人教版高中化学方程式大全

1、高中化学方程式大全一.金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的还原性2Na+H2NaH4Na+O=2Na2O2N&O+O-2NQ2Na+ONc2O22Na+S=NaS(爆炸)2Na42H2O=2NaOH+Ht2Na+2H2O=2NS+20H+H2t2Na42NH=2NaNH+H212Na+2N睦=2Ns+2NH+此t4Na+TiCl4“4NaCl+TiMg+C2'丁MgC2Mg+BrrMgBi22Mg+02Mg0Mg+S-MgS2Cu+S©CaS(Cu2s只能由单质制备)MgChbOMg(0H)+H212Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgC2MgCRbC目-MgC2+2R

2、b2Mg+CO2MgO+C2Mg+SiO"-2Mg0+SiMg+HS=MgS+H+2+Mg+HSQ=MgS0+H21(Mg+2H=Mg+此t)2Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3Q=2Al2Q（常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧）4Al（Hg）+3Q+2xH2O=2+4Hg（铝汞齐）4Al+ 3Mn0 二 2Al 2Q+3Mn2Al+Cr2Al2Q+2Cr铝热反应）高温2Al+Fe2O3Al 2Q+2Fe高温2Al+ 3FeO-Al 2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl 3+3。t2Al+6H+=2Al 3+3代 t2Al+6H+=2Al 3+3比 t2Al+3H2SO=

3、Al2(SO4)3+3H212Al+6H2s0（浓）=Al2（SO4）3+3SQ+6吨O（Al,Fe在冷,浓的HbSQ,HNQ中钝化）A1+4HNR稀）=Al（NO3）3+NOT+2睡0A1+4H+NO=Al3+NOt+2H02A1+2NaOH2HbO=2NaA1Q+3比t2Al+2OH+2H>O=2AlO2+3Ht2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr33Fe+2Q8LFe3Q2Fe+O=2FeO（炼钢过程）Fe+12Fei2Fe+S=FeS（FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备）3Fe+4H2O（g）Fe3C4+4HtFe+2HCl=FeCl2+H>tFe+2H+=Fe2+H21Fe+C

4、uCb=FeCl2+CuFe+CiJ=Fe2+CuJFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2（铁在酸性环境下，不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+SnJFe+SrT=Fe2+SnJ三.非金属氢化物（HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3）金属氢化物（NaH）1、还原性：4HCl（浓）+MnO=MnC2+Cl21+2hbO4H+2Cl+Mn（O=Mrn+Cl21+2hbO4HCl（浓）+Pbd=PbCl2+Cl21+2hbO4H+2Cl+PbO=Pt>+Cl21+2H2O4HCl（g）+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO=2KCl+2MnCb+5Cl21+8

5、HO16H+10Cl-+2MnO=2M用+5Cl21+8H2O6HCl+KClQ=KCl+3CLt+3HO6Hh+5Cl+ClO3=3Cl21+3HO14HCl+&Cr2O=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl21+7睦O14hf+6Cl+Cr2。2=2Cr3+5Cl2t+7倬O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O2HCl+E=2HF+CL（F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、HS、NH气体不能共存）2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2（Cl2气与HBr、HI、HS、NH气体不能共存）2H2S+3Q（足量）型2SO+2H2。2H2S+O（少量匡暨2SJ+2HO2H2S+SO=3SJ+2H2OH2S+HSO（

6、浓）=SJ+SOt+2H2O3H2S+2HNO稀）=3SJ+2NOt+4HO3H2S+2H+2NO=3SJ+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO+3H2SO=2MnSO%SQ+5Sj+8H2O5H2S+2MnO+6hT=2Mrn+5S+8H2O3H2S+府Cr2C7+4H2SQ=Cr2（SO4）3+K2SQ+3sJ+7HO3HzS+CrO2+8hT=2CF+3Sj+7HOKS+4NQ+2H2O=N2SQ+6NaOHHS+4N&Q+2H2O=8Na+SOj+OH2NH+3CuO3Cu+M+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH+3Cl2=N+6NHClNH+NaNO+HCl=N

