第二课Hofstede_five_dimensions

1、Geert Hofstedes Cultural Dimensionshttp:/geert- an influential Dutch researcher in the fields of organizational studies and more concretely organizational culture, also cultural economics and management. a well-known pioneer in his research of cross-cultural groups and organizations and played a maj

2、or role in developing a systematic framework for assessing and differentiating national cultures and organizational cultures. the 4th most cited Social Scientist of all time (and the only one of the top 5 that is still alive). currently Professor Emeritus of Organizational Anthropology and Internati

3、onal Management at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands Geert Hofstede analyzed a large data base of employee values scores collected by IBM between 1967 and 1973 covering more than 70 countries, from which he first used the 40 largest only and afterwards extended the analysis to 50 count

4、ries and 3 regions. In the editions of GHs work since 2001, scores are listed for 74 countries and regions, partly based on replications and extensions of the IBM study on different international populations. Subsequent studies validating the earlier results have included commercial airline pilots a

5、nd students in 23 countries, civil service managers in 14 counties, up-market consumers in 15 countries and elites in 19 countries. Based on his IBM study in 72 different countries, Hofstede identifies five of these differences in mental programming v Individualism versus Collectivismv Power Distanc

6、ev Uncertainty Avoidancev Masculinity versus Femininityv Long-term Orientation Individualism (IDV) is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. Relative importance of the interests of the individual vs. the interests of the group. Individualist the interests of the individual take

7、precedence Collectivist the interests of the group take precedence v Individualism The ties between individuals are loose; Everyone is expected to look after himself / herselfv CollectivismPeople from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, which continue protecting them in exc

8、hange for unquestioning loyalty14 Collective Culture China We is more important that I; Conformity is expected and perceived positively; Individuals desires and aspirations should be curbed if necessary for the good of the group; The rights of the family (or for the common good) are more important;

9、Rules provide stability, order, obedience. Individual Culture Western Countries A persons identity revolves around the I; It is acceptable to pursue individual goals at the expense of others; Individualism is encouraged whether it be personality, clothes or music tastes; The right of the individual

10、reign supreme; thus laws to protect choices and freedom of speech Low IDVHigh IDVShow respect for age and wisdom.Acknowledge accomplishments.Suppress feelings and emotions to work in harmony.Dont ask for too much personal information.Respect traditions and introduce change slowly.Encourage debate an

11、d expression of own ideas.17 The appropriateness of power/ authority within organizations. Large Power Distanceauthority is inherent in ones position within a hierarchy Small Power Distanceindividuals assess authority in view of its perceived rightness of their own personal interests20High PDI Low P

12、DI Communication needs to be conducted orderly, abstain from reporting bypass the immediate leadership ContrastBe afraid of authority and powerContrastDistant relation between superior and subordinate Easy to make friends between superior and subordinate Easy to feel worried in communication Contras

13、tLow PDHigh PDUse teamwork Acknowledge a leaders powerInvolve as many people as possible in decision makingBe aware that you may need to go to the top for answers22 Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) relates to the degree of anxiety society members feel when in uncertain or unknown situations. An emo

14、tional response to uncertainty and change. Weak Uncertainty Avoidancepositive response to change and new opportunities Strong Uncertainty Avoidanceprefer structure and a consistent routine Uncertainty Avoidance 1. Minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and secur

15、ity measures 2. On the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth 3. More emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy Uncertainty Tolerance 1. Tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible 2. On the philosophical and re

16、ligious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. 3. More phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions.26High UAILow UAI Be clear about your expectations Do not impose rules or structure. Plan and prepare, communicate often and

17、 early, provide detailed plans Express curiosity when you discover differences. Masculinity (MAS) versus femininity, refers to how much a society sticks with, and values, traditional male and female roles. What motivates people to achieve different goals Masculinityaggressive goal behavior, value ma

18、terial possessions, money, and assertiveness. Femininitypassive goal behavior, value social relevance, quality of life, and the welfare of others.e.g. relationship between men and women31MAS (阳刚性阳刚性) Exhibit work as more central to lives, strength, material success, assertiveness and competitiveness

19、 Differentiate gender roles more than feminine cultures Use more aggressive styles of communicationFEM (阴柔性阴柔性) Accept fluid gender roles, embrace traits of affection, compassion, nurturing, and interpersonal relationships. More capable of reading nonverbal messages and better prepared to deal with

20、ambiguity.32性别角色差异最小化性别角色差异最小化组织不介入个人生活组织不介入个人生活更多女性承担重要工作更多女性承担重要工作强调柔性和直觉的能力强调柔性和直觉的能力社会的评价很重要社会的评价很重要性别角色清晰界定性别角色清晰界定组织可干预个人爱好组织可干预个人爱好更少女性承担重要工作更少女性承担重要工作强调斗志、竞争和公正强调斗志、竞争和公正工作被看做生活的核心工作被看做生活的核心性别角色差异最小化性别角色差异最小化组织不介入个人生活组织不介入个人生活更多女性承担重要工作更多女性承担重要工作强调柔性和直觉的能力强调柔性和直觉的能力社会的评价很重要社会的评价很重要性别角色清晰界定性别

