科普类说明文阅读理解题的解题技巧

1、科普类说明文阅读理解的解题技巧洪湖一中 刘习文 “说明文”，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为表达方式的文体，它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等做科学解说。高考说明文多考查科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多，其专业术语多，抽象度高，解题难度大，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校选拔人才，是高考英语阅读理解题的必考题之一。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便做出准确的语意理解。历年的科普类文章有以下特点： 1结构严谨，逻辑性强。它有明确的主题，论证主题的事实以及严谨的逻

2、辑结构，层次分明，段落清晰。一般由导语（introduction）、背景（background）、主体（main body）和结尾（ends）四部分构成，主题句常出现在句首和句尾。  2文章注重科技领域的新发现，内容新颖，抽象复杂。但词汇具有单一性和准确性的特点。语言上力求浅显易懂，用通俗的语言解释某种科学现象。因此，尽管有专业词汇和术语，但可以通过上下文、构词法等来猜出词义。 3命题侧重对具体细节的准确理解和以之为依据的推理判断。 4以人们的日常行为或饮食健康入手，探讨利弊，诠释过程，阐述概念。 科普说明文设置题型： 1.动植物保护自身方式判断题介绍动植物生长特点时常出现受环境影响

3、动植物保护自身方式判断题，这种试题常以To defend, uses或How doesprotect itself against?为设问方式，解题时应认真阅读原文对动植物自我保护方式内容的介绍，看其是以进化、逃避还是进攻保护自身。 2.标题判断题科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage?为设问方式，解题时应特别注意因科普说明文常介绍动植物是如何保护自身的，因此多以How do/doesdefend themselves(itself)为标题。3.生词词义判断题 科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘

4、、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。解题时一定要认真阅读原文，分析原文对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义。4.代词指代判断题科技说明文在对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理进行解释时，易出现动作变换多、人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题，这些试题常以it, they, them

5、等表物的代词为命题题点，要求考生根据上下文语境逻辑推断其指代对象。解题时应认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作不同执行者，从而准确判断代词的正确指代。5.科学方法图示判断题 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，

6、以便最终做出正确判断。 6.新产品使用方法判断题 科学的发明创造都应推广使用才能转化为生产力，因此科普说明文阅读材料常出现新产品使用方法判断题，这种试题常以What is the correct way to use the new invention?或How can you use the new product?或What should we do to use the new product?为设问方式考查对新产品使用方法的判断。解题时应认真阅读原文介绍新产品使用方法的注意点，从而找到新产品正确的使用方法。解题技巧： 一科普文传播科学，解题要“遵循科学的内在逻辑”。利用科学规律可以快速

7、排除阅读题的干扰选项，因为干扰项往往是逻辑不严密、观点偏颇、片面、甚至是荒唐错误的。 如：（2013湖北E）Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people _.A. to fully enjoy their present life B. to estimate their contribution accuratelyC. to take measures against potential risks D. to value health more highly than wealth 分析： Pessimism

8、 悲观主义，凡事都往坏的一面想。从辩证的角度看，其积极的一面：有利于对危害危险有比较充分的认识，所以不用看文章，就知道C是正确的。悲观的人不容易做到A，充分享受现有的生活；悲观与B、D无关。再如：Biomass(生物质) is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-derived materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. Wh

9、y is Biomass considered as “a sort of natural battery”?A. It burns merely plant matter. B. It keeps producing electricity.C. It stores the energy from the sun. D. It produces zero carbon dioxide.分析： 生物质为什么被认为是“一种天然电池”？生物学知识告诉我们，植物吸收太阳光转化为生物能储存在体内，通过化学方式，可以把它所储存的这种能量转化出来利用。依据这个科学知识，我们得出答案C. B项，生物质本身不

10、发电，不能keeps producing electricity.说明B不对。D项说的是Biomass 能的优点，不是它被叫做电池的原因，所以不对。A说它燃烧植物，错。二科普文主旨明确，精准、直白、在首尾。即：文章主旨在首尾段；段落主旨在首尾句。 如： A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanic fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech i

11、ntegrated systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks. “Its extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of indivi

12、dual components(元件)”. They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small,off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue si

13、tes, in farmers fields or on the battlefield. Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Father of Robotic Fly B. Inspiration from Engineering Science C. Robotic Fly imitates Real Life I

14、nsect D. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study1）各段焦点是什么？即多次重复的词Robotic Fly2）本文内容摘要科技话题Robotic Fly五段内容之焦点研发者 A team of engineers at Harvard University 首段之首产品用途 it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers fields or on the battlefield. 倒数第二段科技意义 the design offers a new way

15、 to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale 尾段首句结论：主旨直白在开头再如：首段 For some people, music is no fun at all. About four percent of the population is what scientists call “amusic”. People who are amusic are born without the ability to recognize or reproduce musical notes(音调). Amusic people oft

16、en cannot tell the difference between two songs. Amusics can only hear the difference between two notes if they are very far apart on the musical scale.What is the passage mainly concerned with?A. Amusics strange behaviours. B. Some peoples inability to enjoy music.C. Musical talent and brain struct