7、aCl+Nt+2HONH+NO+H=NH+2HO占愀一一催化剂4NH+3Q（纯氧）=i2N2+6睦O4NH+5Q4NO+6HO4NH+6NO=5卅6HO（用氨清除NO）NaH+HO=NaOH卡H（生氢剂）_+NaH+HO=Na+OH+他t4NaH+TiCl4-Ti+4NaCl+2H21CaH+2H2O=Ca（OH）J+2H212、酸性：4HF+SiQ=SiF4+2hbO（可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻）4HF+Si=SiF4+2H212HF+CaC2=CaF?+2HClHS+Fe=Fe&+H21H2S+CuC2=Cu&+2HC1（弱酸制强酸的典型反应）HS+CU+=

8、CuSj+2H+H2S+2AgNO=AgSJ+2HNOHS+2Ag+=Ag2SJ+2H+H2S+HgC2=HgS；+2HC1H2S+Hg=HgS+2H+hkS+Pb（NO）2=PbSj+2HNO（铅试纸检验空气中HS）HS+Pb+=PbSj+2H+H2S+2Ag=AgS+Ht（银器在空气中变黑的原因）2NH3（液）+2Na=2NaNH+H2t（NaNH2+HzO=NaOH+NH）3、NH的碱性：NH+HX=N4X（X:F、Cl、Br、I、S）NH+HN（3=NHNQNH+H=NH+2NH+H2SO=（NT）2SONH+H=NH+NH+NaCl+KO+C2=NaHCQNHCl（侯德榜制碱：用于工

9、业制备小苏打，苏打）+-NH+HS=NHHSnh+hs=nh+hs4、不稳定性:2HFL-Lhb+F22HClH2+CI22H2Q=2H2O+OH2S1：H2+S2HI=HW2四.非金属氧化物（SQ、SO、NQNONQ、P2Q、CI2QCI2O、CI2Q、CI2O、CIO2）2H2O 士-2HHQ催化剂2NHN+3H2NO、NQ、NbQ、CO CS SQ、RQ、1、低价态的还原性：（SO2、CONO）2SO+Q+2H2O=2HzSQ（这是SQ在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应）催化剂SQ+Cl2+2H2O=HSQ+2HClSQ+Br2+2H2O=HSQ+2HBrSQ+12+2H2O=HSO+2HI

10、Cl 2+SQ+2 H2O=4H+SO2 +2ClBr2+SO+2H2O=4H+SO2 +2BrI 2+SO+2H2O=4H+SO2 +2I2NO+2=2NQNO+N2+2NaOH=2NaNO （用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO）NO+N2+2OH=2NO2CO+O '"2COCO+CuO Cu+COCCC L八力哪CL CCC3CO+F2O32Fe+3CO催化剂CO+HOCO+M加热2、氧化性:SQ+2H2s=3S+2H2OSC3+2KIK2SQ+I2NO+2KI+H2O=NO+2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别浪蒸气和 NO）4NO+MS=4NO+S及H2O2SO

11、+Q,加热2SQSQ+NO=SO+NO2NQ+Cu' '4CuO+N力m丸NO+ZnZnO+NCO+2M舞J2MgO+C（CO不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾）SiO2+2hb-Si+2h2OSiO2+2Mg2MgO+Si3、与水的作用：SQ+H2O=HSOSQ+HO=HSO2SQ+M=2H+SO3NO+MO=2HNO+NO（NO不是硝酸的酸酊）NbQ+HO=2HNON2Q+HO=2H+2NOP2Q+HO（冷水尸=2HPOP2Q+3H2O（热水）=2H3PQ（P2O5极易吸水，可作气体干燥剂）P2Q+3H2SQ（浓）=2HbPO+3SQCO+WO=HCOCl

12、2O+HO=2HClOCl2Q+HO=2HClOCl2Q+hbO=2H+2clO44、与碱性物质的作用：SO+2NH+H2O=（NH）2SQSQ+（NH4）2SO+H2O=2NHHSO2NHHSO+H2SQ=（NH）2SQ+2H2O丑SOt（硫酸工业尾气处理）SQ+Ca（OH*=CaSOj+HO（不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO和CO.可用品红鉴别）SO+MgO=MgSOSQ+Ca（OH*=CaSOj+H2OCQ+NH+MO=N4HCOCQ+2NH（过量）+HbO=（NH）2CO（Nhk）2CO傕化剂（NHQ2CG2H2OCO+2NH""''（NHO2CGH2O（工

