第一讲 kk翻译概论

1、l1 翻译的定义翻译的定义l2 翻译的目的翻译的目的 l3 翻译的意义翻译的意义l4 翻译的标准翻译的标准l5 翻译的条件翻译的条件l6 翻译的分类翻译的分类l7 翻译的方法翻译的方法l8 翻译的步骤翻译的步骤l辞海：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来l一种语言符号解释另一种语言符号lOxford: to turn from one language into anotherlWebster: to turn into ones own or another languageDefinitions of translation lTranslating is the art of r

2、ecomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. Columbia EncyclopedialTranslating is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). J. C. CarfordDefinitions of translationlTranslating consists in reproducing

3、 in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（ 翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。） Eugene A. NidalTo translate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as one can. Samuel J

4、ohnsonDefinitions of translationl(Translating ) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Peter NewmarklTranslation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Malcolm CowleyDef

5、initions of translationlA translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. Gideon TourylTranslation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is

6、 specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text. Christiane Nord Definitions of translationlTranslation is an externally motivated industrial activity, supported by information technology, which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form of communica

7、tion. Jean SagerElements involved in the process of translatingAuthor of STSTTranslatorTTReaders of TTElements involved in the process of translating Intermediate information receiverAuthor of STSTTranslatorTTReaders of TT Secondary information dispatcher Definitions of translationl翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活

8、动，其本翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动，其本质是传播，是传播学中一个有特殊性质的领域。质是传播，是传播学中一个有特殊性质的领域。 吕俊l翻译是把具有某一种文化背景的发送者用某种语翻译是把具有某一种文化背景的发送者用某种语言（文字）所表述的内容尽可能充分地、有效地言（文字）所表述的内容尽可能充分地、有效地传达给使用另一种语言（文字）、具有另一种文传达给使用另一种语言（文字）、具有另一种文化背景的接受者。化背景的接受者。 沈苏儒Definitions of translationl翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是要促进本语言社会的

9、政治、经具，它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的济和文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地现实世界的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地从一种语言译注到另一种语言中去。从一种语言译注到另一种语言中去。 张今l是一种语言活动，是“把一种语言表达的思维内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出来的语言活动”。l是一种语言活动，是“把一种语言表达的思维内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出来的语言活动”，它包含着一个对原文含义的理解逐步深入，对原文含义的表达逐步完善的过程。（古今明，P4）l翻译是科学。翻译是科学。l翻译是艺术。翻译是艺术。l翻译是技能

10、、技艺。l翻译是跨文化交际。l翻译工作作为一种脑力劳动，其目的是将文学、科学方面的材料从一种语言译成另一种语言，从事这一工作的人承担着由该工作性质产生的特殊义务。l（Translation，being an intellectual activity, the object of which is the transfer of literary, scientific and technical texts from one language into another，imposes on those who practice it specific obligations inherent

11、 in its very nature.）国际翻译工作者联合会翻译工作者宪章(THE TRANSLATORS CHARTER of The International Federation of Translators)What is translation?o Translation is a science.o Translation is an art.o Translation is a craft.o Translation is a skill.o Translation is an operation.o Translation is a language activity.o

12、Translation is communicating. -刘重德 文学翻译十讲，1998l交流信息，克服语言障碍l学习其他语言的文化和文明，帮助向更高的文明发展l帮助经济、政治等各方面的交流和发展l其他l特定文本的翻译具有其特定的目的，有其预设的读者群l尤金奈达Eugene Nida：翻译是“人们所能从事的最复杂的脑力劳动”。lRichards：翻译是开天辟地以来最为复杂的事件。l语言和文化的障碍(Language / Cultural Barriers)lTranslatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quit

13、e distant both in time and space; (2) its form is very much unique; (3) the content is not shared in the two cultures. Betrayal: Loss / Distortionl西欧之所以有今天的文明，要“归功于翻译者”。Kelly，1979l季羡林：中华文化之所以能常葆青春，万灵之药就是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉！（林煌天，1997序）l国际译联主席Betty Cohen：Never in history have we been so indispensable to trade

14、, culture, peace, and humanityJust imagine one day in the world without translationwould all be mute. We are like the electricity in the wires and the water in the tap.l贸易、文化、和平、人道等都离不开翻译，翻译在历史上从未如此不可或缺请大家试想一下，世上一日无翻译会怎样都将鸦雀无声。翻译工作者就象电线中的电流，水管中的水流。l严复：信、达、雅lFaithfulness, expressiveness and elegance

