初中英语词类讲解

1、10英语词类讲解10种英语词类6种英语实词(有实义)：名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词4种英语虚词： 冠词、介词、连词和感叹词6种英语实词1 .名词(noun,缩写式为n)普通名词(common noun):是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。luggage, success, traffic专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字 母必须大写。Tom, China, A Tale of Two Cities, March, Saturday可数性：可数名词(countable nouns)& 不可数名词(uncountable

2、nouns)冠词的使用单复数s/es谓语动词的搭配*集合类名词： council , government, group, jury, team, family名词的功能：1. 主语：The bags are in the desk.2. 宾语：I washed my clothes yesterday.3. 表语：This is a good book.4. 宾语补足语:We selected him our monitor.5. 介词宾语:Mary lives with her parents.6. 定语： She is a Party member. women doctors 。mee

3、ting rooms2 .动词(verb)分类：实义动词(行为动词)，连系动词，助动词，情态动词基本形式：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词(1)实义动词：及物动词(transitive verb ):He's reading a magazine.他正在读一本杂志。 (单宾语)Mr Zhang teaches us English.张老师教我们英语。(双宾语：us是间接宾语，English 是直接宾语)不及物动词(intransitive verb ) :The sun rises. He works hard.(2)连系动词：be 动词(is, am, are, w

4、as, were, have/has been)感官系动词(feel, smell, taste, look, sound)：后面一般加形容词变化系动词(become, get, grow, turn :后面一般加形容词(3)助动词：最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would1)助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，a.表示时态，He has got married.b.表示语态, He was sent to England.c.构成疑问句，Do you like college life?d.与否定副词n

5、ot合用，构成否定句，I don't like him.e.加强语气，He did know that.(4)情态动词：情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形一起使用， 给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法， 认为其 可能、应该或必要等。must, can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would), need, dare, have (had, has) to, used to只做情态动词：must, can (could), may (might), shall (should), will

6、 (would)可做情态动词又可极实义动词：need, dare具有情态动词特征：have (had, has) to, used to3 .形容词(adjective,adj )用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词以-able, -al, -ful, -ish, -less, -ous, -y 等后缀结尾的词功能：1 .定语：The high price surprised him.She told us something interesting 后置定语) enough food, beautiful enough2 .表语:The sun was hot.3 .补语:The

7、y find the book quite interesting.4 .主语或宾语:The rich like living in the countryside.5 .状语： Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park. (= Whether it was wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park.用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词以-able, -al, -ful, -ish, -less, -ous, -y 等后缀结尾的词-ed

8、人的感受：tired, tiring; amazed, amazing; fascinated, fascinating;I was amazed at the variety of wonderful animals.-ing引发情感的事物或人：It' s an absolutely amazing city to visit.Exercise 1: -ed, -ing：1.1 was really (please) when I opened my present because it was just what I wanted.2. The jungle was full of

9、 strange noises and I felt(frighten) during the whole trip.3. Having a warm bath can be very(relax) after exercise.4. My trip through the jungle was the most(excite)Adventure I' ve ever had. I can t wait to go back.1 .以-ly结尾的形容词1) friendly, deadly, lovely, lonely, likely , lively , ugly, brother

10、ly,仍为形容 词。2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词，也为副词。daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.2 .用形容词表示类别和整体某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如： the dead, the living , the rich, the poor, the blind, the hungry3 .多个形容词修饰名词的顺序限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)-出处-材料性质，类 别名词a small r

11、ound table; a tall gray building ； a dirty old brown shirt; a famous German medical school形容词的比较等级一.原级1) as- as2) not as(so) - as3) 数词+times +as+®级+as二.比较级1)形容词比较级的构成：1 .单音节形容词后加-er,以不发音的e结尾加-r：2 . short-shorternice-nicer2 .辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i加-er：heavy-heavier happy happier3 .末尾是元辅结构，且重读，双写末尾的辅

12、音字母再加-er:big-bigger hot-hotter4 .部分双音节词和多音节词在前面加more: athletic-more athletic5 .部分形容词不规则变化 ：good-better形容词不规则变化farfarther/further原级比较级goodbetterwellbetterbadworsebadlyworse川worsemanymoremuchmorelittleless形容词的比较等级二.比较级的用法1）比较级+than2）比较级+and+比较级，more and more+M级3） the+比较级，the+比较级4） the+比较级 + of the two

13、三.最高级1 .形容词最高级的构成：1）单音节形容词后加-est,以不发音的e结尾加-st：2 ） short-shortest nice-nicest3 .辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i加-est: heavy-heaviest happy happiest4 .末尾是元辅结构，且重读，双写末尾的辅音字母再加-est:big-biggest hot-hottest5 .部分双音节词和多音节词在前面加the most: athletic-the most athletic6 .部分形容词不规则变化：good-best四.最高级的用法1）三者或三者以上比较，用the+最高级+名词+范围Th

14、is is the cleanest place of the city.2）表示 最一之一”，用on of the + 形容词最高级+名词复数” This is one of the most interesting books that I ve ever read.、形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成1、规则变化构成方法原级比较级最局级单音 节词 和少 数多音节 词一般在词尾加-er/?/或-est/ist/coldcoldercoldestfastfasterfastest以字母e结尾的形容词，加-r或-stnicenicernicestlargelargerlargest重读闭音节词只

15、有一个辅音字母时，应先双写 辅首子母；再加-es或-estbigbiggerbiggesthothotterhottest以辅音字母+v”结尾的 双音节词，先改 "+y结 尾的双音节词，先改 y” 为“i'再加-er或-esteasyeasiereasiestearlyearlierearliest多音 节词 和部 分双音节 词在词前加 more 或 mosttiredmoretiredmost tiredeasilymoreeasilymost easily形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成2、不规则变化原级比较级最高级good / wellbetterbestbad / b