13、业制取尿素）CO+2NaOHfc量）=N&CO+H2。2OH+CO=CO2+此0CO（过量）+NaOH=NaHCOOH+CO=HCOCO+Ca（OH（过量）=CaCO+H2OCa2+2OH +CO=CaCOj +HO2CO（过量）+Ca（OH=Ca（HCO） 2OH+CO=HCOCO+CaCO+HO=Ca（HCO2_ _ 2+_ 一CO+CaCO+HO=Ca +2HCOCO（不足）+2NaAlQ+3H2O=2Al（OH）3J+N&COCO+3H2O+AIO=Al（OH）3J+CO2CO（足）+NaAlQ+2H2O=Al（OH）3J+NaHCOCO+2H2O+A1O=Al（OH）

14、3J+HCOCO+CHONa+HO=CHQ川+NaHCOCO+GH50r+HO=GHO川+HCOSiO2+CaO遍CaSiQ（炼钢造渣）SiO2+2NaOH=NSiO3+H2O（常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃）SiO2+NaCOBlNaSiO3+CO（制取玻璃）SiO2+CaCO§i=CaSiO3+CO（制取玻璃）2NO+2NaOH=NaN+NaNGHO2NO+20H=NO+NO+HONO+N02NaOH=2NaN+HO（制取硝酸工业尾气吸收）NO+NG2OH=2NO+HO五.金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性6FeO+（2=2Fe3OiFeO+4HNQ=Fe（NQ）3+NO+2比OFeO+4H+

15、NO=Fe3+NOt+2HO2、氧化性:NaQ+2Na2NaO（此反应用于制备N&QMgOAI2O3几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为MgAl.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.Fe2c3+3H?=2Fe+3H2O（制还原铁粉）Fe3C4+4城旦3Fe+4吨OCuO+H£Cu+HO2Fe3d+16HI=6FeI2+8HO+2I22FaQ+16H+4I=6Fe2+8HO+2l2Fe2O3+Fe画量3FeO（炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂）FeO+C暹Fe+CO（高温炼钢调节C含量）2FeO+SiS圆2Fe+SiQ（高温炼钢调节Si含量）3、与水的作用：N&O+HO=2NaOH-.+-一.

16、二NaO+HO=2Na+20H2NaQ+2H2O=4NaOH+。2N&Q+2H2O=4NA+4OH+Qt（此反应分两步：Na2Q+2HO=2NaOH+曲;2H2Q=2H2O+OH2。的制备可利用类似的反应：BaO2+H2SO（稀）=BaSO+HQ）MgO+HO=Mg（OHI缓慢反应）4、与酸性物质的作用:NaO+SO=NSQN&O+C®=NaCOMgO+S3=MgSON%O+2HCl=2NaCl+HON改O+2hf=2Na+HO2Ns2Q+2CO=2N3CO+Q?N&Q+H2SOK冷,稀）=NaSQ+H2c2MgO+bSO=MgSOH2OMgO+Hf=Mg+H

17、2OAl2Q+3H2SQ=Al2（SO4）3+3吨OAl2Q+6Hh=2Al3+3H2OAl2Q+2NaOH=2NaAlQ+HO（Al2Q两性氧化物）Al2O3+2OH=2AlO2+H2OFeO6HCl=FeCl2+HOFeO-2H=Fe2+H>OFe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFeQ+6Hh=2Fe3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFeQ+8Hh=2Fe3+Fe2+4H2O六.含氧酸1、氧化性:4HClQ+3H2s=3HSQ+4HClClQ+3H2s=6H+SO2+ClHClQ+HI=HIQ+HClCl。+I=IO3+Cl3HClO+HI=

18、HIQ+3HCl3HClO+I-=IO3+3H+ClHClO+HSO=MSQ+HClHClO+HSQ=3HT+SO2+ClHClO+HQ=HCl+HO+OtHClO+HQ#Cl+H2O+Ot（氧化性:HClO>HClQ>HClQ>HClQ,但浓，热的HClQ氧化性很强）2H2SQ（浓）+C=COt+2SQt+2WO2H2SQ（浓）+S=3SOt+2HOH2SQ+Fe（Al）室温下钝化6H2SQ（浓）+2FeF在（SO4）3+3SOt+6H2O2H2SQ（浓）+Cu=CuSO+SOt+2H2OH2SQ（浓）+2HBr=SOt+Br2+2H2O（不能用浓硫酸与NaBr制取HBr）

