今日食品科学课程期(末)评分标准及标准答案

1、今日食品科学课程期（末）评分标准及标准答案（20082009学年 第1学期） 生物技术/食品质量与安全 专业 2005 年级 本R 专科 A卷 B卷R C卷开课单位： 生物学系 班级或班数： 1 命题人： 惠伯棣 一、 英译中题（本大题共1个小题，80个填空，每个填空0.25分，共20分）1、请将下列英文的中文译文填入空格中ScoreEnglish Chinese0.25Volumetric pipette移液管0.25Auto-pipette自东移液器0.25Mortar and pestle研钵与研杵0.25Pinchcock clamp弹簧夹0.25Screw clamp螺旋夹0.25C

2、ulture dish with cover培养皿和盖0.25Spatula药品勺0.25Acidic burette酸式滴定管0.25Alkali burette 碱式滴定管0.25Pipette bulb吸耳球0.25Trolley运载车0.25Cart运载车0.25Brush刷子0.25Lab furniture and decorations实验室家具及装修0.25Extension插线板0.25Power plug插销0.25Electronic socket插座0.25Switch开关0.25Bench试验台0.25Drawer抽屉0.25Cabinet实验柜0.25Locker私

3、人衣柜0.25Hanger挂钩0.25Bin垃圾桶0.25Litter垃圾桶0.25Fume Hood通风柜 0.25Blowers排风机 0.25Biohazard Safety Equipment生物安全柜 0.25Laboratory safety实验室安全0.25Fire Extinguisher灭火器0.25Wash fountain冲洗泉0.25Safety shower安全淋浴0.25Waster container废物箱0.25First aid kit急救箱0.25Bandage绷带0.25Eye washer洗眼器0.25Lab coat实验服0.25Lab gloves手

4、套0.25Safety instruction安全指南0.25Sample preparation样品制备0.25Cod Fillets 鳕鱼块 0.25Coffee 咖啡0.25Condensed milk 炼乳0.25Creamed cheese奶酪酱0.25Crisp脆的0.25Crust面包皮0.25Custer sugar白砂糖 0.25Dark Brown Sugar红糖 0.25Date枣0.25Decaffeinated Coffee低因咖啡 0.25Distilled water 蒸馏水 0.25Draught扎啤/生啤 0.25Dried turnip 萝卜干 0.25Dr

5、umsticks 小鸡腿 0.25Eel鳗鱼 0.25Egg蛋0.25Fish鱼0.25Flat peach蟠桃0.25Flavour味道0.25Flesh果肉0.25Flesh fruit肉质果0.25Fragrant rice 香米0.25Fresh butter原味黄油0.25Fresh Juice鲜榨果汁 0.25Fresh Milk鲜奶0.25Fresh Vegetable Juice鲜榨蔬菜汁 0.25Fruit水果0.25Fruit jelly果酱 0.25Fruit Punch果汁宾汁0.25Frying steak 煎牛排 0.25Full milk全奶0.25Glutino

6、us rice 糯米 0.25Grains谷物0.25Granulated sugar砂糖 0.25Grape葡萄0.25Grape Juice葡萄汁0.25Green bean 绿豆 0.25Green bean cake 绿豆糕0.25etc.等等0.25in vivo体内二、选择填空题（本大题共17个小题，64个选择填空，每个空0.25分，共16分）2、In Essential Biology, we will probe life all the way down to the submicroscopic scale of molecules such as DNA, the che

7、mical responsible for inheritance. At the other extreme of biological size and complexity, our exploration will take us all the way to the global scale of the entire ( c ) , which consists of all the environments on Earth that support life-soil, oceans, lakes and other bodies of water, and the inner

8、 atmosphere. Figure 1.2 takes us into this world of life through a series of views that ( b ) a thousand times with each step. We start by approaching the biosphere from space. A thousand times closer, we can recognize Manhattan, with its Central Park. Another thousand-power jump puts us in a wooded