16、adly/illworseworstmany / muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfartherfarthestfurtherfurthestoldolderoldesteldereldest4.副词(Adverb,adv )副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、 介词、连词等单词或短语，以说明动作性 质或状态的特征的词(1) 一般副词主要分为以下几种：时间副词,如：today, now, tomorrow, for 3 minutes地点副词，如：here, there, above, outside方式副词,如：hard, well, badly, fast, sl

17、owly程度副词,如：very, quite, much, still, almost频率副词， 如：often, always, sometimes, never(2) 疑问副词(放在特殊疑问句的句首),如：how, when, where, why(3) 关系副词(放在定语从句句首),如：when, where, why(4)连接副词(放在名词从句句首),如：how, when, where, why, whether功能：1 .作状语：a. You should always review your lessons.b. The visitors are warmly welcomed

18、by the students.c. Certainly we should try out best to improve our work.2 .作表语：a. He is abroad.b. The class is over.c. The football match is on.3 .作定语：a. He turned the radio down so that he shouldrt disturb the old lady downstairs.而置 定语）4 .作补语a. I found all the lights on when I got home last night.形

19、容词、副词比较等级有些词的比较级和最高级有两种不同形式，意义上也有所不同，如：older /oldest（比较老/最老的），elder / eldest （年龄比较大的/最大的）；farther / farthest用于 本义，表示 比较远的/最远的"，而further / furthest常用于引申意义，表示 更进 一步的，更深一层的/最深层的”a. He is the oldest comrade in our office.b. He is the eldest son in the family.c. He went abroad for further studies.表示

20、 比多（大）几倍”时，用 倍数+ as-as”结构或 悟数+比较级+than”表a. This book costs twice as much as that one.b. The university is three times as big as it was in 1980. =The university is three times bigger than it was in 1980.可用much, far, still, even等修饰比较级，表示 更”，“得多”之意a. Her handwriting is much better than mine.b. This str

21、eet is far wider and longer than any other street in Beijing.可用 名词词组或数词词组+比较级”的结构来表示 比相差多少”，ten minutes later, two meters longer, a few steps further比较级+ and +比较级表示 越来越”.Summer is coming. It is getting hotter and hotter.the +比较级+主语+谓语+其他，the +比较级+主语+谓语+其他”表示 越， 就越”The harder you study, the more know

22、ledge you will get.more-than有时表示 与其说，倒不如说”a. He is more diligent than wise与其说他聪明，不如说他勤奋b. He is more a friend than a teacherW其说他是一位老师，不如说更像一位朋 友no+比较级+than”和not +比较级+than”所表示的意思不相同，前者表示 和一样不”（即两者都不），后者表示 不比更”（仅否定前者，即表示前者不如后者）a. His English is no better than mine.两人的英语都不好b. His English is not better

23、than mine.他的英语不如我的英语好有时用比较级表示最高级的意思a. It can't be safer再安全不过了 .b. She cant be more beautiful.她简直美极了c. He works harder than the other students in his class.d. He works harder than any other student in his class.the +序数词+最高级”表示第几”之意a. China is the third largest country in the world.b. The Yellow R

24、iver is the second longest river in China.5 .代词(pronoun,pron )人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词(each other),指示代词(this, that, these, those ),疑问代词(who, whom, whose, which, what),关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, that), 不定代词(each, every, most, either, neither, both)人称主格宾格形容词性的 物主代词名词性的物 主代词反身代词我Imemyminemyself你youyouyou

25、ryoursyourself他hehimhishishimself她sheherherhersherself它Itititsitsitself我们weusweoursourselves你们youyouyouryoursyourselves他们theythemtheytheirsourselves6 .数词(numeral)(1)基数词One, five, thirtyHundred, thousand, million, billion(2)序数词first/firstly/first of all/in the first placesecond, secondly, second of a

26、ll, in the second place4种英语虚词1 .冠词(Article)不定冠词(indefinite article) : a, an(发音以元音开头)Exercise:university, umbrella, honest child, Italian定冠词(definite article): the特定的一个或一些 ，独一无二the sun, the international market, the most beautiful play the guitar冠词an的使用(1)拼写以辅音字母开头读音却以元音开头的单词hour, honest, honor等单词的拼写

27、虽然以辅音字母h开头，但其读音却以元音开头，因此，前面要用an。(2)拼写以元音字母开头读音却以辅音开头的单词useful, university, usual, united, European, one-eyed, one-wa冷单词的拼写虽然以元音字母开头，但其读音却以元音开头，因此，前面要用a。在26个英文字母中,a, e, i, o, f, h, l, m, n, r, s, x这12个字母的读音是以元音 开头的，其余字母的读音则是以辅音开头的The word "empty" includes"m " and"y".2 .介

28、词(preposition)表示时间：A、表示 在 某时间.常用介词at, on, in等。a、用at来表示在某一段时刻：at dawn/ at noon /at night /at midnightat six ：在6点钟b、用at来表示在岁时at sixteen/at the age of sixteen : 16 岁的时候c、用on来表示在星期几/某日on Monday :在星期一on June 4th:在 6 月 4 日on Christmas Day : 在圣诞节那一天B、表示期间常用介词 during, for, over, within, throughout, from 和 to 等。a. during用于已知的一段时间包括大家熟知的节日或者某种已确切限定的时期或阶段之前during the Middle Ages 在中世纪during 1942 :在 1942 年中during the summer (of that yeai): 在 (