19、H2SQ（浓）+2HI=SOt+12+2H2O（不能用浓硫酸与NaI制取HI）H2SQ（稀）+Fe=FeSO+隆t_2+.2HT+Fe=Fe+HHHtSO+2H2S=3Sj+3H2O4HN浓）+G-COt+4NOt+2HO6HNQ浓）+SHSO+6NOt+2HO5HNQ浓）+心H3PO+5NOt+H2O5HNO稀）+3P+2HO3H3PQ+5NO5H+5NO-+3P+2Hg3HPO+5NOT6HN0浓足)+Fe=Fe(NO)3+3NQt+3H2O4HNQ浓)+Fe(足)=Fe(NO)2+NOt+2HO(先得Fe3+,在Fe过量时再生成Fe2+的盐)4HNQ稀足)+Fe=Fe(NO)3+NOt+

20、2H2O4Hh+NO-+Fe=FeT+NOt+2KO30HNO+8Fe=8Fe(NO)3+3KOt+15H2O30H+6NO+8Fe=8FeT+3NO?+15HO36HNO+10Fe=10Fe(NO)3+34t+18H2O36Hh+6NO+10Fe=8FeT+3Nt+18H2O30HNO+8Fe=8Fe(NO)3+3NHNO+9HO30H+3NO+8Fe=8FeT+3NH+9H2O4Zn+10HNO稀)=4Zn(NO3)2+NOt+5HO4Zn+10H+2NO=4Zn2+N20t+5HO4Zn+10HNO稀)=4Zn(NO3)2+NHNO+3HO4Zn+10H+NO=4Zn2+NH+5HO2、

21、还原性:H2SO+为+H2O=HSQ+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,12)此SQ+X2+H2O=4H+SO2-+X2H2SQ+Q=2H2SQ2H2SQ+Q=4H+SO2-HtSQ+H>Q=H>SQ+H>OHSQ+H2Q=2H+SO2+H2O5hbSQ+2KMnO=2MnSO+K2SQ+2H2SQ+3H2。5H>SC3+2Mn（O=2Mn2+4hl+3SQ2+3H2OH2SO+2FeCl3+H2O=HSQ+2FeCl2+2HCl此SQ+2Fe3+h2O=4H+2Fe2+ +SO；3、酸性：建SO（浓）+CaE d CaSO+2HFtH2SQ（浓）+NaCdNaHSC+HC

22、l tH2SQ（浓）+2NaC当Na2SO+2HCl tH2sQ（浓）+NaN*NaHS4+HNOt3H2SQ（浓）+Ca（PO4）43CaSO+2HsPQ2H2SQ（浓）+Ca（PO4）42CaSO+Ca（HPO） 23HNO+AgsPQ=HPO+3AgNO3Hh+Ag3PQ=HsPQ+3Ag+2HNO+CaCO=Ca（NO） 2+HO+COtZhf+CaCOaT+hbO+COt（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）（强酸制弱酸酸）（工业制磷肥）（用HNO和浓H2SQ不能制备H2S,HI,HBr,SO2等还原性气体）（重钙）4

23、HsPQ+Ca（PO4）2=a=3Ca（H2PO）2HPO（浓）+NaBr谷NahbPO+HBrt（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸，磷酸是非氧化性酸）HbPQ（浓）+NalANaHPO+HIt4、不稳定性:t（保存在棕色瓶中）4HN建为NOt+Qt+2H2。（保存在棕色瓶中）H2S*H2O+SOt（在加热或酸性条件下分解）H2C。旦h2O+COt（在加热或酸性条件下分解）H4SiO4隆SQ3+H2OH2SiO3SQ2J+H2OH2s20HH2O+SJ+SO2t（在加热或酸性条件下分解）七.碱1、低价态的还原性：4Fe（OH）2+Q+2比O=4Fe（OH）2、与酸性物质的作用：2NaOH+SO>量

24、）=NaSQ+H2OOH+SQ=SO2+HONaOH+SOX）=NaHSOOH+SQ（足）=HSO2NaOH+SiO=NaSiO3+H2OOH+SiO2=SiO32+H2O2NaOH+AO=2NaAlQ+H2O2OH+Al2O=2AlO2+H2O2KOH+Q=KCl+KClO+HOCl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+OH+OH=HONaOH+S（足）=NaHS+揄OH+HS=HS+H2O2NaOH+HB少量)=Na2S+2陶O20H+H2s=S+2HO3NaOH+AlC3=Al(OH)3J+3NaCl30H+Al3+=Al(OH)3JNaOH+Al(OH)=NaAl

