工程造价外文翻译外文文献公路工程变更原因分析及其对工程造价的影响

1、Highway engineering change reasonanalysis and cost of the project of influenceAbstract: in the implementation stage because of highway engineering design factors, environmental factors, the influence of various engineering changes happened is more common, combining with engineering practice, this pa

2、per discusses the causes and engineering change of project cost.Keywords: engineering change, Reason, CostDue to the highway project period, long, long line, so broad in construction of various causes by the engineering change is inevitable. Engineering change could lead to increase of construction

3、cost or time limit of the owner and the contractor, between the claim will claim and the cost of the project.Owner of change and the causes of the costAnd when the owner change engineering bidding of construction conditions of commitment. "SanTongYiPing" referred to in the preceding paragr

4、aph, the engineering tight finish, delay purpose will increase the contractor's settlement fee, but little impact on total cost, the owner or project quantity change projects. Increase the project content or quantity, will increase the cost, Project content or cancel or reduce the number will re

5、duce cost, but may affect the use function of engineering, because the owner with agreements for the existence of incomplete, or in the contract when division, can increase content of missing the contract cost, and the owners' requirements, and shorten delivery of finished ahead of the original

6、contract period, invest more in construction unit cost of manpower and material resources, to increase, and improve the design standard requirement owner, beautiful Angle from security requirements of engineering structure change type, elevation, baseline, location, size and strength, make cost incr

7、ease, and the owner to change in the construction organization design has approved the construction plan, cost increase, and the owner of the contract with the owner of the materials or equipment supply for the category and quantity, cause cost increase or decrease, and the owner of the contract spe

8、cifies unreasonable, canword 文档 可自由复制编辑make the cost is increasedThe design of change and the causes of the costThe design adopts the new standard, new technology, new technology, to replace the original design of the project, and put to use more favorable for owner reduce project cost, the depth of

9、 the design documents, cannot satisfy the relevant provisions of the relevant design phase of engineering change and requirements, cost increase or decrease, and when designing units in the preliminary design to fully consider the network planning, and in local government and related departments (e.

10、g., environmental protection, water conservancy, electricity, gas, communication, navigation, etc.) and the requirements of the project, the main structure change shape and size change etc, make the cost increase, and design personnel errors or omissions caused engineering change. Due to the "t

11、wo SanShen school system to implement the change that cost is increased, Unit, uncoordinated cooperation between designers, or the highway facilities with the principal part of the project design, cause sync job change, make cost increase, and the design drawing not timely delivery time delay, provi

12、de, construction, make the cost compensation shutdown caused by increased.Tthe contractor to change and cause the influence. CostThe contractor is unable to perform the contract or can't completely, the contractor shall take remedial measures proposed change, this kind of change of engineering c

13、ost, can increase by contractor burden loss,the contractor has beenapproved changes when bidding of construction project, this kind of change of cost, but almost no effect for the contractor may save construction cost, and the contractor for construction is convenient, or to shorten the construction

14、 period, or to reduce the investment of construction, and puts forward such reasons, and more economical and reasonable, optimizing design scheme, this kind of change if owner recognized, can reduce the construction cost, also can reduce the cost of the owner and the contractor, mutually beneficial,

15、 According to the contract, the contractor couldn't finish, engineering construction contract extension, the owner may terminate the contract terms, according to the content of construction contract inword 文档 可自由复制编辑 whole or in part, by the contractor, this kind of other changes generally does

16、not make owner cost increase, but will make the contractor under loss, due to the contractor technology or management of the error caused by engineering change, this kind of change to the contractor, the owner may claim generally do not increase the cost, stipulated in the contract, the contractor c

17、hange by owner procurement materials, using other kinds of materials, and therefore model brand damage by contractor, unless the owner to approbate, generally do not add costthe supervisor of change and the causes of the costSupervision by the owner, commissioned by the cause of the change of the ow

18、ner or expenses directly influence the cost. 1 and supervision engineer in order to coordinate the contractor's operation, or section of this project contractors to coordinate with relevant departments or units where the relationsof production,easy cause engineering change caused by increased co

19、st. the site supervision engineers in actual situation in the contract and the technical specification for the design, according to local modification and perfect or by design, this kind of change unit may cause increased cost. and supervision engineers work and coordination ability damage caused by

