甲醇或二甲基甲酰胺中极微溶，在丙酮、三氯甲烷或乙醚中几乎不溶。头孢丙烯是1991年年底美国FDA批准上市的第二代头孢菌素，为高效、低毒、耐酶的广

6、谱抗生素，对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、厌氧菌活性强，其中对革兰氏阳性菌活性突出。临床用于轻、中度感染。我国药品监管部门于1999年10月批准中美上海施贵宝制药有限公司生产和销售头孢丙烯片剂和混悬剂。目前国内市场头孢丙烯有多种剂型，如片剂、胶囊剂、混悬剂等，由于头孢丙烯在水中微溶，给药途径为口服，根据各剂型特点，我们选择了分散片，其优点如下：（1）速崩、速效：分散片系指在水中能迅速崩解并均匀分散的片剂。分散片中的药物应是难溶性的，分散片加水分散后口服，也可将分散片含于口中吮服或吞服。普通片剂或胶囊剂存在着崩解速度慢的缺点，对药物的吸收有一定的影响。分散片在1921水中一般3分钟内完全崩解，大大

7、提高了药物的吸收度。分散片速崩是由于所选择的崩解剂具有不溶于水与吸湿性强的特点，水分子通过毛细管作用或膨胀作用用渗透进入片剂之中，吸水后粉粒膨胀二倍溶解，不形成胶体溶液，不至于阻碍水分子的继续渗入而影响片剂的进一步崩解。分散片使药物的达血药浓度峰高度增加，达峰时间缩短，这些将会带来临床疗效上的优势。（2）服用方便：普通片剂、胶囊剂的体积较大，或一次常需用多片（粒），服用不方便，特别对给老、幼和有吞咽障碍的病人治疗有一定困难。分散片崩解速度快，放入水中可分散成均匀的混悬液，服用方便。（3）制备工艺简单，稳定性强：分散片与泡腾片放入水中均可迅速崩解成均匀的混合物溶液。但泡腾片不适合与泡腾剂酸碱溶液

8、相互作用的药物，辅料要选择泡腾剂和水溶性辅料，在生产过程中需控制室温和相对湿度，生产工艺复杂，且对贮藏条件要求高。而分散片崩解后形成可通过710m孔径筛的清澈或略带乳色的水溶液或混悬液，对辅料的选择不要求选择泡腾剂和水溶性辅料，生产条件无特殊要求，水中分散后口服或吞服水中溶解后口服。（4）高效：分散片由于其崩解形成均一的混悬液，所以吸收较快、充分，可提高药物的生物利用度。基于以上分散片特点，我们选择研究头孢丙烯分散片，有利于临床使用。具有良好的市场前景。2、临床中头孢丙烯用于治疗敏感菌所致的下列轻、中度感染：上呼吸道感染、下呼吸道感染、皮肤和皮肤软组织。把本品做成分散片，携带方便，给药途径简单

9、，且有利于吸收。3、参照头孢丙烯分散片上市制剂的规格与用法用量，确定其规格为：0.25g2 仪器与试剂2.1 仪器热风循环烘箱GT-005南京马渡药机厂高效湿法混合制粒机GSL-250江苏范群干燥设备厂粉末分装机DXDF60B北京清华丰公司岛津高效液相色谱仪（SPD-20A紫外检测器、LC-20AT泵）ZRS-6G智能溶出试验仪CP225D电子天平F2104N电子天平2.2 材料和试剂头孢丙烯：齐鲁安替制药有限公司微晶纤维素：曲阜市药用辅料有限公司低取代羟丙纤维素：曲阜市药用辅料有限公司预胶化淀粉：曲阜市药用辅料有限公司阿司帕坦：湖南尔康制药有限公司交联聚维酮：Internationl Spe

10、cialty Products Inc.二氧化硅：安徽山河药用辅料股份有限公司硬脂酸镁：曲阜市药用辅料有限公司聚维酮K30：湖州展望药业有限公司乙醇：山东广源医药酒精有限公司2.3 溶液配制2.3.1 。 2.3.2 。3 实验方法与结果3.1 。3.1.1 。图1 表1 1xxxxxxxxxxxx2xxxxxxxxxxxx3xxxxxxxxxxxx4xxxxxxxxxxxx5xxxxxxxxxxxx6xxxxxxxxxxxx4 讨论4.1 。4.2 。5 结论。参考文献1 纪莉莲.柿叶抗菌活性的研究及活性成分的分离鉴定J.营养卫生,2003,24(3):129-131.2 杨建雄,原江峰,李

11、发荣.柿叶黄酮的体外抗氧化作用研究J.营养学报,2003,25(2):215-217.引用参考文献标示方式应全文统一，用上标的形式置于所引内容最末句的右上角，用“小四号宋体”。如：“······科学技术1”。参考文献的序号用数字加方括号表示，如1，2等，每一参考文献条目的最后均以“”结束。作者姓名写到第三位，余者写“，等” 以英文大写字母方式标识各种参考文献类型:专著M,论文集C,报纸文章N,期刊文章J,学位论文D,报告R,标准S,专利P。（1）期刊序号作者题名刊名，出版年，卷号(期号)：起止页码.1 伊廷夫，徐相连.实验室一级管理体

