毕业论文外文翻译-美国的农村金融体制

1、河南科技学院新科学院 2021届本科毕业论文 英文文献及翻译Rural Financial Management In America 学生姓名： 所在系别： 经济系 所学专业： 国际经济与贸易 导师姓名： 完成时间： 2021年12月1日-9日 American of rural financial systemThe United States is the world agriculture of the most developed countries, this with a complete the rural financial system are inseparable. A

2、merican building the rural financial system are fundamental principles for agricultural development fund supports. After years of development, the rural America from whole formed a multi-level and comprehensive financial systems, through government subsidy, the development of rural financial system,

3、 increase agricultural loans and agricultural production socialization and other channels for agriculture, agricultural development, meet the financing of various funds for agricultural modernization needs, provides funding. American rural financial system belongs to a kind of composite credit model

4、, this model has the following characteristics: one is to provide agricultural credit funds of organizations, both professional rural financial institutions, there are other types of financial institutions. 2 it is in financial organization system, general is cooperative financial institution, polic

5、y financial institutions and commercial financial institutions co-existing. The United States has now formed the government leading rural policy finance, rural cooperative financial system and a rural commercial finance system. (a) American policy of rural financial system According to the American

6、agricultural credit law to establish a rational division of labor and cooperation of policy-related finance system that by farmers' living bureau, rural electrification bureau, commodity credit company and small business administration composition. American policy rural financial institutions is

7、 by the U.S. federal government leading created, especially for its agriculture development and rural development to provide financing institution. Its main function is for agricultural production and activities related to the agricultural production provide credit funds and service, and through the

8、 adjustment of agricultural credit activity production scale and the direction of development, implementation of rural financial policy, the control of agricultural development scale, etc. These financial institutions funds mainly comes from the government provides capital, budget, loan turnover fun

9、ds and part, borrowing funds utilization is mainly provides some commercial Banks and other lenders is not willing to provide loans, in loan object on different records. 1. To improve farmers' living, improvement of agricultural production for the purpose of peasants living innings. Farmers'

10、 living innings of the predecessor is agricultural revitalize administration, the agency not profit-minded purpose, aims to help the poor areas and low-income farmers solve fund shortage problem, its borrower is mainly who cannot from commercial Banks and other agricultural credit institutions of ag

11、ricultural loans to employees. In recent years, farmers living bureau also become American government to implement the agricultural policy, the main tool. If the U.S. government to rational utilization of agricultural production resources and family to farmers by farmers extend bureau of water conse

12、rvancy and land improvement loans, time limit can be 40 years. In 1990s, farmers living in state, county bureau set up offices has reached more than 1700, strongly support the development of agriculture. Farmers' living bureau of capital operation is mainly provides loans and guarantee. Farmers&

13、#39; living bureau of loans into direct loan scheme and emergency loan program two kinds, including farm ownership loans, operating expenditure loans, crackage construction loan, water conservancy development and soil conservation loans, etc; Farmers' living bureau is mainly to the commercial Ba

14、nks and other financial institutions according to the farmers living bureau loan scheme to farmers the borrower loan assure. 2. To improve rural public facilities and conditions and the establishment of the rural electrification bureau. Rural community development, the construction of water conserva

15、ncy, electric power facilities and other relevant rural basic construction issue that needs to be unified planning to address common, countries should give financial support and provide the necessary credit help. Founded in 1935 of rural electrification bureau, is also the usda subsidiary institutio

16、ns, Its main functions are on rural thermal-power cooperatives and farms the borrower loan to improve rural electrification level. The agency's fund use is also known for loans and guarantee primarily. 3. Commodity credit company. In 1933, the U.S. government established commodity credit company

17、 mainly in order to respond to natural disasters and agricultural crisis. Commodity credits to farm because company natural disasters caused the reduction of give subsidies, and agricultural production insurance are similar. Its main function is implementing the administration of price and income su

18、pport program that price support, control of agricultural production, avoid agriculture production waves to the agricultural producers impact, safeguard the interests of consumers. The fund application forms mainly for providing loans and payment subsidies, mainly including agricultural mortgages, w