20、 lack of rework, engineering cost change work. and supervision engineer proposed optimization design or construction, the design optimization or contractor agree, can reduce engineering changes caused by the project cost.The environment factors and impact on the cost of changeEngineering geology unk

21、nown or insufficiency in design, engineering cost increased to. and highway engineering construction projects from the construction, project feasibility study, design and construction drawing design to construction, due to various reasons, the project in the declaration and approval process, some pr

22、oblems existing in the construction stage, these problems caused by exposure to change, and engineering cost increase. and national policies, laws and regulations and standard, the change of change, resulting in increased cost. Four, the local government of the people's production and life conve

23、nient scheme adopted by engineering change after that cost increase. whose house is caused by delay, the work of engineering change, could lead to increased cost.word 文档 可自由复制编辑Highway engineering change of a variety of reasons, this means that the appraisal work for engineering changes are complex

24、and difficult to decrease the cost, the change of the effects are also different. Through the analysis, is looking for engineering changes the various causes, and through the analysis of the cost control are not isolated, control cost, the key is to establish and perfect the scientific management sy

25、stem. Based on control cost, quality assurance and accelerate the progress, the principle of efficiency to determine the necessity and feasibility of engineering change. Only in this way can we truly achieve the effective control of the construction project cost and improve the economic benefit and

26、social benefit.word 文档 可自由复制编辑公路工程变更原因分析及其对工程造价的影响摘要：公路工程在实施阶段由于设计因素、环境因素等多方面的影响，发生工程变更 是较常见的，文章结合工程实践，探讨工程变更的原因及其对工程造价的影响。关键词：工程变更；原因；造价影响由于公路工程项目路线长、工期长、涉及面广，因此在施工中由各种原因引起的 工程变更也不可避免。 工程变更可能导致建设费用的增减或工期的延长， 在业主和承 包商之间会出现索赔和反索赔，使工程的造价发生变化。一、业主原因引起变更及其对造价的影响1、业主改变工程招标时承诺的施工条件。如 “三通一平 ”条件，本工程紧前项目 的延迟

27、完成等，会增加承包方的结算费用，但对总造价影响很小；2、业主变更项目内容或项目数量。增加项目内容或者数量，会增加造价；减少或取消项目内容或数量 会降低造价，但可能影响工程的使用功能； 3、因业主原 因同承包方签订的协议存在 不完整之外，或在标段划分时出现遗漏内容，会增加合同外造价；4、业主要求提前竣工交付，缩短原合同工期， 导致施工单位投入更多 的人力和物力， 使造价增加； 5、 业主要求提高原设计标准， 从安全美观等角度要求改变工程结构的型式、 标高、基线、 位置、尺寸、强度等，使造价增加； 6、业 主要求改变已在施工组织设计中被批准的 施工方案，使造价增加； 7、业主对原合同中约定同业主供

28、应的材料或设备的种类或 数量进行增减，引起造价增加或减 少； 8、业主的指定发包不合理，会使造价增加。二、设计原因引起变更及其对造价的影响1、设计采用新标准、新工艺、新技术来替代原有设计，使项目的投入使用更加 有利，并为业主减少工程造价； 2、设计文件的深度不能满足相应设计 阶段的有关规 定要求而引起的工程变更，导致造价增加或减少； 3、设计单位在初步设计时未能充 分考虑原地面的路网规划和地方政府及相关部门（如环境保护、供 电、供气、水利、 通讯、航道等）的要求而引起的工程变更，主要表现结构形式和尺寸的改变等方面， 使造价增加； 4、设计人员的错误或疏漏引起工程变更。由于 “二校三审 ”制度落

29、实不 够导致变更使造价增加； 5、设计单位设计人员之间配合不协调，或公路的附属设施 同主体工程的设计不同步，引起工作变更，使造价增 加；6 、分期交付的设计图纸不 能及时提供，工期延误，造成施工方停工引起索赔，使造价增加。word 文档 可自由复制编辑三、承包人原因引起变更及其对造价的影响1、承包人无法履行或不能完全履行合同，承包人提出采取补救措施的变更，这 类变更不能增加工程造价，由承包人负担损失费用； 2、承包人变更投 标时已被批准 的施工方案，这类变更对造价几乎不会产生影响，但可能为承包人节省施工费用；3、承包人为了施工方便，或为缩短工期，或为减少投入等原因，提 出对施工有利，且 更加经济、合理、优化的设计方案，这类变更如果业主认可，可减少施工成本，也可 降低造价，