25、Q+2H2O(AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪个酸性强？)OH+Al(OH)3=AlO2+2H2OCa(OH)+2NHCld2CaCl2+2Nhh+2H2O(实验室制NH)NaOH+N11clz-NaCl+NHT+H?OMg(OH)+2NHCl=MgCl2+2NHH2O(Al(OH)3+NHCl不溶解)Ba(OH+H2SO4=BaSOj+2H2O2Hh+2OH+Ba2+SO2=BaSOj2H2O3、不稳定性:Mg(OH2MgO+W2Al(OH)3Al2Q+3H2O2Fe(OH)3Fe2Q+3H2OCu(OH)CuO+bO2AgOH=Agp+HO八.盐1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeCl3+Fe=3

26、FeCl22Fe3+Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版)2Fe3+Cu=2Fe2+C2FeCl3+Zn(少量)=2FeCl2+ZnCl22Fe3+Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+FeCl3+Ag=FeC2+AgClJ2Fe3+Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2+2AgClJFe2(SC4)3+2Ag=FeSO+Ag2SQJ(较难反应)Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反应3+2+2FeCl3+hbS=2FeCl2+2HCl+Sj2Fe+H2S=2Fe+2H+SJ2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+122Fe3+2I-=2Fe2+12FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgClFe

27、2+Mg=Fe+MgNaN(2+NHCl=NaCl+Nbt+2HO(实验室制氮气)NH+NO-=Nt+2H2O2、还原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2=2FeCl3(在水溶液中不需加热)2Fe2+3Cl2=2Fe3+6Cl-3N0S+8HNO稀)=6NaNO+2NOT+3S+4H2O3§+8hf+2NG=2NOt+3S+4H2O3Na2SQ+2HNG(稀)=3N&SQ+2NOT+H2O3SO2-+2Hh+2NG=3SO2-+2NOt+H2O2NSO+Q=2Na2SQ(Na2SO在空气中易变质)N&SQ+SNaSCbNa2S+Cl2=2NaCl+SJ(在水溶液中)S2-+Cl

28、2=2Cl-+SJ3、与碱性物质的作用：Ca(OH)+CuSO=Cu(OH>J+CaSOj(波尔多液)MgC2+2NHHO=Mg(OH)J+2NHClMg+2NH3hbO=Mg(OHH+2NH+AlCl3+3NHAO=Al(OH)3J+3NHClAl3+3NHKO=Al(OH)2J+3NH+FeCl3+3NHHO=Fe(OH，J+3NHClFe3+3NHKO=Fe(OH)d+3NH+CuSO+2NHHQ不足)=Cu(OH)J+(NH)2SOCiT+2NHHbO=Cu(OH2J+2NH+Cu(OH+4NH-HO=Cu(NH)4(OH)2+4HOCu(OH+4NHKO=Cu(NH)42+2O

29、H+4HO铜氨溶液CuSO+4NHHQ足)=Cu(NH),SOMHO总方程式CiT+4NH-H2O=Cu(NH)42+4HO铜氨溶液AgNONH吨O=AgOH+NHNO2AgOH=Agp灰黑色)+建。AgzO+4NH-KO=2Ag(NH3)2+2OH+3H2。银氨溶液AgNO+2NHHO=Ag(Nb)2NO+2HOAg+2NHKO=Ag(NH)2+2HO总方程式ZnSO+2NHHQ不足)=Zn(OHJ+(NH4)2SOZn2+2NHHO=Zn(OH2J+2NH+Zn(OH+4NHH2O=Zn(NH)4(OH)2+4HOZnSO+4NHHQ足)=Zn(NH3)4SO+4HOZn2+4NH-H2O

30、=Zn(NH)42+4HO总方程式poFHpo-hpO-+h+=hpo-H2PO-+H+=H3PQco2-+H=hcoHCO+H=CO? +HO4、与酸性物质的作用：强酸制弱酸，或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸N%PQ+2HCl=NaHPO+2NaClN&HPO+HCl=NaHPQ+NaClNaHPO+HCl=HPO+NaClN&CO+HCl=NaHC3+NaClNaHCGHCl=NaCl+HO+CO?3NCO+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3J+3COt+6NaCl(物质之间的双水解反应)3c酋+2Al3+3KO=2Al(OH)3J+3CO?3N&CQ+2FeCl3+3

