非谓语动词(助教)

1、非谓语动词定义：在英语中，不是用于句子谓语而是用于担任其他语法功能的动词叫做非谓语动词，也称作动词的非限定形式。不受主语的人称和数的限制；但具有动词的某些特征，不仅可以接宾语， 而且还有时态和语态的变化。 此外它在句子中可以用作其他句子成分如可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语和同位语。通常包括三种即：不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。一、 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 He teaches us English. 他教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语） Mr. Victor came to our class

2、room to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 （to have a talk. 不定式作状语） 2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 （动词用单数第三人称形式） Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形） 非谓语动词的特征： 1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。 Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。（s

3、tudying 后跟宾语） To help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。（help 后跟宾语） 2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 Working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语) It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. 他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。（for him 作不定式的逻辑主语） 3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时

4、态的变化。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。（to have kept.是不定式的完成形式） Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。（Seen from.是分词的被动形式） 4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用） There are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个

5、大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用)二、 三者的核心含义和区别如下：动词不定式 to + V 一般用来表示目的或结果，或者某个具体的动作。动名词和现在分词V-ing一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。 过去分词 V-ed 一般用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。三、（一） 关于动词不定式  1.构成与形式不定式由不定式符号“to”动词原形构成（有时不带to）。前面可以加某些疑问代词，如what、who、which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成特殊的不定式短语，如what to do next, how to get there等。不定式的形式有

6、：主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式to have been doing1. 不定式的一般式(to do)表示不定式的.动作将要发生或与谓语动作同时发生. 2 不定式的进行体(to be doing)表示不定式的动作正在发生. 不定式的完成体(to have done)表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生. 2.用法不定式不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，而且还保留着动词的特征，因而可以有状语修饰，如果是及物动词，还可以带宾语，从而构成不定式短语

7、。不定式或不定式短语在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。1.         作主语To make a plan for our future is important.How to get enough capital is still a question.It is difficult to make a decision without knowing all the facts.2.        

8、; 作表语The important thing is to save lives.3.         作宾语I like to go for a walk in the warm sunshine.常用不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, want, like, ask, wish, hate, hope, decide, fail, intend, manage, promise, forget, plan, need, mean, pretend, choose, remember, care, contin

9、ue, require 等。4.         作定语He was always the first to come and the last to leave.5.         作状语She decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.6. 

10、60;       作主语补足语It is reported to be true.7.         作宾语补足语They didnt allow her to park the car in this street.有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to。这种动词有两类：一类是感官动词，如 feel, see, hear, watch, notice等；另一类是使役动词，如make, let, have等。如：Did you notice h

11、im leave the house?They made the boy go to bed early.3.时态与语态1.         完成式I am sorry to have kept you waiting.To have known her is an honor.2.         进行式They seem to be getting along quite well.He pretended to be listen

12、ing attentively.3.         完成进行式John is said to have been studying for a whole morning.4.         被动式He was very pleased to have been given such an opportunity.3.主要考点：考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等eg: I h

13、esitate to spend so much money on clothes. 我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。考点二：在以下情况下常使用不带（或省略）to的动词不定式：感官动词后面：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceiveeg: I saw a man enter the shop.个别表示使役意义的动词，如：have, let, make， eg:The teacher has us write a composition every week. 一些情态动词，had better, would

14、 ratherthan，would soonerthan，rather than, may well do，may as well do (还是好了)，can not but，can not help but等句型，Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi.We might as well put up here for tonight. 在do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do 句型中。I can do nothing but fo

15、llow your advice.如果but或except之前没有do，help, 其后的to 不能省略。There is no choice but to wait and see.由 all, what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。What I have to do is take a rest.The only thing I could do was do it myself. 由并列连词and，except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相

16、同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.注意：但是如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to.To be or not to be, that is a question. 是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。考点三：有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词 + 动词不定式”作宾语，如：consider, discover, discuss, explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonder等。I