21、角色清晰界定组织可干预个人爱好组织可干预个人爱好更少女性承担重要工作更少女性承担重要工作强调斗志、竞争和公正强调斗志、竞争和公正工作被看做生活的核心工作被看做生活的核心Country or RegionMASCCountry or RegionMASCJapan 95Taiwan 45Austria 79 Thailand44 Italy70France 43Switzerland 70North Korea 39 Mexico69 Denmark16 Ireland68Netherlands 14 Great Britain66 Norway8Germany 66 Sweden5 The e

22、xtent to which members of a culture adopt a long-term or a short-term outlook on work and life. Long-term Orientationvalue dedication, hard work, and self-image. Short-term Orientationplace less emphasis on hard work. High LTO Family is the basis of society. Parents and men have more authority than

23、young people and women. High value placed on education and training. Low LTO High creativity Treat others as you would like to be treated.Low LTOHigh LTOExpect to live by the same standards and rules you create. Show respect for traditions.Be respectful of others. Do not waste,Reward loyalty.Do not

24、hesitate to introduce necessary changes. Avoid doing anything that would cause another to lose face. Culture DimensionOne ExtremeThe Other ExtremeIdentityIndividualismCollectivismPowerHigh Power DistanceLow Power DistanceGenderMasculinityFemininityTimeLong-Term OrientationShort-Term OrientationUncer

25、taintyUncertainty AvoidanceUncertainty Tolerance38国家国家权力距离权力距离不确定性回避不确定性回避个人导向性个人导向性阳刚性阳刚性长期导向长期导向美国40(下)46(下)91(上)62(上)29(下)德国25(下)65(中)67(上)66(上)31(中)日本54(中)92(上)46(中)95(上)80(上)法国68(上)86(上)71(上)43(中)30(下)荷兰38(下)53(中)80(上)14(下)44(中)香港68 (上)29(下)25(下)57(上)96(上)印尼78 (上)48(下)14(下)46(中)25(下)西非77 (上)54(

26、中)20(下)46(中)16(下)中国80 (上)60(中)20(下)50(中)118(上)俄国95 (上)90(上)50(中)40(下)10(下)资料来源：资料来源：Hofstede，“管理理论的文化约束管理理论的文化约束”（1993年）年） Restraint (low indulgence versus restraint index) Gratification suppressed and regulated Expects (material) reward for job done well Easily feels treated unfair Status objects i

27、mportant, e.g. phone, laptop, watch, company Indulgence (high indulgence versus restraint index) Freely satisfy basic needs and behavior Cannot easily be motivated with material reward Enjoys moment rather than uses time to compare with others Objects need to fulfill purpose not status Hofstedes ana

28、lysis is done by country. While this is valid for many countries, it does not hold in the countries where there are strong subcultures that are based on ethnicity of origin or geography. In Canada, there is a distinct French Canadian culture that has quite a different set of norms compared to Englis

29、h-speaking Canada. In Italy, masculinity scores would differ between North and South. When you step into a foreign culture, using Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions as a starting point, you can evaluate your approach, your decisions, and actions based on a general sense of how the society might think and

30、 react to you. Take some time to review the scores by country for the various cultural dimensions Hofstede identified. Pay particular attention to the countries from which the people you deal with on a day-by-day basis come. In light of these scores, think about some interactions youve had with peop

31、le in other countries. Does your conversation or association make more sense given this newly found insight? Challenge yourself to learn more about one culture in particular. If your work brings you in contact with people from another country, use that country as your point of reference. Apply Hofst

32、edes scores to what you discover and determine the accuracy and relevance for you. The next time you are required to work with a person from a different culture, use Hofstedes scores and make notes about your approach, what you should be prepared to discuss, and why you feel the way you do. Afterwar

33、d, evaluate your performance and do further research and preparation for the next time. Above all, make cultural sensitivity a daily part of your life. Learn to value the differences between people and vow to honor and respect the things that make each nation of people unique. Anthropologist and cro

34、ss-cultural researcher Distinguished cultures on the basis of the role of context in communication Context: the whole situation, background, or environment connected to an event, a situation, or an individual. “It was taken out of context”: without the words or circumstances and so not fully underst

35、andable. Context of communication Presumed components of “Context” Location; People involved; Context of the conversation itself.Low-ContextHigh-ContextInformation and meaning are explicitly stated in the messageIndividual “internalizes” meaning and information, so that less is explicitly statedValu

36、es IndividualismValues Group SenseValues direct verbal interaction and is less able to read nonverbal expressionsValues indirect verbal interaction and is more able to read nonverbal expressionsLow-ContextHigh-ContextTends to use “logic” to present ideasTends to use more “feeling” in expressionsTend

