有关数控机床常见故障的诊断维修与机床保养的探析中英文对照

1、有关数控机床常见故障的诊断维修与机床保养的探析中英文对照About common fault diagnosis of CNC machine maintenance and machine maintenance analysis contrast in both Chinese and English 数控机床是集机、电、液、气、光高度一体化的现代技术设备，就其维修的重要而言，是侧重电子、机械、液、气及光学的交叉点上。数控机床维修技术不仅是保障数控机床正常运行的前提，对数控机床的发展和完善也起到了巨大的推动作用。Nc machine tools is the collection mach

2、ine, electricity, liquid, gas, light, highly integrated modern technology and equipment, for the maintenance of important, is focus on electronics, machinery, liquid, gas and optical intersections. Nc machine maintenance technology is not only the premise of protection of the normal running of nc ma

3、chine tools, to the development of numerical control machine tool and perfect also played a huge role. 关键词：数控机床 数控系统 可编程控制器 伺服驱动 Key words: CNC machine tool numerical control system PLC servo drive 0 引言0 the introduction 数控机床是一种典型的机电一体化产品，涉及范围比较广，在故障诊断和维护方面与传统机床有很大的区别。因此，学习和掌握数控机床故障诊断及维护技术，及时有效的处理数控

4、机床的各种故障，对企业的维修人员来说非常重要。Numerical control machine tool is a kind of typical electromechanical integration products, involves the range is wide, the fault diagnosis and maintenance aspects has the very big difference with traditional machine tool. Therefore, the study and master the nc machine tool fa

5、ult diagnosis and maintenance technology, timely and effective handling various faults of CNC machine tools, maintenance personnel is very important to the enterprise. 1 数控机床的使用与维修1 and the use of nc machine tool maintenance 1.1 数控机床的分类和应用 随着数控技术的发展，数控机床已经越来越普遍地应用于企业的加工生产当中。数控机床的种类很多，但主要按机床的加工方式和加工工

6、艺对其进行分类。现代工厂中主要以金属切削加工为主，大致可以分为数控铣床，数控镗床，数控立车，数控磨床以及加工中心等。1.1 classification and application of nc machine tools with the development of nc technology, nc machine tools has been more and more widely applied in the enterprises of processing production. Many different kinds of CNC machine tools, but m

7、ainly by machine tool processing methods and processing technology carries on the classification. Modern factory mainly metal machining, which can be roughly divided into CNC milling machine, CNC boring machine, CNC vertical lathe, CNC grinding machine and machining center, etc. 1.2 数控机床的维修的特点 数控机床与

8、传统机床的维修不同，它是集数控系统、可编程控制器、伺服系统加精密机械等多项高新技术融合于一体的机电一体化产品。数控机床的维修应遵循以下几点：首先，要熟悉数控系统、位置检测与伺服驱动和辅助控制的工作原理、特点及常见故障的处理。其次，要懂得充分利用NC、PLC提供的故障信息来查找故障。做到具体问题具体分析，才能确定故障的准确处理。1.2 the characteristics of nc machine tool maintenance nc machine tools and traditional machine tool maintenance is different, it is a s

9、et of numerical control system, programmable controller and servo system precision machinery and so on many high technology and new technology integration in the integration of mechanical and electrical integration products. Nc machine tool maintenance should follow the following points: first, to b

10、e familiar with CNC system, position detection and servo drive and auxiliary control the working principle, characteristics and common fault processing. Next, want to knows how to take full advantage of NC and PLC provide fault information to locate the fault. Do specific issues specific analysis, t

11、o determine the fault accurate processing. 1.3 数控机床故障诊断维修的基本步骤 数控机床的维修过程主要分为三个阶段。首先，到达现场后进行现场的调查和故障信息的采集。仔细询问机床操作者故障表面的指示情况以及产生故障的背景情况，对故障现象做出初步的判断。其次，根据现场的调查结果和故障现象进行具体的维修。从易到难、由外向内，逐渐缩小查找范围，确定故障存在的位置从而采取正确的维修措施。最后，机床的故障排除后及时向操作者交代清楚本次故障的起因以及发生故障的信息和环节，告其今后操作的注意事项，避免今后再次发生同类故障。同时做好维修记录，为以后维修做好储备。1.

12、3 maintenance nc machine tool fault diagnosis of the basic steps of the numerical control machine tool maintenance process is mainly divided into three stages. First of all, on the scene after scene investigation and fault information collection. Carefully inquired about fault indication on the surf

13、ace of the machine tool operators and malfunction of the background to the case, make a preliminary judgment of fault phenomenon. Secondly, according to the survey results for specific maintenance and fault phenomena. From easy to difficult, outside-in, gradually narrow the search range, determine t

14、he fault location to take the correct maintenance measures. Finally, after the machine troubleshooting timely account to the operator at the causes of the failure and malfunction information and links to its future operation matters needing attention, to avoid recurrence of similar failures in the f

