高英 八个谬论

1、Eight Fallacies宋彦娉 刘艳丽 任航琴 黄泽 Dicto Simpliciter(绝对概括) Hasty Generalization(草率概括) Post Hoc(牵强附会) Contradictory Premises(矛盾前提) Ad Misericordiam(文不对题) False Analogy(错误类比) Hypothesis Contrary to Fact(虚假假设) Poisoning the Well(井里下毒)Dicto Simpliciter(绝对概括) It means an argument based on unqualified generali

2、zation.(太绝对的格言) E.g. Keeping on a diet can enable people to lose weight. Therefore, if you want to lose weight, you should keep on a diet. E.g. Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise. Hasty Generalization(草率概括)The size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion. ( or the pre

3、mise前提 is obviously not adequate, the person jumps to the conclusion.) E.g. Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves. (Of course, we shouldnt judge all Australians on the basis of one example.)Post Hoc(牵强附会) There is no connection between the cause and the fact. E.g.

4、Most young criminals watch violent movies before they commit their crimes; obviously, violent movies lead to juvenile delinquency青少年犯罪. (甲事情发生在乙事情之前，这并不代表着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因.)Contradictory Premises(矛盾前提) The premise and the conclusion contradict each other, so there can be no conclusion. E.g. If Go

5、d can do everything, can he make a stone so heavy that he cant carry? (前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方，结论当然是错误.)Ad Misericordiam(文不对题) An argument based on an appeal to the emotions; a logical fallacy that involves an irrelevant or highly exaggerated appeal to pity or sympathy . Also known as argumentum ad misericor

6、diam or appeal to pity or misery. E.g. Think of all the poor, starving African children! How could rich countries be so cruel as not to help them? False Analogy(错误类比) The premises committed universally are falsely used in the conclusion, or the conclusion and the premises happen not in the same situ

7、ation. E.g. Young children are like flowersflowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.(孩子和花朵的区别太大。成长的过程也太复杂。最好不要用这两者来类比。 )Hypothesis Contrary to Fact(虚假假设) It is falsely believed that there is only one possibility to the state of affair

8、s. E.g. If TV were not invented, today people would never have such wonderful entertainment brought by TV. (因为电视已经被发明了,对于过去的否定假设后所得出的结论都是逻辑上的错误结论.) E.g. If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed the test.Poisoning the Well(井里下毒) A logical fallacy in which a person attempts to place an opponent in a position from which he or she is unable to reply. (First the listener is forced to accept the adverse不利的 information about someone to that the teller can be easily trusted when he