主旨大意题目的解题技巧czc

1、2015阅读理解解题技巧阅读理解解题技巧主旨大意题主旨大意题 陈志超Dec. 25th, 2014Leading-in：lets enjoy a joke. Jack: God, may I smoke when I am reading the Bible(圣经圣经)？God：No, you mustnt.A day laterJack: God, may I read the Bible when I am smoking?God: Oh, of course you can. Go ahead. Question: What can you learn from the joke？Pre

2、sentation 主旨大意题常有以下5种命题方式：1.段意型（也有考句子主要意思的，但较少） Whats the main idea/point /theme of paragraph 3 ? 2.文章主旨型 Whats the main idea/point of the passage? Whats mainly talked about in the passage?3.标题型（the best title） 4.文章结构型（structure）How is the passage organized/developed ? 5.写作意图型(main purpose, intentio

3、n) Whats the purpose of the passage?The passage is meant to_.3 . d e t a i l s2.Paragraph ideas1.Passage idea每一篇短文都是一颗枝叶分明的树，主次清晰，相互联系。每一篇短文都是一颗枝叶分明的树，主次清晰，相互联系。每一段话，每一句话也是如此。每一段话，每一句话也是如此。一.段意型:能分析句子间的逻辑关系，抓住关键词句领会段意。这也是做好所有主旨大意题目的最重要的能力。Task1.分析长句，分清主次，把握句子主要意思 1.In their skins, corals have tiny p

4、lants which act as dustmen, taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs very much to breathe. 本句主要意思：Practice1 把握长句及段意 2.Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear

5、a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 本句主要意思：7 3.“I didnt want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when were selfcontrolled and do our part in managing the disease.”本句的

6、主要意思：Summary :如何把握一个长句的主要意思？技巧：去除从句，非谓语等定语和状语后，句子主干即为句子主要意思，如有but，but后为主要意思。B牛刀小试：When first entered, Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob(烤肉串)hit the senses, you are incapable of calling it anything less. (2011湖南卷A篇)56. When first entering

7、the restaurant, one can find that it _. A. is splendidly decorated B. has pleasant smells of kabobs C. is crowded with dining tables D. looks like a common restaurantTask2 理解段落内句子间关系，分清主次，找出或总结出段意1. Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, bu

8、t was sent homeonly for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment. （2014 四川C） 41. What does Paragraph 8 mainly talk about? A. What Colm suffered. B.

9、 Colms present condition. C. What caused Colms allergy. D. Symptoms of Colms allergic reaction.A思路：本段是叙述九岁小女孩对父亲实施急救后的一个追述，只有两句话，去掉枝叶即 Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction.The second attack was serious.第二句话实际上是对第一句的补充，是次要句子。第一句（主谓宾）对应答案A。 2. This craftbased theory is rooted in

10、 history. William Morris, the English artist and writer, turned back to preindustrial arts in the eighteensixties, just after the Industrial Revolution. The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines. “Without creative human occupation, people became disconnected from life,” Morris sai

11、d.（2014浙江 C）52. The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that human beings _. A. have destroyed many preindustrial arts B. have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts C. can become intelligent by learning history D. can regain their individual identity by using machines 思路：本段第一句具有很高的概括性，是本段的主题句。后面的是思路：本段第一句具

12、有很高的概括性，是本段的主题句。后面的是为论证主题句的具体证据，是细节。为论证主题句的具体证据，是细节。 选项选项B中中tradition 对应第一句对应第一句中中 is rooted in history, arts and craft 对应对应 craft。B 牛刀小试：Grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to g

13、o swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins Tw

14、inkle, twinkle, little star or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. （2012新课标D）1. What is the main idea of paragraph I?A. People remember well what they learned in childhood. B. Children have a better memory than grownups. C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words. D

15、. Stories for children arc easy to remember. A牛刀再试：找出本段主题句牛刀再试：找出本段主题句Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. A camper（宿营者） also

16、needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 思路思路：段落主题句常出现在段首或段末，但本段：段落主题句常出现在段首或段末，但本段概括性概括性的主的主题句出现在段落中间。前两句并列例子，为主题句铺垫，后一题句出现在段落中间。前两句并列例子，为主题句铺垫，后一句为例子，即拓展。句为例子，即拓展。 技巧技巧：1.段落中出现表转折的词语段落中出现表转折的词语(如如however, but, in fact, actually等等)时时, 该句很可能是主题句。该句很可能是主题句。 2.首段出现疑问句时首段出现疑问句时, 对该问题的回答很