17、 wonder who to invite. 我不知请谁。Ask my brother where to put the car. 问一下我哥车停在哪儿。动名词I.         构成与形式动名词形式与现在分词相同，即由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。动名词的形式有：主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been doneII.      用法动名词，顾名思义，既有动词也有名词的某些特征。可带有自己的宾语和状语，

18、构成动名词短语。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。1.         作主语Smoking is not good for your health.2.         作宾语For many years, he has never stopped reading English.常用动名词作宾语的动词及短语动词有：stop, mind, enjoy, finish, avoid, deny, miss, escape, consid

19、er, admit, risk, complete, cant help, give up, leave off, put off, keep on等3.         作表语What he likes is playing chess after supper.4.         作定语He may be in the reading room, for all I know.The turning speed of the ne

20、w machine is much higher than that of the old one.比较：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语有所不同：动名词和它所修饰的名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，它多表示被修饰的名词的功能、用途；而现在分词作定语，它与所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，前者是后者发出的动作。如：动名词现在分词sleeping-car卧车sleeping child酣睡的孩子working method工作方法working people劳动人民singing practice歌咏练习singing girl歌女III.   时态与语态1.  

21、60;      完成式He regretted having shot the bird.I apologize for not having kept my promise.2.         被动式She didnt mind being left alone at home.3.         完成被动式After having been interviewed, he wa

22、s offered the job.考点考点一：直接接动名词做宾语的动词。We have to postpone sending our answer to the request. 我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。注意：上述动词中 allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend 在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语补足语。如：Allow somebody to do something.I recommended going by subway. 我建议坐地铁去。The doctor recommended me to take a few days res

23、t. 医生劝我休息几天。考点二：下列短语中to 为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。 No woman could succeed to the throne. 妇女不能继承王位。I am looking forward to seeing you again. 我盼着再见到你。考点三：在demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth 等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。My shoes want mending / to be mended.This grammatical rule dese

24、rves mentioning.That novel is well worth reading.考点四：在下列it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中， 用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。It is no use（no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名词） + doing sth. It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容词) + doing sth.;There is no point ( use, sense, good等名词) + doing sth.Its no use crying over s

25、pilt milk. 后悔没有用。Its simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.There is no point in my going out to do that. 现在让我出去做那件事没有用。I find it no good advising him to go with us. 我发现建议他和我们一起去美什么好处。考点五：在“have difficulty ( trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time )(in) doing sth. 结构中，后接动名词； 但注意 tak

26、e the trouble to do sth. , have no time to do sth. 后接不定式.The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.考点六：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事

27、情已经发生于这些动词之前。这些动词有：remember to do sth. 记得将要去做某事remember doing sth. 记得已经做过某事Please remember to take the medicine. （还没吃）I remember taking the medicine. （已经吃过）forget to do sth. 忘记了该做的事情forget doing sth. 忘记了已经做过了的事情I forgot to mail the letter. ( 没有发信)I forgot mailing the letter. ( 忘记曾经发过信)stop to do sth

28、. 停止手中的事去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情We stopped to have a rest.I really must stop smoking.go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事情go on doing sth. 继续作正在做的事try to do sth. 努力，试图去做某事try doing sth. 尝试，试着做某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事mean doing sth. 意味着做某事I dont mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking?Jumping from job t

29、o job means losing some benefit.regret to do sth. 对某事感到遗憾regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事I regret to tell you that you failed the test.I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back.分词I.         构成与形式分词有两种形式，即现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle）。除

30、不规则动词外，现在分词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成；过去分词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示"主动和进行"，过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。 如：burning forest燃烧着的森林（主动，即森林自己在燃烧）burned skin烧伤了的皮肤（被动，即皮肤被火烧伤）developing countries发展中国家（这些国家正在发展）developed countries发达国家（这些国家已经得到了发展）现在分词的形式有：主动形式

31、被动形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done过去分词因为本身就表示被动与完成的意义，所以只有一种形式done。II.      用法分词主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中可作定语、表语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。 1.         作定语分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的

32、名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。 This is really an exhausting day to all of us! Tell the boy playing there not to make so much noise.We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. 2.         作表语 分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。The story of his