9、 area of the park. The next scale change takes us up close to the beautiful creature that graces the cover of this textbook. Its the caterpillar (larval stage) of an insect called the spicebush swallowtail butterfly. The “eyespot” markings may trick some predators such as birds into perceiving the c

10、aterpillar as a snake instead of something to eat. Our next size change vaults us into the caterpillar to see that its body consists of microscopic units called cells. In each caterpillar cell, you can see a nucleus, the part of the cell that contains all the genes that this insect inherited from it

11、s parents. And our last thousand-power change zooms us into the nucleus, where we can behold the molecular architecture of the DNA that makes up the genes. From the interactions within the biosphere to the molecular machinery within cells, biologists are investigating life at its many levels. Lets t

12、ake a closer look here at just two biological levels near opposite ends of the size scale: ecosystems and cells.a. genesb. zooms inc. biosphered. cells3、Biology is the scientific study of life. It's a huge subject that gets bigger every year because of the great discovery explosion. We can think

13、 of biology's enormous scope as having two major dimensions. First, life is structured on ( a ) ranging from the molecular to the global. The second dimension of biology's scope stretches across the enormous ( c ) of life on Earth, now and throughout life's history.a. a size scale b. spe

14、ciesc. diversityd. kinds4、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Noodles with gravy 4简蛋卷0.252Noodles with Soy Bean Paste, Beijing Style1打卤面0.253Onion Loaf3洋葱包0.254Omelette 2北京炸酱面5、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Pancake4煎饺0.252Pancake, Home Style3生煎包0.253Pan-Fried Bun Stuffed with Pork2家常饼0.254Pan-Fried dumpli

15、ngs1饼6、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Pan-Fried Dumplings3芝麻大饼0.252Pan-Fried Meat Dumplings1煎包0.253Pan-Fried Sesame Cake2锅贴0.254Pan-Fried Starch Sausage with Garlic4蒜汁煎灌肠7、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Pan-Fried Steamed bread3酸菜0.252Pickled cucumber 2酱黄瓜0.253Pickled mustard-green 1煎馒头0.254Pickles4腌菜8

16、、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Plain Noodles4猪肉0.252Rice glue ball 3醪糟鸡蛋0.253Poached Egg in Fermented Glutinous Rice Soup 1阳春面0.254Pork2元宵 9、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Pork and Vegetable Wonton3禽类0.252Porridge with Nuts and Dried Fruits 2腊八粥0.253Poultry 1菜肉馄饨0.254Prawn Crackers4虾片10、ScoreNo.Engli

17、shNo.Chinese0.251Preserved bean curd 2皮蛋0.252Preserved egg 1腐乳0.253Preserved Szechuan pickle 4水果脆皮酥盒 0.254Puff Pastry with Fruits3榨菜11、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Quick-Fried Pork Filet Slices with Sauce4符离集烧鸡0.252The Eighth Day of Lunar Month1滑溜里脊片0.253Raw Vegetables Combination2腊八节0.254Red-Cooke

18、d Chicken, Fuliji Style3大丰收12、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Rice1米0.252Rice and vegetable roll4上海泡饭 0.253Rice Congee3白粥0.254Rice in Shredded Vegetable Soup, Shanghai Style2饭团13、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Rice noodles3烤牛肉 0.252Rice with Curry Chicken2咖喱鸡饭0.253Roast Beef 1米粉0.254Roast chicken4烤鸡14、

19、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Roast suckling pig     2烤羔羊0.252Roasted Lamb 1考乳猪0.253Salted vegetable 4清炒西兰花0.254Sautéed Chinese Broccoli with/without Garlic3雪里红15、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Sautéed Rice Noodles1炒河粉0.252Scalded Prawns3白灼时蔬0.253Scalded Seasonal Vegetable2白灼