19、arehousing, drying and other treatment equipment loans, disaster subsidies and price subsidies. In addition, the United States has a kind of policy-based financial institutions - small business administration, is specialized for not from other normal channel gaining sufficient funds of small busines

20、ses to provide financing to help. The fund mainly comes from parliament appropriated turnover funds and withdraw the loan principal and interest, etc, the fund is mainly used for issuing direct loans, participate in joint loan and guarantee and other special credit. Small business administration on

21、small farms lending is with peasants living bureau division of collaboration, if small farm borrower economic conditions and bad loans small, then by farmer family bureau fund supports, when small farm borrower economic status improved, the more loan demand by the small business administration provi

22、ded. (b) American rural cooperative finance system Benefited from the United States highly developed economic and financial system, American rural constructed comparatively perfect cooperation financial system. In the early 20th century, American agricultural credit financing is mostly by private in

23、stitutions and individuals with, such credit funds of the quantity is limited, and period is shorter, as the us economy development, the financial system has clearly can not adapt to the needs of the development of modern agriculture. The U.S. government began in 1916 NongDai formulated a series of

24、law, set up by the U.S. government leading NongDai grass-roots organization specialized Banks and credit system. Its main purpose is passed on the agricultural organizations, agricultural development project lending, expand agricultural funds available sources, improving farmers' working conditi

25、ons and welfare, increases the farmers' income, accelerate the development of agriculture. Initial rural financial cooperation organization are in government leaders and contributed by support built, along with the national capital gradually introduced, now of the rural cooperative finance has b

26、ecome by farmers have cooperation financial institutions. Now, the rural cooperative finance by federal medium-term credit bank, cooperative Banks, federal land bank and land bank cooperatives three system composition, the three rural cooperative financial institutions are in government leaders and

27、capital support, using a top-down way up. Among them the federal medium-term credit bank is America's most important agricultural credit cooperative system, this system is 1923 by the U.S. government in 12 credit area established 12 families federal medium-term credit bank composition, its main

28、resolving peasants' short-term loans difficult question. Every credit bank credit cooperatives, subordinate many production cooperatives implement shareholding ownership, the borrower must have equivalent to loan sum of 5% to 10% cooperatives stocks or participate in the card. Loan time limit is

29、 1 year commonly, the longest do not exceed seven years. With the corresponding is federal land banking system, this system comprises 12 agricultural credit the federal land bank and its subordinate co-operatives of composition, this system has become the main provider of farmer long-term loans, Fed

30、eral land ownership, each bank implements shares to federal bank must pay a total of ubcta member borrowing capital of 5%, bank shares shall belong to all the cooperatives all, also indirectly shall belong to all the borrower all, Federal land bank only deal with long-term real estate loans, loan ob

31、ject basically is the individual farmer, loan time limit for legal 5-40 years. Cooperative bank system is designed to give us a acquire equipment, supplementary operating funds, buying goods such as providing loans and the establishment of, it by thirteen cooperative Banks composition, 12 credit dis

32、trict each set up a, still include in 1988 was created in Washington's central bank partner. (c) American agricultural insurance system American agricultural insurance system is after fumble ceaselessly, development and form. Early American agricultural insurance is by private insurance companie

33、s, but due to agricultural insurance risk huge, its management of the crop insurance are ended in failure. In order to help farmers deal with agricultural production risks, the American government has been very active in crop insurance plan. Since 1938 the federal crop insurance law enacted, the Ame

34、rican agriculture insurance after 60 years of development, the formation of a relatively complete crop insurance business, safeguard level and farmer participation rate rise ceaselessly, for stable agricultural production, improving national welfare level played an important role. Existing U.S. agri

35、cultural insurance completely by the commercial insurance company management and agent, of course, commercial insurance company will get government in business management fee and insurance premium, support of subsidies, etc. American crop insurance operation of the main points three levels, the firs