15、信：忠实于原文 达：文笔流畅 雅：文风典雅 （士大夫） -保持原文的风格Criteria of translationl“译译”事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。顾事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。译文取明译文取明深意，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，斤斤于字比句深意，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，斤斤于字比句次，而意义则不倍本文。次，而意义则不倍本文。至原文词理本深，难于至原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前思后衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为共喻，则当前思后衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达：为达，即以为信也。达：为达，即以为信

16、也。易易曰：曰：“修辞立诚修辞立诚”。子曰子曰“辞达而已！辞达而已！”又曰：又曰：“言之无文，行之不远言之无文，行之不远”。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外，求三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。其尔雅。 严复（18541921，天演论译例言）lTranslation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive and elegant. For a translation to be faithful to the original is difficult enough, and yet

17、 if it is not expressive, it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should also be required.lThe Book of Changes says that rhetoric should uphold truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in language. He adds that if ones language lacks grace, it will

18、 not travel far. These qualities, then, are the criterion of good writing and, I believe, of good translation too. Hence besides faithfulness and expressiveness, a translator should also aim at elegance. (王佐良 译）Criteria of translationl译者不但要求达义，并且要以传神为目的，译文必须忠实于原文之字神句气与言外之意。 林语堂l以效果而论，翻译应像临画一样，所求的不在形

19、似，而是神似。 傅雷Criteria of translationl文学翻译的最高标准可以说是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。 钱钟书l真有灵感的译文，像投胎重生的灵魂一般，令人觉得是一种“再创造”。 余光中Criteria of translation We expect approximate truth in translationwhat we want to have is the truest possible feel of the original. The characters

20、, the situation, the reflection, must come to us as they were in the authors mind and breast, not necessarily by precisely as he had them on his lips. Oliver EdwardsCriteria of translationlA good translator is: 1) To give a just representation of the sense of the original, 2) To convey into his vers

21、ion, as much as possible, in a consistency with the genius of the language with which he writes, the authors spirit and manners, and 3) To take care that the version has at least the quality of an original performance so as to appear natural and easy. George CampbellCriteria of translationlThe best

22、of a real translation is that it should not read like translation at all. J. B. PhilipslNo translation, however learned, is of any value that does not give at least some of the joy to the readers that was given by its original. A. J. ArborryCriteria of translationl(Tri-ness) Faithfulness, expressive

23、ness, and gracefulness were considered the golden rule in the field of translation. Herbert RotheinsteinCriteria of translationl一是易解，二是保存原作的丰姿（鲁迅）l神似（similarity in spirit）（傅雷）l 化境（sublimation）（钱钟书）lAlexander F. Tytlers three principleslFunctional equivalence (Eugene A. Nida)l功能相似，语义相符（similarity in

24、function and correspondence in meaning） Yan Fus three-character criterion for translation Diverse interpretations are made of Yan Fus three-character criterion for translation as:l“信”Being faithful to the original（忠实于原文）l“达”Being explicit and smooth（明白晓畅）l“雅”Being elegant in diction (words)（措辞的优雅）Ya

25、n Fus three-character criterion for translationl“信”(faithfulness)达旨（将原文说明）l“达”(expressiveness)前后引衬，以显其意l“雅”(elegance)尔雅（用汉以前字法句法）Alexander F. Tytlerl（1）译文应完全传达原文的思想。（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.）l（2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文一致。（The style and manner of writing

26、 should be of the same character as that of the original.）l（3）译文应像原文一样流畅。（A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）l鲁迅：信和顺“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存原作的风姿。”宁信而毋顺 vs 赵景深：Milky Way=牛奶路我的翻译向来是用直译法我现在还是相信直译法，因为我觉得没有更好的办法。保留一定的洋腔洋调l林语堂：忠实、通顺和美l faithfulness, smoothness, beautyl

27、刘重德：信、达、切l faithfulness, expressiveness and closenessl傅雷：传神论/神似说 lTransference of soul or spirit“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。” 译文同原文在内容上一致，这叫“意似”，是翻译的最低标准。译文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同时一致起来，或称“形似”和“神似”，这是翻译的高标准。 理想的译文仿佛是原作者的（中文）写作。l钱钟书：化境说理想 l sublimed adaptation“文学翻译的最高标准是化。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的