31、WO=2Fe(OH)3J+3CQ+6NaCl(物质之间的双水解反应)3Cb+2Fe3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3J+3CO?3NaHCO+AlCl3=Al(OH)3J+3CO?3HCO+Al3+=2Al(OH)3J+3CO?3NaHC3+FeCl3=Fe(OH)3J+3CO?_-_3+,3HCO+Fe=2Fe(OH)3J+3CO?（物质之间的双水解反应）（物质之间的双水解反应）3N&S+Al2(SO4)3+6hbO=2Al(OH)3J+3此St(物质之间的双水解反应)3S2-+2Al3+3HO=2Al(OH)3J+3hbSt3NaAlQ+AlCl3+6HO=4Al(OH)3J+3NaC

32、l（物质之间的双水解反应）3+3AlO2+Al+6H2O=4Al(OH)3J3NaAlQ+FeCl3+6HO=3Al(OH)3J+Fe(OH)3J+3NaCl3AlO2-+Fe3+6H2O=3Al(OH)3J+Fe(OH)3JNaAlO2+NHCl+2H2O=Al(OH)3J+NHKO+NaClAlO2-+NH+2H2O=Al(OH)3J+NHKON&CO+HO+C0=2NaHCQcgT+ho+crzhcoN&CO+HO+2S0=2NaHSQCO?(1:2)CG2-+HO+2S02HSO+CO?2N&CO(足)+HbO+S2=NaSQ+2NaHCaCO2中的SO不能用N

33、aCO洗气)2CO2-+HO+S2SO2-+2HCO(2:1)N&CO+SO=NaSO+CO(1:1)C首+SO=SO2-+CONaHCO+SO=NaHSBC©（CO2中的SO可能用NaHC俄气）2HCO+SO=2HSO+CO2NsHCQ+SO=NaSQ+2CO+HO2HCO+SO=SO2-+2CO+HONa2SiO3+2HCl=HSiO3J+NaCl或N&SiO3+2HCl+HO=HSiO4J+2NaClSiO32-+2H=H2SiO3J或SiO32-+2H+h2O=HSiO4JN%SiO3+CO+2HO=HSiO3J+NaCOSiO32-+CO+2HO=HSiO4

34、J+CO2-5、盐与盐复分解反应NaSO+BaCl2=BaSOj+2NaCl（沉淀不溶于盐酸、硝酸）SO2-+Ba2+=BaSOjNaSO+BaCl2=BaSOj+2NaCl（沉淀溶于盐酸，在硝酸中生成新的沉淀，沉淀不消失）SO2-+Ba2+=BaSOjNaCO+BaCl2=BaCOj+2NaCl（沉淀溶于盐酸、沉淀消失）C首+Ba2+=BaCOjNaCO+CaCl2=CaCOj+2NaCl（NaHCO3不反应）CGT+CsCaCOjAgN（3+NaCl=AgClJ+NaNOAg+Cl-=AgClJAgNONaBr=AgBrJ+NaNOAg+Br-=AgBrJAgN（3+KI=AgClJ+KN

35、OAg+I-=AgIJ3AgNG+NaPO=AgPOJ+3NaNO3Ag+PO3-=Ag3POJCuSONaS=CuS +NaSOCiT+g=CuSjFeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN|3KClFe3+3SCN=Fe(SCN(血红色，用于 Fe3+的特性检验)6、不稳定性:N&S2Q+hbSQ=NaSQ+S J +SO t +H2O&O2-+2H+=SJ +SOt +H2ONHC出NH t +HCltNHlNHt+HIt 2HI=hb+l2NHI dNHt +Ht+12 tNHHCONHd +出3+的2KNO2KNO+Q?2Cu(NO) 32CuO4NO t +Q t2AgN

36、O=2Ag+2NO t+Qt （保存在棕色瓶中）5NHNA4N t +2HNG9HO10NHN38N t +4NOt +Qt +20HOt (硝酸镂爆炸反应)2KMnO及MnO+MnO+Q t2KClQ2KCl+3Qt2NaHCON&CQ+hbO+COtCa(HCO) 2CaCMO+COtCaCO=;CaO+COMgCOZi MgO+CO九、电离方程式1、酸的电离（H2SO、HNQHCl、HBr、HI、HPO、HFHSO、CHCOOHHCO、HS、HNQCHOHHCNHClO)H2sO=2H+SO2-或：HSO+2HO=2HC+SO2-HN6=H+NO或：HNOHO=Hd+NO(以下雷