12、制的改革与实践J.实验室研究与探索，2003，22（5）：82-86（2）专著序号著者书名其他责任者(如编者译者)版本出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码    2 霍斯尼R K.谷物科学与工艺学原理.李庆龙译M第一版北京：中国食品出版社，1989：20-30（3）论文集序号作者题名文集编者姓名会议文集名，出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码3 司宗国，王群重子湮没快度关联的研究 赵维勤，高崇寿编第五届高能粒子产生和重离子碰撞理论研讨会文集C，北京：中国高等科学技术中心出版，1996：105-107（4）国际、国家标准序号 标准编号，标准名称.4 GB/T 16159-1

13、996，汉语拼音正词法基本规则S.（5）专利序号 专利申请者.题名.专利国别：专利号，出版日期.5 姜锅洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案P.中国专利：881056073，1989-07-26.（6）电子文献序号 主要责任者.题名.电子文献的出处或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选).6 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展http：/ 综述柿叶的研究进展摘要：。关键词：；。参考文献1 纪莉莲.柿叶抗菌活性的研究及活性成分的分离鉴定J.营养卫生，2003，24（3）：129-131.2 杨建雄，原江峰，李发荣.柿叶黄酮的体外抗氧化作用研究J.营养学报，2003，25（2）：215

14、-217.致 谢。×××xxxx年x月x日附录对于一些不宜放在正文中、但又是毕业设计中不可缺少的部分，或有重要参考价值的内容，可编入附录中。论文的附录用大写字母A，B，C等连续编号，如附录A。附录中的图、表、公式等用阿拉伯数字另行编序号，但在数码前冠以附录序码，如图A1；表B2；式(B3)等。您好，为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest China's Shaanxi province pass t

15、hrough a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansu's Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014. It will pass th

16、rough Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The caravan is expecte

17、d to return to Jingyang in March 2016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, wh

18、o toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54-year-old was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every

19、 year to local nomadic people. "I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early '80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldn't help but sing the folk songs," Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of en

20、tertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. "The nomadic people were very excited about our visits," Nasun recalls. "We didn't have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining

21、in." For him, the rewarding part about touring isn't just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as "red burgeon", and today's performers of the troupe still tour the region's vill

22、ages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijing's Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. "Bei

23、ng from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged," Nasun, the art troupe's president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man,

24、who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast China's Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most po

25、pular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk son

26、gs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle."Although I learned the piano since childhood

27、and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root," he says. "Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled." The first round of spring auction

28、season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight” session at Ch

29、ina Guardian 2015 spring auctions, Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Kerans masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yu

30、an from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract mu

31、ch excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. "The successful transaction of two works with a hammer p

32、rice of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ord

33、inary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. "Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions has achieved r

34、emarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.” Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled “Fine

35、GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in thr

36、ee sessions with good sale rate. The Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decline of auction sessions. There was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her homeland. It foll

37、owed a couple years of hushed excitement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the high ground of the North American market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept China off its f

38、eet and later took other Asian countries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service headquartered in the United States, was going to air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing has finally be

39、en made available on Netflix for online streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in China's cultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its home audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minute

40、s each, to six 90-minute episodes. The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not dif

41、ficult to follow. What's lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior years reminiscing a

42、t the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at what's to come and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were written in English,

43、but sung by Chinese with an uncomfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an English-speaking base, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical Ameri

44、can hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy Chine

45、se. I see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly competent, with no error that I could detect, but fails to rise above words or capture the essence of the language. A cultural product usually crosses over to a foreign territory first by an emphasis on the

46、 commonalities. But whether inside or outside China, the temptation to sell it for the differences is just too great. Sure, the sumptuous sets and costumes are a big attraction, but the narrative technique has becomehow shall I put it?a bit anglicized, which is necessary for cultural export. Judging

47、 by the responses, this legend, which, contrary to the claim of the English trailer, is totally fictitious, has departed from China but not yet landed on American shores. I am a big fan of Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay titled Self-Reliance. If you've not yet read it, I strongly encourage you t

48、o do so. In this essay, the venerable Emerson talks about eschewing the trappings of society and finding one's own path. He urges the reader to find rectitude and lead a moral life. He professes that, only by being self reliant, as opposed to relying on the government and being dictated to by so

49、ciety, can one begin leading a decent and purposeful life. He avers that such a life is the only life worth living. I agree with him. This essay was written during a time of social upheaval in America, and it is rather odd that Emerson authored it, as he was a part of the upper crust of society at t

50、he time. It just so happened that he looked around him, at the indolence and the wantonness of the people in his circle; he wondered how in the world he came to belong there. Indeed his penning and publishing this essay caused his excommunication from high society and also caused him a lot of legal trouble. The legal trouble came as a result of the fact that he was speaking out against the government. I like to reference such texts from time t