36、t layer for federal crop insurance company (risk), mainly be responsible for the nationwide administration planted terms the formulation, the risk control to private insurance companies, reinsurance support; etc. The 2nd is have management of agricultural risks qualification priate insurers, they si

37、gned an agreement with risk administration execution risk administration, and promised to the provisions of article layer is a crop insurance agent and survey nuclear deliberately, American crop insurance agent sales, mainly through specific business, they are responsible for the implementation. 美国的

38、农村金融体制 美国是世界上农业最兴旺的国家，这与其有完备的农村金融体制密不可分。美国构建农村金融体制的根本原那么是为农业开展提供资金支持。经过多年的开展，美国农村从整体上形成了多层次、全方位的金融体制，通过政府补贴、开展农村金融体系、增加农业贷款和农业生产社会化等各种渠道，为农业融通资金，满足农业开展的各种资金需要，为农业现代化提供了资金保障。美国农村金融制度属于一种复合信用型模式，这种模式具有如下特点：一是提供农业信贷资金的机构中，既有专业的农村金融机构，也有其他类型的金融机构。二是在金融组织体系上，一般是合作性金融机构、政策性金融机构及商业性金融机构并存。美国现在已经形成了政府主导的农村政

39、策性金融体系、农村合作金融体系以及农村商业性金融体系。 (一)美国的政策性农村金融体系 美国根据?农业信贷法?建立了一个分工合理、相互配合的政策性金融体系，这个体系由农民家计局、农村电气化管理局、商品信贷公司和小企业管理局组成。美国政策性农村金融机构是由美国联邦政府主导创立的，专门针对本国农业开展和农村开展提供融资的机构。其主要功能是为农业生产和与农业生产有关的活动提供信贷资金和效劳，并通过信贷活动调节农业生产规模和开展方向，贯彻实施农村金融政策，控制农业开展规模等。这些金融机构的资金主要来源于政府提供的资本金、预算拨款、贷款周转资金和局部借款，资金运用主要是提供一些商业银行和其他贷款机构不愿

40、提供的贷款，在贷款对象上各有侧重。 1.以改善农民生活、改进农业生产为宗旨的农民家计局。农民家计局的前身是农业重振管理局，该机构不以盈利为目的，旨在帮助贫困地区和低收入的农民解决资金短缺问题，其借款人主要是那些无法从商业银行和其他农业信贷机构贷到款的农业从业人员。近年来，农民家计局也成为美国政府贯彻实施农业政策的主要工具。如美国政府为了合理利用农业生产资源，通过农民家计局对农场主发放兴修水利和土地改进贷款，期限可达40年之久。到20世纪90年代，农民家计局在各州、县设立的办事处已达1700多个，有力地支持了农业开展。农民家计局的资金运用主要是提供贷款和担保。农民家计局的贷款分为直接贷款方案和紧

41、急贷款方案两种，包括农场所有权贷款、经营支出贷款、农房建设贷款、水利开发和土壤保护贷款等；农民家计局主要是对商业银行和其他金融机构按农民家计局贷款方案向农民借款人发放的贷款提供担保。 2.为改善农村公共设施和环境而设立的农村电气化管理局。农村社区开展、水利建设、电力设施等有关农村根本建设问题，需要统一规划共同解决，国家要给予财政扶持和提供必要的信贷帮助。成立于1935年的农村电气化管理局，也是美国农业部下属机构，其主要职责是对农村电业合作社和农场等借款人发放贷款从而提高农村电气化水平。该局的资金运用也是以贷款和担保为主。 3.商品信贷公司。1933年，美国政府建立商品信贷公司主要是为了应对自然

42、灾害和农业危机。商品信贷公司对农场因自然灾害造成的减产给予补贴，与农业生产保险相类似。其主要功能是管理实施价格和收入支持方案，进行价格支持，控制农业生产，防止农业的生产波动给农业生产者带来的影响，保护广阔消费者的利益。其资金运用形式主要为提供贷款和支付补贴，主要包括农产品抵押贷款、仓储枯燥和其他处理设备贷款、灾害补贴和差价补贴等。 另外，美国还有一种政策性金融机构小企业管理局，专门是为不能从其他正常渠道获得充足资金的小企业提供融资帮助。该局资金主要来源于国会拨款的周转基金和收回的贷款本息等，资金主要用于发放直接贷款、参与联合贷款、担保以及其他特殊信贷。小企业管理局对小农场的贷款是与农民家计局分

