M2U3Grammar_and_usage上课

1、Grammar and usagePast perfect tenseLead inHong Kong _ to China in 1997.returnedMacao _ to China in 1999.returnedHong Kong _ to China before Macao came back to China.had returned过去完成时：表示过去某一时间或动过去完成时：表示过去某一时间或动作作之前之前已经发生或完成了的动作已经发生或完成了的动作它表示动作发生的时间是它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过过去的过去去”Past perfect tensePast perfec

2、t tense had (not) done结构：结构： had been donePresentPast build a gardenclean the houseI _ the house before I _ a garden.had cleaned builtFriday The following is what I did last week.More examples of the Past perfect tense.1. When we got to the station, the train had left. 2. By the end of last year, my

3、 brother had been a soldier for 10 years.3. Before Tony went to work, he had finished reading the novel. 4. Upon their entering the tomb, Carters lucky pet bird, which he had left them in Cairo, was swallowed by a snake.1. 用在宾语从句、间接引语和定语从句中，用在宾语从句、间接引语和定语从句中，如果主句是过去时，从句的动作先于主句动作发如果主句是过去时，从句的动作先于主句动作

4、发生，从句须用过去完成时生，从句须用过去完成时 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.She told me that she had caught a high fever because of getting caught in the heavy rain.I returned the magazine that I had borrowed. 2. 状语从句状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。用一般过去时。 When

5、the police arrived, the thieves had run away. After I had done my homework, I went to bed. 3. 在在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句。短语或从句。 e.g. By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. 4. 表示意向的动词，

6、如表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示等，用过去完成时表示“原本原本，未能未能”。 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。没有来。 我原打算来的，但太忙了。我原打算来的，但太忙了。(mean)I had meant to come, but I was too busy.= I meant to have come They had expected to arrive at t

7、he airport on time, but an accident happened on their way. had meant/planned/intended to do, = meant to have done 表示过去未曾实现的愿望、表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算、想法等。打算、想法等。5. 表示表示“一一就就”的几个句型：的几个句型：1) 主语主语hadno sooner过去分词过去分词than 主语一般过去时主语一般过去时He had no sooner begun his speech than he was interrupted.No sooner had he be

8、gun his speech than he was interrupted.No soonerhad主语过去分词主语过去分词than 主语一般过去时主语一般过去时 2) 主语主语hadhardly(scarcely)过去分词过去分词when(before)主语一般过去时。主语一般过去时。I had hardly entered the classroom when I heard my name called.Hardly had I entered the classroom when I heard my name called.Hardly(scarcely) had主语过去分主语过去

9、分词词when(before)主语一般过去时。主语一般过去时。6、It was时间时间since主语过去完成时。主语过去完成时。It was three months since my father had smoked.It was three years since he had joined the army.7、It was the first time thathad doneIt was the second time that I had met you.8. It/ This/ That was the first/secondtime+ that clauseIt was t

10、he first time that I had visited the Great Wall.典型考题典型考题The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, left B. were writing, has leftC. had written, had left D. were writing, had left2. John and I _ friends for eight years. We first got to know each othe

11、r at a Christmas party. But we _ each other a couple of times before that. A. had been; have seen B. have been; have seen C. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen 典型考题典型考题答案答案D。 “把书忘在办公室把书忘在办公室”发生在发生在”去取书去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此这一过去的动作之前，因此”忘了书忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去，这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间表示

12、的是时间的一点，表示在的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于同学们正忙于”这一背景下，这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。因此前一句应用过去进行时。 1. I lost the dictionary I _ Ahave bought Bbought Chad bought Dhad been bought 2. Mary _ of visiting her grandmother, but the bad weather made her change her mind.Ahas thought Bthought Chad thought Dhad been

13、 thought 3-Did you meet Tom at the airport？ -No，he _by the time I _there Ahas left；got Bhad left；arrived Cleft；arrived Dleft；had got The present perfect tense is used when we are talking about a past event which relates to the present time. The past perfect tense is used when we are discussing the p

14、ast and want to talk about an even earlier event.Present perfect or past perfect?温馨提示温馨提示: :一、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别：一、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别：现在完成时表示的动作发生在现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去过去，但侧重，但侧重现现在的结果或对现在造成的影响在的结果或对现在造成的影响，与现在有关与现在有关过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，他所表示的过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，他所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去过去的过去”，只有和过去某时和某动作相比较时，才用

15、到它只有和过去某时和某动作相比较时，才用到它她病了有一周时间了她病了有一周时间了She has been ill for a week. （现在仍在生病）（现在仍在生病）She _ ill for a week before she came back. had been二二、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别：、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别：一般过去时表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在一般过去时表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与的状态，常与具体的时间具体的时间状语连用，如状语连用，如yesterday，last week, 2days ago, in 2008等等而过去完成时则和由而过去完成时

16、则和由“by或或by the end of + 过去过去时间时间”引导的时间状语连用引导的时间状语连用They _at the station by ten yesterday.They _ at the station at ten yesterday.had arrivedarrived在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后需根据上下文谓语动词动作发生的时间先后需根据上下文来判断来判断.She was very happy. Her whole family were Pleased too. Because she _just _

17、(win)the first in the competition.hadwon 叙述在过去连续发生的一系列动作时，尽管叙述在过去连续发生的一系列动作时，尽管动作有先后，但必须用一般过去时，并且在最后动作有先后，但必须用一般过去时，并且在最后两个动词之间用等并列连词两个动词之间用等并列连词 1) She went to the supermarket, bought some food, _(visit) some friends and then returned home. 2) She went to the supermarket, _(buy) much food happily.

18、visitedbuyingPracticePractice1. They were lucky enough, for no sooner _ home _ it rained.A. they returned; andB. they had returned; whenC. had they returned; thanD. did they return; when2. We _ four thousand new words by the end of last year. A. had learned B. have learned C. learned D. will have learned 3. When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing there. He _ her before. A. never saw B. had never seen C. never sees D. has never seen4.He _ footba