28、痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于化境。”所谓“化境”，就是原作向译文的“投胎转世”，文字形式虽然换了，而原文的思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原本本地化到了译文的境界里了，丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹，让读者读译作就完全像在读原作一样。 l许渊冲l诗歌翻译l三美原则：意美、音美、形美l英国 泰特勒 Tytler -论翻译的原则翻译中的三项基本原则： 一、译文应完全复写出原作的思想（相当于“信”） 二、译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同（相当于“雅”） 三、译文应和原作同样流畅（相当于“达”） l美国 奈达 Eugene Nida: 读者反应论忠实原文易于理解形式恰当吸引读者l使译文读者在读译文时，

29、和原文读者在读原文时有着大体相同的感受lnatural / close; dynamic/functional equivalencel苏联 费道罗夫：等值论 Equivalence 与原文作用相符（表达方面的等值）译者选用的语言材料的等值（语言和文体的等值）l德： 施莱尔马赫 Shleiermacherl不是尊重作者就是尊重读者l读者接近作者vs作者接近读者l有关翻译的言论：l意大利谚语：Traduttore, traditore. 翻译即叛逆。l翻译好像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实l理想的译者应成为一块玻璃，透明得让读者感觉不到他的存在（果戈理）l把翻译看作是“译者摆布文本的一个过程”

30、（Susan Bassnett）l关于译者的比喻关于译者的比喻lA courier of the human spirits （普希金）lA sculptor who tries to recreate a work of paintinglA straitjacketed dancerlA musician / an actorlTraduttori-traditori (Translators are traitors.)l翻译的基本标准忠实与通顺 faithfulness and smoothness“Understanding translation is embedded in th

31、e concept of faithfulness. ”忠实于内容vs忠实于形式共核标准：信息传真、风格再现、可读性好具体操作时：谁不瞄准目标以远的地方射击，谁就不会击中目标 （ Cowley 考利 ）l忠实是翻译的首要问题l要忠实于原文的真正含义l忠实+通顺：抓住原文的真正含义，但不要受原文结构形式的束缚，而是按照汉语习惯用法来安排译文。lThe commuter dies with tremendous mileage to his credit(E. B. White: The Three New Yorks) l原译：上班族的人死去时有跨越千山万水的辉煌记录。l改译：上班族一生中有着惊

32、人的行程。l不可以忽视通顺lFrom there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing. (N. S. Momaday: The End of My Childhood) l原译：从那里，我可以看见下面的整个山谷，那田野、河流和村庄。这一切非常美丽，见到后使我心里充满了渴望。l改译：从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流和村庄，全都美

33、不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。l不能逐字死译lAll that glitters is not gold. l原译：所有光辉灿烂的都不是金子。l改译：所有光辉灿烂的并非都是金子。 lHe sleeps late. l原译：他睡得晚。l改译：他起得晚。lI shall not expect you until I see you. l原译：我不期待你直到我见到你。l改译：你随便什么时候来吧。lEdward Ferras was not recommended to their good opinion by any peculiar graces of person or address. He wa

34、s not handsome, and his manners required intimacy to make them pleasing. He was too diffident to do justice to himself(J. Austin: Sense and Sensibility,Ch.3,V.I)l原译：爱德华弗纳斯在外表或言谈方面，都没有什么特殊的风度足以博得她们的良好印象。他相貌平平，礼貌要求他亲切表现，以使她们愉快。他过于羞怯，不能适当地处理自己。l改译：爱德华费拉斯之所以能博得她们的好感，倒不是因为他人品出众，风度翩翩。他并不漂亮，那副仪态嘛，只有和他熟悉了才觉

35、得逗人喜爱。他过于腼腆，这就使他越发不能显现本色了。l不要滥用四字格lHe found them pushing needles, thread, pots, pans, ribbons, yarn, scissors and buttons to housewives. (C. Quinn: The Jeaning of America) l原译：他发现他们在向家庭主妇推销针头线脑、锅碗瓢盆。l推销针线、锅罐、缎带、剪刀和纽扣。l第一个条件就是汉语功底要好。 l第二个条件就是英语语言能力要强。 l第三个条件是知识面要广。 l第四个条件是译者的责任心、工作条件等Basic Qualificat

36、ions required of a good translator/interpretern1. Knowledge: Good bilingual ability &Extensive background knowledge - good understanding & expressingn2. Skills: Good command of the methods used in translation and the theory guiding translationn3. Experience: through training and practicen4.