37、同)HCl=H+Cl+HBr=H+Br+HI=H+ITPOH+HPQHPQhf+HPOHP<O=hl+PC3一+一HFH+FksoH+hsohso3H+SaCHCOOH+ChCOOH2cO=H+hco3HCO3H+CO3HbSN+HSHSH+S2HNO=H+NQGHOH=H+GH5O(苯酚不是酸，显酸性)hcH+cnHClH+ClOkoN+oh一一+2H2OH3O+OH2、碱的电离(NaOHKOHBa(OH、Mg(OH)、Al(OH)3、NH2O)NaOH=N+OHKOH=kOHBa(OH)2=Bc2+2OHMg(OH)Mg+2OHAl(OH)3Al3+3OH酸式电离：Al(OH)3H+

38、aio2+HONHH2O=nh4+2OHCa（OH尸C+20H（澄清石灰水）Ca（0H）=C£r+20H（石灰悬浊液）3、盐的电离（NaCl、NaS0、NaHSONaS0、NaHSOMgS0CaSQAl2（S04）3>CuSQAlCl3、AgNQCHCOONaNHN0、FeCL、NaC0、NaHCONaS、NaHSNaHPO、NaHPQNaP0、KI、NaBr、NaClQAgCl、CaC0_+_NaCl=Na+Cl+NaS0=2Na+S04NaHS©=H+NS+S04NaS0=2Na+S04NaHSO=NS+HS0（错误书写：NaHS0=NS+H+S02-）2+-Mg

39、S©=M。+so4_3+_-Al2（S04）3=2Al+3so42+一CuS（4=Cu+sO4AlCl3=Al3+3ClAgN0=AG+N0+CHC00Na=CH00+Na_+_-NHN0=NH+N0FeCl3=Fe3+3Cl+NaC0=2Na+C0；NaHC0=NS+HCO3（错误书写：NaHCG=NS+H+C02）+NaS=2Na+s2NaHS=N+HS（错误书写：NaHS=N+H+s2）+NaHPO=Na+HPQNaHPQ=2Ns+HPO（错误书写：Nc2HPO=2Nc3+H+PCt）NaPO=3Na+PqKI=K+INaBr=Na+BrNaClO=Na+ClOAgCl=Ag+

40、ci（难溶、微溶物质在水中发生微弱电离）CaCO=Ca2+co3（错误书写：CaCC=C/+CO）CaS（CCa2+SO2（错误书写：CaSO=Csi+SO2）3、熔融电离NaClNsi+ClMgC2Mg+2ClNaoSS=2Ns+oTAl20sL2Al3+3O十、水解反应1、单水解-可逆水解+NHCl+H2gNH-hbO+HClNH+HO=H+NH-hbOFeCl3+3H=Fe（OH）3+3HClFe3+3HFe（OH）3+3H+AlCl3+3H=Al（OH）3+3HClAl3+3HAl（OH）3+3hfCuSSZHOuCMOHAHSO（金属活动顺序表中M0+以后的阳离子均水解）NaHCOH

41、OhbCO+NaOH（NaHSOF水解，NaHSOt离大于水解）NaCO+HO=NaHCGNaOHCb+HOHCO+OHNaHCGHO=KCO+NaOH第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加）NaSO+HNaHSONaOHSO2-+HHSO+OHNaHSGHO=KSO+NaOH第一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加）一_HSO+HO=HSO+OHNaS+HO= NaHS+NaOHg+HOHS+OHNaHS+gHbS+NaOH一步远远大于第二步，二步不能叠加）NaPO+HNaHPO+NaOHNsbHPG+H2O= NaHPO+NaOHNaHPO+HbO= HPO+NaOHHS+H.O=HbS+OHpo3

42、-+hhpO-+ohHPO-+HbHbPO-+OH_二HbPO+HbO=H3PO+OHCHCOONa+2OL=CHCOOH+NaOH3HCOOHO=CHCOOH+OHGHONa+HOGHOH+NaOHCHO+HbOGHOH+OH2、双水解CHCOONHHO=CHCOOH+NHHONHF+HO=HF+NHHOAI2S3+6H2O=A1（OH）3J+HSt（隔绝空气，密封保存）MgN2+6HO=Mg（OH）J+NHt（隔绝空气，密封保存）NaP+3HO=3NaOH+PH（隔绝空气，密封保存）Zn3P2+6HO=Zn（OH”+PHt（Zn3P2一种老鼠药，PH剧毒神经毒剂）CaC+2H2O=Ca（O

