2001-2009MBA英语阅读理解真题总结

1、.蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇

2、薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈

3、莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节

4、蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃

5、膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇

6、莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈

7、蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿

8、腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃

9、莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄

10、蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇

11、艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿

12、荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀

13、蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃

14、芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅

15、莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅莆薂衿肁蒅蚄肄羇蒄螆袇芆蒃蒆蚀节蒂蚈袅膈蒂螀螈肄蒁蒀羄羀蒀薂螆芈葿蚅羂膄薈螇螅肀薇蒇羀羆薆蕿螃莅薆螁罿芁薅袄袁膇薄薃肇肃膀蚆袀罿腿螈肅芇艿蒈袈膃芈薀肃聿芇蚂袆羅芆袄虿莄芅薄羅芀芄蚆螇膆芃蝿羃肂芃蒈螆羈莂薁羁芇莁蚃螄膃莀螅罿腿荿薅螂肅莈蚇肈羁莈螀袀艿莇葿肆膅 目录2001年 5篇2002年 4篇2004年 4篇2005年

16、 4篇2006年 4篇2007年 4篇2008年 4篇2009年 4篇 2001-1 The stability of the U.S. banking system is maintained by means of supervision and regulation,inspections,deposit insurance,and loans to troubled banks.For over 50 years,these precautions have prevented banking panics.However,there have been some close call

17、s.The collapse of Continental lllinois Bank & Trusted Company of Chicago in 1984 did not bring down the banking system,but it certainly rattled some windows.In the late 1970s,Continental soared to a leadership position amongMidwestern banks.Parts of its growth strategy were risky,however.It

18、made many loans in the energy field,including billion that it took over from Penn Square Band of Oklahoma City.To obtain the funds it needed to make theseloans,Continental relied heavily on shortterm borrowing from other banks and large,30day certificates of deposit-"hot money",in

19、banking jargon.At least one Continental officer saw danger signs and wrote a warning memo to her superiors,but the memo went unheeded .Although the Comptroller of the Currency inspected Continental on a regular basis,it failed to see low serious its problems were going to be.Penn Square Bank was clo

20、sed by regulators in July 1982.When energy prices began to slip,most of the billion in loans that Continental had taken over fromthe smaller banks turned out to be had.Other loans to troubled companies such Chrysler,lnternational Harvester,and Braniff looked questionable.Seeing these problem，&qu

21、ot;hot money"owners began to pull their funds out of Continental. By the spring of 1984,a run on Continental had begun.In May,the bank had to borrow .5 billion from the Fed to replace overnight funds it bad lost.But this was not enough.To try to stem the outflow of deposits from Continemtal

22、,the FDIC agreed to guarantee not just the first ,000 of each depositors money but all of it.Nevertheless,the run continued.Federal regulators tried hard to find a sound bank that could take over Continental-a common way of rescuing failing banks.But Continental was just too big for anyone to buy.By

23、 July,all hope of a private sector rescue wasdashed.Regulators faced a stark choice:Let Continental collapse,or take it over themselves.Letting the bank fail seemed too risky.It was estimated that more than 100 other banks had placed enough funds in Continental to put them at risk if Continental fai

24、led.Thus,on a rainy Thursday at the end of July,the FDIC in effect nationalized Continental Illinois at a cost of .5 billion.This kept the banks doors open and prevented a chain reaction.However,in all but a technical sense,Continental had become the biggest bank failure in U.S.history. 2001-2 If su

25、stainable competitive advantage depends on workforce skills,American firms have a problem.Humanresource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States.Skill acquisition is considered as an individual responsibility.Labor is simply another

26、 factor of production to be hired-rented at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to humanresource management can be seen in the corporation hierarchy.In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command.The

27、 post of head of humanresource managements is usually a specialized job,off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy.The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer(CEO).By way of contrast,in Japan the head of humanreso

28、urce management is central-usually the second mostimportant executive,after the CEO,in the firms hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces,in fact they invest less in the skill of their employees than do the Japanese or German firms.The mone

29、y they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees.And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it pos

30、sible to absorb new technologies.As a result,problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive.If American workers,for example,take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany(as they do),the effective cost of those stations is lower in Ger

31、many than it is in the United Stated.More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity,and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed.The result is a slower pace of technological change.An

32、d in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half.If the bottom half cant effectively staff the processes that have to be operated,the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear. 2001-3 Internet is a vast network of comput

33、ers that connects many of the worlds businesses,institutions,and individuals.The internet,which means interconnected network of networks,links tens of thousands of smaller computer networks.These networks transmit huge amounts of information in the form of words,images,and sounds.The Internet was in

34、formation on virtually every topic.Network users can search through sources ranging from vast databases to small electronic"bulletin boards ,"where users form discussion groups around common interests.Much of the Internets traffic consists of messages sent from one computer user to

35、 another.These messages are called electronic mail or email.Internet users have electronic addresses that allow them to send and receive email.Other uses of the network include obtaining news,joining electronic debates,and playing electronic games.One feature of the Internet,known as the World Wide