20、虾0.254scramble eggs 4炒蛋16、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Scrambled Egg with Leek1韭菜炒鸡蛋0.252Scrambled Egg with Scallion3西红柿炒蛋0.253Scrambled Egg with Tomato2葱花炒鸡蛋0.254Seafood4海鲜17、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Seafood Pizza 1海鲜比萨 0.252Seafood Soup Noodles 2海鲜虾仁汤面0.253Sesame paste noodles 4拌豆腐丝0.254Shre

21、dded beancurd with Sauce3麻酱面18、ScoreNo.EnglishNo.Chinese0.251Fried shrimps omelette 2虾肉云吞汤0.252Shrimp Wonton Soup1虾仁跑蛋0.253Shrimps fritters 3炸虾球0.254Shrimps with beancurd 4虾仁豆腐 三、填空题（本大题共2个小题，8个空，每个空1.5分，共12分）19、Diversity is a hallmark of life. The spicebush swallowtail butterfly is just one of abou

22、t 1.5 million species that biologists have identified and named (the scientific name for our cover animal is Papilio troilus ). The diversity of known life includes over 280,000 plants, almost 50,000 vertebrates (animals with a backbone), and more than 750,000 insects ( half of all known forms of li

23、fe ). Biologists add thousands of newly identified species to the list each year. Estimates of the total diversity range from 5 million to over 30 million species. Whatever the actual number, the vast variety of life widens biologys scope. 20、Energy requirements are expressed in terms of calories or

24、 joules. 四、阅读与理解题（本大题共3个小题，共20分）21、In the past two decades, DNA technology - including recombinant DNA technology and other methods for studying and manipulating DNA - has paid high dividends in basic biological research. For example, the non-coding sequences within eukaryotic genes were discovered

25、using DNA technology. This technology has also helped uncover mutations that lead to cancer and has shed light on the course of evolution. But perhaps the most exciting use of DNA technology in basic research is the Human Genome Project, the mapping of all the human DNAs. This ambitious project is r

26、evealing the genetic basis of what it means to be human. On a more practical level, it is expected to help us understand and cure many diseases.As we hear in the news, DNA technology is already widely used to engineer the genes of many sorts of cells for practical purposes. Scientists have genetical

27、ly engineered bacteria to mass-produce many useful chemicals, from cancer drugs to pesticides. Other kinds of engineered bacteria are being used to clean up toxic wastes and alter crop plants. These applications of DNA technology are the latest incarnation of biotechnology, the use of organisms to p

28、erform practical tasks. Biotechnology actually goes back thousands of years to the first uses of yeast to make bread and wine.Question 1: Does biotechnology include DNA technology? (2 points)Answer: Yes. The application of DNA technology formed biotechnology. (2 point)Question 2: What is the major a

29、pplication of DNA technology? (5 points)Answer: In basic biological research: a. The discovery of non-coding sequences within eukaryotic genes (1 point) b. Uncover mutations (1 point)c. Human Genome Project - the mapping of all the human DNA (1 point) In industrial base: a. To mass-produce many usef

30、ul chemicals, from cancer drugs to pesticides (1 point)b. To clean up toxic wastes and alter crop plants (1 point) 22、The celebrated partnership that determined the structure of DNA began soon after the 23-year-old Watson journeyed to Cambridge University, where Crick was studying protein structure

31、with a technique called X-ray crystallography. While visiting the laboratory of Maurice Wilkins at King's College in London, Watson saw an X-ray crystallographic photograph of DNA, produced by Wilkins's colleague Rosalind Franklin. The photograph clearly revealed the basic shape of DNA to be

32、 a helix (spiral). On the basis of Watson's later recollection of the photo, he and Crick deduced that the diameter of the helix was uniform. The thickness of the helix suggested that it was made up of two poly-nucleotide strands - in other words, a double helix.Using wire models of the nucleoti

33、des, Watson and Crick began trying to construct a double helix that would conform both to Franklin's data and to what was then known about the chemistry of DNA. After failing to make a satisfactory model that placed the sugar-phosphate backbones inside the double helix, Watson tried putting the