43、工协作的，如果小农场借款人经济状况不好且贷款额度小，那么由农民家计局提供资金支持，当小农场借款人经济地位得到改善后，其更多的贷款需求那么由小企业管理局提供。 (二)美国农村合作金融体系 受益于美国高度兴旺的经济金融体系，美国农村也构建了比拟完善的合作金融体系。在20世纪初，美国农业信贷资金几乎都是由私营机构和个人提供的，这样的信贷资金数量有限，而且期限较短，随着美国经济的开展，这种金融体系显然已不能适应现代化农业开展的需要。美国政府于1916年开始制定了一系列农贷法律，由美国政府主导设立农贷专业银行及其基层机构组成信贷系统。其主要目的是通过对农业相关组织、农业开展工程放贷，扩大农业可用资金的来

44、源，改善农民工作条件和福利，增加农民收入，加快农业开展。最初的农村金融合作组织都是在政府领导并出资支持下建立起来的，随着国家资金的逐步推出，现在的农村合作金融已成为由农场主拥有的合作金融机构。 目前，美国农村合作金融由联邦中期信用银行、合作银行、联邦土地银行及土地银行合作社三大系统组成，这三个农村合作金融机构都是在政府领导和出资扶持下，采用自上而下的方式建立起来的。其中联邦中期信用银行是美国最重要的农业信用合作系统，该系统是1923年由美国政府在12个信用区建立的12家联邦中期信用银行组成的，其主要解决农民中短期贷款难的问题。每一个信用银行下属许多生产信用合作社，合作社实行股权所有制，借款人必

45、须拥有相当于借款额5%-10%的合作社股金或参与权证。贷款期限一般为1年，最长不超过7年。与之相对应的便是联邦土地银行系统，该系统由12个农业信用区的联邦土地银行及其下属的合作社组成，该系统已经成为农场主长期贷款的主要提供者；联邦土地银行实行股份所有制，每个合作社必须向联邦银行缴纳占本社社员借款总额5%的股金，银行股权归全体合作社所有，也间接地归全体借款人所有；联邦土地银行只办理长期不动产贷款，贷款对象主要是个体农场主，贷款期限为法定的5-40年。合作银行系统那么是美国专门为了给合作社添置设备、补充营运资金、购入商品等提供贷款而设立的，它由13家合作银行组成，12个信用区各设立一家，还包括19

46、88年在华盛顿成立的中央合作银行。 (三)美国的农业保险体系美国农业保险体系是经过不断摸索、开展而形成的。早期美国农业保险也是由私营保险公司提供的，但由于农业保险的风险巨大，其经营的农作物保险均以失败而告终。为了帮助农民对付农业生产面临的风险，美国政府积极参与了农作物保险方案。自1938年?联邦农作物保险法?公布，美国农业保险经过60多年的开展，形成了比拟完备的农作物保险业务，保障水平和农民参与率不断提高，对于稳定农业生产、提高国民福利水平起到了重要作用。现行的美国农业保险完全由商业保险公司经营和代理，当然，商业保险公司会得到政府在经营管理费和保险费补贴等方面的有力支持。美国农作物保险的运行主

47、要分三个层次，第一层为联邦农作物保险公司(风险管理局)，主要负责全国性险种条款的制定，风险的控制，向私营保险公司提供再保险支持等；第二层为有经营农险资格的私营保险公司，它们与风险管理局签订协议，并承诺执行风险管理局的各项规定第三层是农作物保险的代理人和查勘核损人，美国农作物保险主要通过代理人销售，他们负责具体业务的实施.五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译，你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的时机比拟多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译频道、金山词霸完整版本和CNKI“翻译助手"。具体操作过程如下： 1.先翻开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思根本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词理解有