17、可能就是文章主旨。对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.表示总结或结论的话通常都是主题句，常有表示总结或结论的话通常都是主题句，常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词语提示。等词语提示。Practice二、把握文章大意二、把握文章大意 如何把握文章大意？如何把握文章大意？方法：自己在阅读后用方法：自己在阅读后用一句话（用简单句最好）概括全文一句话（用简单句最好）概括全文(尤其适用于记叙文，因为记叙文常无主题句尤其适用于记叙文，因为记叙文常无主题句)，然后与选，然后与选项比对。说明文和议论文通常有主题句，感到吃力时，用项比对。说明文

18、和议论文通常有主题句，感到吃力时，用浏览法浏览法(skimming)选读文章的选读文章的首段、尾段首段、尾段，也可以每段的，也可以每段的首句和尾句，即每段的首句和尾句，即每段的主题句，主题句，搜索搜索概括性概括性的主题线索和的主题线索和主题信息，各段主题句的主语，即为题眼。主题信息，各段主题句的主语，即为题眼。1.Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant love others until you love yourself. Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant expect someon

19、e else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, youve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that were the apple of our parents eyes, and. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self image and learn to love yourself

20、.The best way to defeat a passive self image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Dont allow doubts to occur in it. . The best way to get rid of a negative selfimage is to realize that your

21、image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. . What is the passage mainly about?A. How to prepare for your success. B. How to face challenges in your life.C. How to build a positive selfimage .D. How to develop your good qualities.C思路：红体主题句说明本文是思路：红体主题句说

22、明本文是讲如何消除否定的自我形象讲如何消除否定的自我形象, 建建立肯定的自我形象的。故选立肯定的自我形象的。故选c。2.Every day we experience one of the wonders of the world around us without even realizing it. It is not the amazing complexity of television. Nor the impressive technology of transport. The universal wonder we share and experience is our abi

23、lity to make noises with our mouths, and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each others minds. This ability comes so naturally that we tend to forget what a miracle（奇迹）it is.75. This passage is mainly about_. （2010江西卷E p1）A. the development of body language B. the special role humans play in natureC.

24、 the power to convey information to othersD. the difference between humans and animals in language use思路：思路：找出该段的主题句，找出该段的主题句， The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noises with our mouths, and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each others minds. 即可得出即可得出C。主题句前两句作用是主题句前两

25、句作用是_,后一句作用是后一句作用是_.技巧：通常第一段或最后一段中具有概括性，结论性的句子就是技巧：通常第一段或最后一段中具有概括性，结论性的句子就是文章的中心。文章的中心。CPractice三、最佳题目三、最佳题目Questions：1.文章的最佳题目有什么特点？文章的最佳题目有什么特点？2.你是如何选最佳题目的？你是如何选最佳题目的？文章标题就是对文章的主要意思的概括文章标题就是对文章的主要意思的概括, 因此因此, 解答这类题的方法与解答这类题的方法与解答主旨要义题的方法基本相同解答主旨要义题的方法基本相同, 都是寻找主题句都是寻找主题句, 或归纳主要内容。或归纳主要内容。但主要内容题但

26、主要内容题(main idea, mainly about)题的选项多用句子的形式题的选项多用句子的形式, 而标题多用短语而标题多用短语(特别是名词短语特别是名词短语)的形式的形式, 且具有以下且具有以下3个特点个特点：(1)概括性概括性: 准确而又简短。准确而又简短。(2)针对性针对性: 内容范围相符内容范围相符, “帽子帽子”不大不小。不大不小。(3)醒目性醒目性: 新颖奇特新颖奇特,吸引眼球，吸引眼球， 能引发读者急迫的阅读欲望。能引发读者急迫的阅读欲望。同学们千万同学们千万不能犯两个不分的错误不能犯两个不分的错误：大小不分大小不分；主次不分。主次不分。解题时常采用两种方法：解题时常采用

27、两种方法：解题方法解题方法1 关键词法：关键词法：寻找寻找主题句主题句或或一句话（简单句）概括全文一句话（简单句）概括全文，题目和主题句题目和主题句含有关键词含有关键词。题目如果没有关键词，则必。题目如果没有关键词，则必暗示关键词暗示关键词或主要内容。或主要内容。解题方法解题方法2 假如法：假如法：如果给你选项中的某个标题，正文应该涉及哪如果给你选项中的某个标题，正文应该涉及哪些方面的内容？该法常用来排除过大或过小的题目。些方面的内容？该法常用来排除过大或过小的题目。正确选项特点：正确选项特点：1. 正确选项一般正确选项一般不出现细节信息不出现细节信息。2. 正确选项一般正确选项一般不含过分肯

28、定或绝对意义的词不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。3. 正确选项一般含有正确选项一般含有抽象名词或概括性词语抽象名词或概括性词语。4. 概括全面、范围一致、说明道理概括全面、范围一致、说明道理的选项一般是正确答案。的选项一般是正确答案。5. 四个选项中四个选项中, 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确答案。是正确答案。6. 双关语双关语，对文章全文有暗示或比喻的作用。，对文章全文有暗示或比喻的作用。干扰项特点：干扰项特点：1）太小太小，即以偏概全，只是局部信息，即以偏概全，只是局部信息, 或是一句仅仅提及但没或是一句仅仅提及但没有展开论述的话有展开论