17、ure. D. Identification and treatment of amusics.分析： 本文讲述的是世界上有一群天生不喜欢听音乐的人，被称之为amusic， 这些人听力上没有任何问题，只是不喜欢音乐，与无法欣赏音乐。之前都没有得到统一的诊断或认识，直到现在。因此答案选B，意思是一些人无法欣赏音乐。A项错在strange behaviors, 文章没有谈到他们的一些奇怪的举动。C项与文章大意不符；D项错在treatment，文中没有讲到如何帮助治疗他们的问题。3、 科普文侧重思维能力的考查 思维能力包括发现问题、分析问题的能力和抽象概括的能力。 寻找显性目标，顺藤摸瓜，发现问题；

18、分析事物的相关性，判断各对象之间的关系来挖掘隐性目标；或通过多个对象的共同元素来抽象概括，提炼目标。如：Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear. Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a se

19、nse of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩) and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event, depending on which point it

20、is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.What is the finding of the study?A. Ones heart affects how he feels fear. B. Fear is a result of ones relaxed heartbeat.C. Fear has something to do with ones health.D. Ones fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear. 分析： 本文属于科普文，介绍了心脏与恐惧的关系。通过两次

21、试验， 研究者发现这两者之间的关系，同时借助这一发现，研究者希望能够减轻或者治疗恐惧和压力所带来的诸多问题。 根据第一段第一句得出答案A。C选项表述与本文无关，D选项表述不正确。 再如： According to the designer, the lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed, so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians. Besides, it would be grounded to protect from possible lightning strike. Each lamp

22、brella would offer enough shelter for several people. Being installed at 2 meters off the ground, it would only be a danger for the tallest of pedestrians.What does Paragraph 5 mainly tell us about the lampbrella? A. Its moving speed B. Its appearance C. Its installation D. Its safety 分析： 本文介绍一种新发明，

23、它可以让你即使在下雨天没带雨衣或雨伞的时候不必害怕被淋湿。这是一种安装在路边电线杆上类似雨伞的装置，由传感器、电机和伞蓬三部分构成。 根据多个对象的共同元素概括出答案为C（装置）。四、密切关注文中的转折，作者的观点往往在转折后。 如：When he started ,he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was aston

24、ished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen(标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury. Rothschilds finding stated in Paragraph 4 _.A. confirmed his assumptionB. speeded up his resea

25、rch processC. disagreed with his assumptionD. changed his research objectives 分析： 本文是说明文，介绍一种研究发现，即对鱼龙等海洋生物变弯曲的原因的研究。 从第四段第一句的“assume”和第二句中的“Instead，he was astonished to discover the opposite.根据转折词instead可知答案选C。附： Science Daily (June 18,2012) An experimental vaccine(疫苗) developed to prevent out

26、breaks of Marburg(马尔堡病毒) hemorrhagic(出血的) fever continues to show promise in monkeys as an emergency treatment for accidental exposures to the virus that causes the disease.There is no licensed treatment for Marburg infection，which has a high fatality rate. In a study of rhesus macaques(恒河猴)，5 of 6

27、monkeys survived a fatal dose of Marburg virus when treated 24 hours after infection，and 2 of 6 survived when treated 48 hours after infection.Because rhesus macaques typically die of Marburg infection faster than humans，the post­exposure treatment window might be extended even further in human

28、s，the study authors say.The study，overseen by a scientific team from the National Institutes of Health and three other groups with expertise in viral hemorrhagic fevers，was posted online by the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases. “Developing safe，effective，and rapidly effective post­exposure

29、treatments for filoviruses (丝状病毒) is an important scientific priority for our Institute，”says Anthony SFauci，M.D.，director of NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)“The vaccine used in this study is among several novel approaches to treating filoviruses that show gre

30、at potential.” The fact that three of the rhesus macaques in the current study showed evidence of Marburg virus in periodic blood tests，but later cleared the virus from their systems and survived，is particularly satisfying to Dr.Feldmann and Tom Geisbert，Ph.D.，of Boston University.In addition,14 day

31、s after infection，all of the rhesus macaques that survived showed moderate to high levels of antibodies(抗体)against Marburg virus.The scientists view this as proof that the vaccine worked as hoped.1What would be the best title of this passage?AEvidence of Marburg Virus in Periodic Blood TestsBSeveral

32、 Novel Approaches to Treating FilovirusesCA Lethal Dose of Marburg Virus in HumansDExperimental Marburg Vaccine Prevents Disease Two Days After Infection2According to the passage，there is a scientific team from _ inspecting the study.Athe journal Science Daily Bthe journal Emerging Infectious Diseas

33、es CNational Institutes of Health DBoston University3The underlined word in Paragraph 2 most probably means _.Aa kind of virus Ba specified quantityCa kind of treatment Da type4From the passage，which of the following statements is RIGHT?AThere is no treatment for Marburg infection.BMarburg belongs to filoviruses.CThe