43、H）J+GH4（隔绝空气，密封保存）C2H5ONa+HO=（2H5OH+NaOHH一、电解及电极方程式1、电解质溶液在惰性电极条件下，或阴极是较活泼金属电极，阳极是惰性电极条件下的电解电解2NaCl+2H2O2NaOH+H?+C12t(-)2H2O+2e-=Ht+2OH或2H+2e=Ht(+)2Cl-2e-=Cl2?2Cl-+2HO“=2OH+H4+C12tCuC12,*Cu+C12t(-)Cu2+2e-=CuJ(+)2C-2e-=C12?Cu2+2C1-3CuJ+C12?2CuSO+2HO2CuJ+Qt+2HSO(-)2Cu2+4e-=2CuJ-(+)2H-2。-4e-=O2)+4,或：40

44、H-4e-=O2?+2HO4H2O4H+4OH2Cu2+2HO2CuJ+Qt+4H甫鬃2H2O2Ht+Qt(-)4H+4e-=2H21(+)4OH-4e-=O21+2HO中性电解4H2O-Mhf+4OH2H2O也解Hd+Ot酸性水解：(-)4H+4e=2Ht(+)2H2O-4e=Ot+4hf4OH-4e-=O21+2HO2H2O*Ht+Ot碱性水解：(-)4H2O+4e-=2Ht+40H或：4M+4e=2Ht(+)4OH-4e-=O2+2HO2H2O=£2=Ht+Ot2、电镀：镀件作阴极，被镀金属作阳极，被镀金属的含氧酸盐作电解质溶液镀铜：CuSO电镀液镀件(-)Cu2+2e=CuJ

45、纯铜(+)Cu2e=CiT镀锌：ZnSO电镀液镀件(-)Zn2+2e-=ZnJ纯锌(+)Zn2e=Zn2+镀银：AgNO电镀液镀件(-)Ag+e=AgJ纯银(+)Ag-e-=Ag镀银：NiS。电镀液镀件(-)Ni2+2e=NiJ纯银(+)Ni-2e-=Ni2+3、熔融状态下的电解：电解2NaCl(熔融)=2Na+Cl21(-)2Na+2e-=2Nat+2C1-4e-=Cl212Na+2Cl-(熔融)-S£-2Na+Cl21电解2Al2。(熔融)=4Al+2O21(-)4Al3+12e=4Al(+)6O2-12e-=3O214Al3+6O-需4A1+3021NaHF(熔融)t+F2t(

46、-)2H+2e=Ht(+)2F-2e-=F2?由解2HF-hbt+F21十二、原电池反应XY(电解质溶液)或X/电解质溶液/Y(1)不可逆电池苏打电池：ZnCu(HSO)Zn极(-)Zn-2e=Zn2+(氧化反应)Cu极(+)2H+2e=Ht(还原反应)离子方程式Zn+2H+=Ht+Zn2+化学方程式Zn+H2S0=ZnS0+Ht铁碳电池：FeC(HC。Fe极(-)Fe-2e=Fe2+(氧化反应)C极(+)2H+2e=Ht(还原反应)离子方程式Fe+2H+=Ht+Fe2+(析氢腐蚀)铁碳电池：FeC(HQQ)Fe极(-)2Fe-4e-=2Fe2+(氧化反应)C极(+)O2+2HO+4e=4oH(还原反应)化学方程式2Fe+02+2HO=2Fe(OH)(吸氧腐蚀)4Fe(OH)2+Q+2H0=4Fe(0H)2Fe（OH）3=FeC3nHO+（3-n）H2。（铁锈的生成过程）铝镍电池：AlNi（NaCl溶液、O2）Al极（-）4Al-12e=4Al3+（氧化反应）Ni极（+）3O2+6HO+12e=12oH（还原反应）化学方程式4Al+3O2+6H2O=4Al（OH）3（海洋灯标电池）干电池：ZnMnQNHCl糊状物）NH4Cl+H2O=NH-HO+HClZn极（-）Zn-2e=Zn2+（氧化反应）Cu极（+）2MnO2+2H+2e=MnQ+HO（还原反应）化学方程式Zn+2NH4C