36、Web,provides graphics,audio,and video to enhance the information in its documents.These documents cover a vast number of topics.People usually access the Internet with a device called a modem.Modems connect computers to the network through telephone lines.Much of the Internet operates through worldw

37、ide telephone networks of fiberoptic cables.These cables contain hairthin strands of glass that carry data as pulses of light.They can transmit thousands of times more data than local phone lines,most of which consist of copper wires.The history of the Internet began in the 1960s.At that time,the Ad

38、vanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)of the United States Department of Defense developed a network of computers called ARPAnet.Originally,ARPAnet connected only military a nd government computersystems.Its purpose was to make these systems secure in the event of a disaster or was.Soon after the cr

39、eation of ARPAnet,universities and other institutions developed their own computer networks.These networks eventually were merged with ARPAnet to form the Internet.By the 1990s,anyone with a computer,modem,and Internet software could link up to the Internet.In the future,the Internet will probably g

40、row more sophisticated as computer technology becomes more powerful.Many experts believe the Internet may become part of a larger network called the information superhighway.This network,still under development,would link computers with telephone companies,cable television stations,and other communi

41、cation systems.People could bank,shop,watch TV,and perform many other activities through the network. 2001-4 Sex prejudices are based on and justified by the ideology that biology is destiny.According to this ideology,basic biological and psychological differences exist between the sexes.These diffe

42、rences require each sex to play a separate role in social life.Women are the weaker sexboth physically and emotionally.Thus,they are naturally suited,much more so than men,to the performance of domestic duties .A womans place,under normal circumstances,is within the protective environment of the hom

43、e.Nature has determined that women play caretaker roles,such as wife and mother and homemaker.On the other hand,men are best suited to go outsintosthe competitive world of work and politics,where serious responsibilities must be taken on.Men are to be the providers;women and children are"de

44、pendents."The ideology also holds that women who wish to work outside the household should naturally fill these jobs that are in line with the special capabilities of their sex.It is thus appropriate for women,not men,to be employed as nurses,social workers,elementary school teachers,househ

45、old helpers,and clerks and secretaries.These positions are simply an extension of womens domestic role.Informal distinctions between"womens work"and"mens work"in the labor force,according to the ideology,are simply a functional reflection of the basic differences

46、between the sexes.Finally,the ideology suggests that nature has worked her will in another significant way.For the human species to survive over time,its members must regularly reproduce.Thus,women must,whether at home or in the labor force,make the most of their physical appearance.So goes the ideo

47、logy.It is,of course,not true that basic biological and psychological differences between the sexes require each to play sexdefined roles in social life.There is ample evidence that sex roles vary from society to society,and those role differences that to exist are largely learned.But to the degree

48、people actually believe that biology is destiny and that nature intended for men and women to make different contributions to society,sexdefined roles will be seen as totally acceptable. 2001-5 In a sense,the new protectionism is not protectionism at all,at least not in the traditional sense of the

49、term.The old protectionism referred only to traderestricting and tradeexpanding devices,such as the tariff or export subsidy.The new protectionism is much broader than this;it includes interventionssintosforeign trade but is not limited to them.The new protectionism,in fact,refers to how the whole o

50、f government interventionsintosthe private economy affects international trade.The emphasis on trade is still there,thus came the term"protection."But what is new is the realization that virtually all government activities can affect international economic relations.The emergence o

51、f the new protectionism in the Western world reflects the victory of the interventionist,or welfare economy over the market economy.Jab Tumiler writes,"The old protectionismcoexisted,without any apparent intellectual difficulty with the acceptance of the market as a national as well as an i

52、nternational economic distribution mechanism-indeed,protectionists as well as (if not more than)free traders stood for laissezfaire(放任政策).Now,as in the 1930s,protectionism is an expression of a profound skepticism as to the ability of the market to distribute resources and incomes to societiessatisf

53、action."It is precisely this profound skepticism of the market economy that is responsible for the protectionism.In a market economy,economic change of various colors implies redistribution of resources and incomes.The same opinion in many communities apparently is that such redistributions

54、 often are not proper.There fore,the government intervenes(干涉；干预)to bring about a more desired result.The victory of the welfare state is almost complete in northern Europe.In Sweden ,Norway,Finland,Denmark,and the Netherlands,government intervention in almost all aspects of economic and social life

55、 is considered normal.In Great Britain this is only somewhat less true.Government traditionally has played a very active role in economic life in France and continued to do so.Only West Germany dares to go against the tide towards excessive interventionism in Western Europe.It also happens to be the

56、 most successful Western European economy.The welfare state has made significant progress in the United States as well as in Western Europe.Social security,unemployment insurance,minimumwage laws,and rent control are by now traditional welfare state elements on the American scene. 2002-1 Shoppers wh

57、o have flocked to online stores for their holiday shopping are losing privacy with every mouse click, according to a new report.The study by the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center scrutinized(仔细审查)privacy policies on 100 of the most popular online shopping sites and compared thos

58、e policies with a set of basic privacy principles that have come to be known as fair information practices.The group found that none of the 100 sites met all of the basic criteria for privacy protection, which include giving notice of what information is collected and how it is used, offering consumers a choice over whether the information will be used in certain ways, allowing access to data that give consumers a chance