34、backbones on the outside and forcing the nitrogenous bases to swivel to the interior of the molecule. It occurred to him that the four kinds of bases might pair in a specific way. This idea of specific base pairing was a flash of inspiration that enabled Watson and Crick to solve the DNA puzzle. At

35、first, Watson imagined that the bases paired like with like - for example, A with A, C with C. But that kind of pairing did not fit with the fact consisted of two intertwined polynucleotide chains, with hydrogen that the DNA molecule has a uniform diameter. An AA pair (made of double-ringed bases) w

36、ould be almost twice as wide as a CC pair, causing bulges in the molecule. It soon became apparent that a double-ringed base must always be paired with a single-ringed base on the opposite strand. Moreover, Watson and Crick realized that the individual structures of the bases dictated the pairings e

37、ven more specifically. Each base has chemical side groups that can best form hydrogen bonds with one appropriate partner. Adenine can best form hydrogen bonds with thymine, and guanine with cytosine. In the biologist's shorthand, A pairs with T, and G pairs with C. A is also said to be "com

38、plementary" to T, and G to C.Watson and Crick's pairing scheme not only fit what was known about the physical attributes and chemical bonding of DNA, but also explained some data obtained several years earlier by American biochemist Erwin Chargaff. Chargaff and his co-workers had discovered

39、 that the amount of adenine in the DNA of any one species was equal to the amount of thymine and that the amount of guanine was equal to that of cytosine. Chargaff's rules, as they are called, are explained by the fact that A on one of DNA's polynucleotide chains always pairs with T on the o

40、ther polynucleotide chain, and G on one chain pairs only with C on the other chain. Although the Watson-Crick base-pairing rules dictate the side-by-side combinations of nitrogenous bases that form the rungs of the double helix, they place no restrictions on the sequence of nucleotides along the len

41、gth of a DNA strand. In fact, the sequence of bases can vary in countless ways. Consequently, it is not surprising that the DNA of different species, which have different genes, have different proportions of the bases in their DNA.In April 1953, Watson and Crick shook the scientific world with a suc

42、cinct, two-page announcement of their molecular model for DNA in the journal Nature. Few milestones in the history of biology have had as broad an impact as their double helix, with its AT and CG base pairing.The Watson-Crick model gave new meaning to the words gene and chromosome - and to the chrom

43、osome theory of inheritance. With a complete picture of DNA, we can see that the genetic information in a chromosome must be encoded in the nucleotide sequence of its DNA molecule. The structure of DNA also suggests a molecular explanation for life's unique properties of reproduction and inherit

44、ance, as we see next.Question 1: What was major technique applied to discover the 3-D structure of DNA? (2 points)Answer:X-ray crystallography (2 points)Question 2: What was the pairing scheme between bases from two complementary DNA strands? (2 points)Answer:¨ A-T (1 point)¨ G-C (1 point)

45、23、Food engineering refers to the engineering aspects of food production and processing. Food engineering includes, but is not limited to, the application of agricultural engineering and chemical engineering principles to food materials. Genetic engineering of plants and animals is not normally the

46、work of a food engineer.Food engineering is a very wide field of activities. Among its domain of knowledge and action are:q Design of machinery and processes to produce foods q Design and implementation of food safety and preservation measures in the production of foods q Biotechnological processes

47、of food production q Choice and design of food packaging materials q Quality control of food production In other words, Food engineering can be summarized as: the application of engineering concepts and principles to the conversion of raw foods into safe consumer products of the highest possible qua

48、lity. The entire spectrum of food engineering is associated with operation and maintenance of food processing plants as well as sophisticated research involving process design.Question 1 What is food engineering? (4 points)Answer: The application of engineering concepts and principles to the conversion of raw foods into safe consumer products of the highest possible quality. (2 points) The entire spectrum of food engineering is associated with operation and maintenance of food processing plants (1 point) as well as sophisticated research involving process design. (1