37、s to emphasize highly structured messages, give details, and place great stress on wordsTends to give simple, ambiguous, noncontexting messagesEmphasizes linear logicEmphasizes spiral logicHIGH-CONTEXT 内隐，含蓄内隐，含蓄 暗码信息暗码信息 较多非语言编码较多非语言编码 反应很少外露反应很少外露 人际关系紧密人际关系紧密 内外有别内外有别 高承诺高承诺 时间处理高度灵活时间处理高度灵活LOW-C

38、ONTEXT外显，明了外显，明了明码信息明码信息较多语言编码较多语言编码反应外露反应外露人际关系不密切人际关系不密切内外灵活内外灵活低承诺低承诺 时间高度组织时间高度组织 The study of humankinds “perception and use of space.” (Edward T. Hall) All human beings learn hundreds of rules & cues about space as they grow up based on their culture. Most people dont think about space as

39、being culturally patterned. Foreign spatial rules are often misinterpreted and can lead to bad feelings. Every living thing has a physical boundary. Every living thing is surrounded by a series of invisible boundaries. The invisible boundaries start at the edge of the physical boundary and progress

40、outward. More difficult to see than the physical boundary because they are invisible, but are just as real. Each persons invisible bubble of space expands and contracts. Size depends on their relationship to those around them their emotional state their cultural background, and the activity they are

41、 performing. In northern Europe (cool climate): peoples bubbles are quite large. As one moves south (warm climate), the bubbles get smaller and smaller. Contact Cultures More immediacy People stand close together A lot of physical contact when communicating Generally located in warm climates Non-con

42、tact Cultures Less immediacy People tend to stand apart Touch less or not at all when communicating Generally located in cool climatesContact Cultures More immediacy Stand closer together Touch more when communicating Generally located in warm climates Arabs, Latin Americans, Southern EuropeansNon-C

43、ontact Cultures Less immediacy Stand further apart Touch less or not at all when communicating Generally cool climates East Asians, North Europeans, North American Edward T. Hall, in his book The Silent Language wrote that white middle-class Americans use four interaction zones Distances people try

44、to keep between themselves and others at different occasions. Four Zones of Interaction 1st Zone: Intimate Distance 2nd Zone: Personal Distance 3rd Zone: Social Distance 4th Zone: Public Distance1st Zone: Intimate Distance From physical contact (touching) to about 18 inches (45 cm)Adults usually do

45、not use this zone unless they are in a crowded elevator, bus, or similar situation.2nd Zone: Personal DistanceFrom 18 inches to 4 feet (45 cm to 120 cm)This distance is used at parties when two or three people are talking together.If they want to talk about something more personal they will move clo

46、ser together. 3rd Zone: Social Distance From 4 feet to 12 feet (120 cm to 4 m) This distance is often used for doing business, and for talking with strangers. 4th Zone: Public Distance From 12 feet to the limit of our voice and hearing (4 m to ) This distance is rarely used by most people. Generally

47、 only used by people such as teachers, ministers, politicians, public speakers, etc Different cultures set distinctive norms for closeness (for example in speaking, business, and courting), and that standing too close or too far away can lead to misunderstandings and even culture shock. Not knowing

48、the correct distances for particular kinds of communication can result in partial or complete communication failure. People use touch to communicate Most basic form of communication Touch is crucial aspect of human life Earliest form of human contact Babies main source of information & expressio

49、n+Doctors hands Bathing+Diaper changing Rocking+Feeding Comforting Importance of touch in evolution of healthy adults Infants who are held, touched & cuddled show+ greater weight gain+ greater activity+ greater curiosity & capacity for learning+ less sickness and stress+ live longer Function

50、al/Professional (impersonal) Physician, Dentist, Nurse, Barber, Hairstylist, Masseur, Tailor Social/Polite (greeting, bonding) Handshake, “High five”, Cheek kiss Friendship/Warmth (fondness, support) Pat on the back, Embrace, Hug Love/Intimacy (deep caring relationships) Full embrace, Stroke of the

51、face, Kiss, Sexual intercourse TEHRAN, Iran - Senior Iranian clerics have scolded President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad for consoling Hugo Chavezs mother with a hug - a physical contact considered a sin under Irans strict Islamic codes. The rebuke follows a widely published photo showing Ahmadinejad embraci

52、ng Chavezs mother at the funeral of the late Venezuelan president in what is seen as taboo-breaking behavior in Iran. Iranian papers on Tuesday cited clerics from the religious center of Qom who described the hug as forbidden, inappropriate behavior and clowning around. Irans strict Islamic codes prohibit physical contact between unrelated members of the opposite sex. The clerics did not spare Ahmadinejad.How humans perceive, structure and use time as a communication system Time is one of the fundamental bases on which all cultures rest and around which all activities revolve. Under