37、Attitude: Professional ethics - stay calm & sober; responsible & loyall译者的责任（Responsibility of translator）:lCompetent linguistic ability & bicultural knowledgelBeing as transparent as possiblelBeing a good negotiatorlThe craft of translator is deeply ambivalent; it is exercised in a radi

38、cal tension between impulses to facsimile and impulses to appropriate recreation. George Steinerl译者的技艺是一个深刻的矛盾体。这种技艺是在两种冲译者的技艺是一个深刻的矛盾体。这种技艺是在两种冲动的极度张力之间形成的：一方面是依样画葫芦的冲动动的极度张力之间形成的：一方面是依样画葫芦的冲动，另一方面又有适当再创作的冲动。，另一方面又有适当再创作的冲动。l不愿付诸努力、不愿忍受挫折者永远成不了翻译家。 兰德斯l目前外语专业的本科生和研究生有项明显的不足：l知识面窄l中国语文水平低l理论素养差l（张柏然

39、、许钧：面向21世纪的译学研究，P17）l工作方式笔译 translation口译 interpretation机器翻译 machine translation机助翻译 machine-aided translationl内容题材文学翻译 literary translation: 诗歌、小说、戏剧、散文和其他文学作品，着重情感内容、修辞特征以及文体风格的传达实用翻译 pragmatic translation: 科技资料、公文、商务或其他资料，强调实际内容的表达（英国 萨瓦里 Savory：把文学翻译比作绘画，把科技翻译比作摄影）l处理方式全译摘译缩译节译编译l涉及代码语内翻译 intral

40、ingual translation语际翻译 interlingual translation符际翻译 intersemiotic translationWhat is translation?o Intralingual translation(语内翻译)/rewriting(重述)o Interlingual translation(语际翻译)/translation proper(真正的翻译)o Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)/transmutation(跨类翻译) -Roman Jakobson On Linguistic Aspects of Tran

41、slation, 1959l涉及语言外语译成母语英译汉母语译成外语汉译英l直译 literal translationl茅盾：我以为所谓“直译”也者，倒并非一定是“字对字”，一个不多，一个也不少。 “直译”的意义就是不要歪曲了原作的面目，要能表达原作的精神。（翻译通报编辑部，1984：362）好处：有助于不同文化间的交流，引进外来文化；有助于保存原作的格调，保存原作风姿；有助于从国外引进新鲜的词语、生动表达法，从而丰富本民族的语言窄路、障碍瓶颈 bottleneck猫哭老鼠洒鳄鱼泪 shed crocodile tears全副武装武装到牙齿 be armed to the teeth纸老虎pa

42、per tigerl意译 liberal translation/free translation/ paraphrase 不拘泥于原文的形式，重在保存原文的思想内容例：Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必过早地担心。 They dont know their right hand from their left. 他们什么也不知道。l巴金：我觉得翻译的方法其实只有一种，并没有“直译”和“意译”的分别。好的翻译应该都是“直译”，也都是“意译” 。（一点感想，翻译通报第2卷第5期，1951年5月）l具体情况 灵活处理直译、意译兼顾例1：Smas

43、hing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.直译：砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。意译：砸镜子并不能解决问题。例2：Dont lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen.直译：不要等马被盗后，才去锁马厩门。意译：不要贼走关门。literal translation and free translation： -Never trouble tro

44、uble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻烦，除非麻烦来找你。（不要杞人忧天） l音译 transliteration主要用于翻译英语专有名词、科技术语或其他具有特殊色彩的词汇如：microphone麦克风 Coca Cola 可口可乐salad色拉 sandwich三明治 McDonalds 麦当劳copy 捞贝 radar雷达 humor 幽默 旗袍qipao 豆腐doufu功夫kongful归化法和异化法 domestication & foreignizationlVenuti提出：译者的隐形，1995鲁迅vs 严复、林纾 异化法要求译者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者使用的原语表达方式，来传达原文的内容归化法则要求译者向译语读者靠拢，采取译语读者习惯的表达方式，来传达原文内容l异化鲁迅l翻译必须有异国情调，就是所谓洋气。其实世界上也不会有完全归化的译文，倘有，就是貌合神离，从严辨别起来，它算不得翻译。（翻译通讯编辑部，1984：246）l严复、林纾、傅雷、钱钟书归化l天演论l神似说/化境论l举例：lHigh