15、uture. Make repair record at the same time, the reserves for future maintenance. 2 数控机床常见故障诊断与检修2 the common nc machine tool fault diagnosis and maintenance 数控机床的故障主要集中在主轴部分和进给伺服系统方面，一些辅助控制器件的故障以及控制回路断路等问题也是常见的，下面就具体介绍一下数控机床中常见故障的检修。Nc machine tool fault mainly concentrated in the main part and feed

16、 servo system, some auxiliary control device of fault circuit and control circuit are common problems in the following specific introduce common faults in the numerical control machine tool maintenance. 2.1 主轴部分常见故障的检测方法 数控机床主轴驱动系统主要用于机床的主轴旋转运动。一般主轴驱动系统应具有较宽的恒功率范围，较短的加速和减速时间，调速范围要宽，过载能力强，电机温度低及噪声小等。

17、主轴一般常见的故障主要集中在主轴驱动系统的故障和主轴液压、主轴流量检测方面的故障。2.1 spindle part of the common failure detection method of nc machine tool spindle drive system is mainly used for machine tool spindle rotation motion. General spindle drive system should have wide constant power range, short acceleration and deceleration ti

18、me, speed range is wide, overload capacity is strong, low temperature and low noise motor, etc. Line general common fault is mainly focused on the main drive system of the fault and the spindle's hydraulic pressure, flow rate of fault detection. 2.2 主轴系统常见故障实例2.2 the spindle system common fault

19、instance 例1一台德国产13米数控龙门铣床主轴松刀松不开！检查PLC发现输入输出信号都有，说明24V电源已经输出，检查电磁阀发现阀得电后并没有吸合，确定阀体损坏！更坏电磁阀后正常。example 1 a German 13 meters CNC gantry milling machine spindle knife don't come loose! Check the PLC input and output signals are found, the 24 v power supply has output, after inspection found valve s

20、olenoid electric didn't suck, determine the body is damaged! Worse after the solenoid valve is normal. 例2一台国产六米三数控立车主轴流量压力检测点报警。检查发现该主轴流量检测单元由四个压力流量检测点构成，PLC程序显示其中一个检测点报警，用万用表量各个检测点处均为导通，故判断为该油管通路不畅，疏通油管后报警清除恢复正常。example 2 a domestically produced 6 m 3 CNC vertical lathe spindle flow pressure al

21、arm. Inspection found that the main flow testing unit consists of four pressure flow testing point, PLC program shows one of the first alarm, each testing point in the multimeter is both for conduction, so the judgment for the tubing channel impeded, dredge pipe after police cleared back to normal.

22、例3一台国产数控十米立车主轴不转。经检查没发现任何报警。该立车进给轴由左右两个刀架子组成，左刀架为数控轴还能继续开动，但右刀架为普通数显轴却动不了，检查PLC程序发现右手持单元选择按钮选择不上，故检查手持单元发现按钮24V电源线断路，由于PLC程序中将手持单元停止与主轴停止是串联在一起的，因此导致主轴启动不了，恢复手持单元24V电源线后一切恢复正常。example 3 a domestic ten meters CNC vertical lathe spindle is not turn. JingJian seizure found any alarm. The vertical lathe

23、 feed shaft is composed of left and right two knife rack, can continue to start the left head for CNC axis, but the right tool post for ordinary digital display shaft but can't move, check the PLC program found that right hand held unit on the select button to choose not to, so check the handhel

24、d unit find button 24 v power cut-off, handheld unit due to the PLC program will stop and the shaft is in series with the stop, so lead to the spindle won't start, everything is back to normal after returning to handheld unit 24 v power supply cord. 例4一台国产数控十米立车主轴屏幕数显不动，经检查发现连接主轴编码器和驱动器的线没有损坏断路处

25、，拆下主轴编码器检查发现编码器损坏，更换新的编码器后数显恢复正常。example 4 a domestically produced ten meters CNC vertical lathe spindle screen digital display, through inspection found no damage to the connection shaft encoder and the drive line break place, remove the shaft encoder inspection found that the encoder is damaged, r

26、eplace the display returns to normal after the new encoder. 2.3 进给伺服部分常见故障的检测方法 进给伺服系统不仅是数控机床的一个重要组成部分，也是数控机床区别一般机床的一个特殊部分，它的定位精度高，跟踪指定信号响应快，稳定性好，保证进给伺服系统的正常工作对充分发挥数控机床的作用至关重要。进给伺服系统控制机床移动部件的位移，以直线运动为主。其常见故障主要集中在伺服控制单元的故障、位置反馈部分的故障和伺服电机的故障这几个方面。一般的检测流程为先看其是否有伺服使能信号，即根据PLC程序检查使能条件是否满足。再看屏幕轴数值是否变化，伺服轴

27、是否移动了以及伺服单元上是否有指令电压，从而可以确定是位置反馈的问题或是伺服电机或机械方面的问题。2.3 feed servo portion of the common failure detection method of feed servo system is an important part of nc machine tool not only, also is a special part of the nc machine tools the difference between general machine tools, its high positioning accu