29、述的话.2）太大太大，即过于笼统，人为扩大文章外延。以此为题写记叙文，即过于笼统，人为扩大文章外延。以此为题写记叙文时，一千人会写出一千篇不同的故事，如时，一千人会写出一千篇不同的故事，如an unforgettable thing。3）以己度人以己度人，即主观臆断，把自己观点代替文章或作者观点，即主观臆断，把自己观点代替文章或作者观点，4）无关信息无关信息, 既在文章中没有提到既在文章中没有提到 1.议论文议论文 Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power,

30、 commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated. Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they

31、 develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow? Always give credit . Take informed risks . Encourage enthusiasm.63. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Leadership Is of Skills and TechniquesB. Leadership Is Very ImportantC. Not Many Can Be LeadersD. How to B

32、e a Leader1.D通过浏览法通过浏览法, 得知：第一段最得知：第一段最后一句后一句“领导技能必须精心培领导技能必须精心培养养”, 第二段首句第二段首句“大多数优秀大多数优秀领导都是培养出来的领导都是培养出来的, 而不是天而不是天生的生的”, 该段末句提出该段末句提出“但是应但是应当培养哪些方面的技能呢？如何当培养哪些方面的技能呢？如何让别人听从让别人听从(你你)？”接下来接下来, 分分段论述的三点段论述的三点, 就是对这两个问就是对这两个问题的具体回答。这两个问题实质题的具体回答。这两个问题实质上就是主题句上就是主题句, “如何让别人听从如何让别人听从你你”也就是说也就是说, 如何让你

33、成为一如何让你成为一个好领导。故选个好领导。故选DHow to Be a Leader。 2.记叙文（记叙文（2014课标全国II，A ）故事梗概：）故事梗概：During the first week we arrived in Sydney，our suitcase ,which contained many important document ,was stolen. Later ,a stranger called to tell us he found a suitcase in their trashcan(垃圾桶) . 最后一段：That family not only res

34、tored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way. 24. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. From India to Australia. B. Living in a a New Country. C. Turning Tras

35、h to Treasure. D. In Search of New Friends. Which is your answer? Why?C3.说明文说明文 头两段为导入铺垫（头两段为导入铺垫（omitted） ORBIS is an international non-profit organization . ORBIS tries to help developing countries by providing training during three-week medical programs. ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques t

36、o over 35,000 doctors and nurses, who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year. ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs is China so far. For the seven to ten million blind in China ORBIS is planning to do more for them. . For just US$38,you can help one person see; for $380 you ca

37、n bring sight to 10 people; .Your money can open their eyes to the world. Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.(2014j江西江西C)What can be the best title for the passage? A.ORRIS in China B. Fighting Blindness C. ORRIS Flying Hospital D. Sightsee

38、ing TechniquesWhich is your answer? Why?C文章标题就是对文章的主要意思的概括文章标题就是对文章的主要意思的概括, 因此因此, 解答这类题的方法与解答这类题的方法与解答主旨要义题的方法基本相同解答主旨要义题的方法基本相同, 都是寻找主题句都是寻找主题句, 或归纳主要内容。或归纳主要内容。但主要内容题但主要内容题(main idea, mainly about)题的选项多用句子的形式题的选项多用句子的形式, 而标题多用短语而标题多用短语(特别是名词短语特别是名词短语)的形式的形式, 且具有以下且具有以下3个特点个特点：(1)概括性概括性: 准确而又简短。准确

39、而又简短。(2)针对性针对性: 内容范围相符内容范围相符, “帽子帽子”不大不小。不大不小。(3)醒目性醒目性: 新颖奇特新颖奇特,吸引眼球，吸引眼球， 能引发读者急迫的阅读欲望。能引发读者急迫的阅读欲望。同学们千万同学们千万不能犯两个不分的错误不能犯两个不分的错误：大小不分大小不分；主次不分。主次不分。解题时常采用两种方法：解题时常采用两种方法：解题方法解题方法1 关键词法：关键词法：寻找寻找主题句主题句或或一句话（简单句）概括全文一句话（简单句）概括全文，题目和主题句题目和主题句含有关键词含有关键词。题目如果没有关键词，则必。题目如果没有关键词，则必暗示关键词暗示关键词或主要内容。或主要内容。解题方法解题方法2 假如法：假如法：如果给你选项中的某个标题，正文应该涉及哪如果给你选项中的某个标题，正文应该涉及哪些方面的内容？该法常用来排除过大或过小的题目。些方面的内容？该法常用来排除过大或过小的题目。Production：summary一、分析长句：去除从句