28、racy, tracking specified signal fast response, good stability and guarantee the normal work of the feed servo system is very important to give full play to the role of the nc machine tools. Machine tool feed servo system control the displacement of the moving parts is given priority to with straight

29、 line. Its common faults are mainly concentrated in the servo control unit fault, position feedback part of the fault and fault this a few aspects of servo motor. General test process of the first to see if it has servo enabled signal, namely, according to the PLC program to check whether meet the e

30、nabling conditions. Again to see if the screen shaft numerical change, does the servo axis movement servo unit, and whether there is voltage directive, which is the issue of position feedback can be determined or servo motor or mechanical problems. 2.4 进给伺服系统常见故障实例2.4 feed servo system common fault

31、instance 例1一台国产数控200镗床Y轴开动时飞车。初步判断其反馈不正常。经检查发现光栅尺尺头损坏导致全闭环反馈已不起作用，系统已变成半闭环导致飞车。更换光栅尺尺头后Y轴恢复正常。example 1 when a home-made numerical control boring machine 200 Y train speed. Preliminary judgment of the feedback is not normal. End damage caused after inspection found that the grating ruler full closed

32、 loop feedback have no effect, the system has become a half closed loop in speed. End after the replacement of raster ruler Y back to normal. 例2一台国产17米数控龙门铣床Y轴伺服系统报警显示Y轴驱动过载。经检查发现机械负载方面没有问题，再进一步检查发现机床漏油流进电机导致电机损坏。更换Y轴伺服电机后伺服系统恢复正常。example 2 a domestic 17 meters CNC gantry milling machine Y axis serv

33、o system overload alarm display Y drive. Through inspection found that the mechanical loading no problem, will have a further check found machine oil flow into the motor lead to motor damage. After replace the Y axis servo motor servo system is back to normal. 例3一台国产1680数控卧车Z轴回不了参考点。经检查发现该轴设置为正向回参考点

34、，但回参考点的时候Z轴往负方向走，故判断系统默认已压上参考点档块。进一步检查发现零点操作线与24V相连，常开点变常闭点。用备用线换参考点操作线后恢复正常。example 3 a domestic 1680 Z axis CNC sleeping car back to the reference point. Through inspection found that the shaft is set to forward to reference points, but back to the reference point Z axis to negative direction, so

35、the system default judgment has pressure reference points on the block. Further examination showed zero line connected with 24 v operation, normally open points become normally closed. Use spare line reference point line back to normal after the operation. 2.5 其它常见故障的检修2.5 maintenance of other commo

36、n faults 普通交流三相异步电动机缺相或接地导致电机损坏是数控机床最常见的故障。电机接地会导致电流瞬间增大使断路器断开。辅助回路输入输出点的断路也很常见。下面具体介绍几个常见故障。Ordinary ac three-phase asynchronous motor open phase or grounding lead to motor damage is the most common nc machine tool failure. Electrical grounding will cause current moment circuit breakers to disconne

37、ct. Auxiliary circuit input and output points of circuit is also common. Here introduces several common faults. 例1一台数控1680卧式车床主油泵启动不起来。检查发现断路器已断开。用万用表量电机发现电机绕组接地，故判断该电机损坏，更换电机后正常。example 1 a CNC horizontal lathe main oil pump start up 1680. Inspection found that circuit breaker has been disconnected

38、. Motor found motor winding grounding by the multimeter, determine whether the motor is damaged, replace the motor after normal. 例2一台数控260镗床转台后退没有。经检查发现其向前正常，但后退没有并同时输入指示灯也不亮。进一步检查其PLC输入点也没有，检查按钮站发现该电钮24V电源正常，用万用表量该按钮没有损坏。所以确定该按钮操作线断路，用备用线更换该操作线后正常。example 2 a CNC boring machine 260 turntable back n

39、o. Through inspection found that the normal forward, but not backward and the input indicator is not on at the same time. Check the PLC input point and no further, check button station found the button 24 v power supply is normal, no damage in the button by the multimeter. So make sure the button li

40、ne open circuit operation, with spare change to normal after the operation line. 3 数控机床的保养Three numerical control machine tool maintenance 为了使数控机床各部件保持良好状态，除了发生故障使应及时修理外，坚持做好机床的日常保养也是十分重要的。坚持做好数控机床的日常保养可以减少机床故障率的发生，从而保证机床的生产加工效率。数控机床的保养主要包括以下几个方面。In order to make the CNC machine components in good c

41、ondition, in addition to failure made shall promptly repair, conduct the daily maintenance of machine tool is also very important. To do daily maintenance of CNC machine can reduce the machine failure rate, so as to ensure the production of machine tool processing efficiency. Numerical control machine tool maintenance mainly includes the following several aspects. 对直流电动机定期进行电刷和换向器的检查、清洗和更换。适时对各坐标轴进行超程限位试验。尤其是对于硬件限位开关检查时要用手按一下看是否出现超程报警。定期检查电器柜里的空调设备，已保证电器柜内的冷却达标，防止由于