33、 life sounds interesting.He appeared interested in our performance.3.         作状语：分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。 分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。 （1）现在分词The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. （2）过去分词Accompa

34、nied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. 2、"while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)分词"结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。 When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While wait

35、ing for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.Hearing the new

36、s, they all jumped with joy.Given better attention, the trees could grow better.4.         作主语补足语The machine will be kept running for two days.Our views have to be made known to them all.5.         作宾语补足语I heard someone

37、knocking at the door.You should keep her informed of what is going on here.比较：see, feel, hear, watch, notice等动词后既可以接不带to的不定式也可以接现在分词作宾语补足语，但二者在意义上是不同的。现在分词表示动作在进行，即非全过程；不定式表示动作的完成，即全过程。如：She saw the man getting on the truck.(正在往车上爬)She saw the man get on the truck and drive off.(已经爬上了车)III. 

38、60; 现在分词的时态与语态1.         完成式Having done his homework, the boy began to watch TV.Not having met him, I cant tell you what he is like.2.         被动式The house being built is a big project.Being written in haste, the composi

39、tion is full of mistakes.3.         完成被动式Having been given such a good chance, how could she give it up?注意:区别一、不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体

40、) (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(经验) (3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 二、不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 (1)不定式作表语 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 2）如果

41、主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 To work means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。 3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 The mo

42、st important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant (2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 Our work is serving the people我们的工作是为人民服务。 His hobby is collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮。 (注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 His victory in the final was no more convin

43、cing than I had expected (3)分词作表语 分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“（物本身）令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“（人）感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is intere

44、sting.这类词常见的有： interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的 worryin

45、g令人担心的-worried感到担心的 Traveling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 The argument is very convincing他的论点很令人信服。 They were very excited at the news听到这个消息，他们非常激动。在英语中什么叫分词（现在分词和过去分词）？它们是动词的一种形式： 原形：通式do, 用途广泛。 过去式：通式did, 用于过去时态。 过去分词：通式done, 用于完成时态，被动语态，及非谓语用法中。 现在分词：通式doing, 用于进行时态，及非谓语用法中。 如： go - w

46、ent - gone - going 完成时态： 主语 + have/ has/ had + 过去分词 如： I have finished my homework. 被动语态： 主语 + be + 过去分词 如： The house was built two years ago.表示过去完成时和被动语态的词叫做过去分词表示现在进行时和主动语态的词叫做现在分词现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。独立主格:我们在讲到分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时分词短语带有自己的主语。（它

47、们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系），这个逻辑上的主语一般是由名词担任，在分词短语之前，我们称这为独立主格。 独立主格在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件和方式、伴随。独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。独立主格结构的构成形式 独立主格结构

48、的构成方式为：名词普通格或代词主格现在分词过去分词不定式名词形容词副词介词短语等。使用独立主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。 1 名词或代词现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。如： The man lay there, his hands trembling. 那个男子躺在那儿，双手在颤抖。 有时，现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。如： The weather (being) fine, we decided to go swimming. 天气晴朗，我们决定去游泳。 2 名词或代词过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完

49、成的动作。如： The girl sat there silent, her head bent low. 这姑娘一声不响，低着头坐在那里。 All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. 各方面考虑起来，她的论文比你的论文更要有价值一些。 3 名词或代词不定式（短语） 不定式表示将来的动作。如： He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food. 他建议去野餐，由玛丽负责提供食物。 Time is pressing, two hours to go

50、 only. 时间紧迫，只剩两个小时了。 4 名词或代词名词（短语） 如： Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. 许多人参加了这项工作，其中一些人是妇女和儿童。 5 名词或代词形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质或状态。如： The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. 地面很湿，我们只好在外面呆一会儿。 6 名词或代词副词 副词也多是说明前面名词或代词的状态。如： The meeting over, we all went ho

51、me. 会议结束了，我们都回家了。 7 名词或代词介词短语 如： The teacher came in, a book in his hand. 老师进来了，手里拿着一本书。 有时，独立主格结构中名词前面的定语可以省略。如： The boy lay silently on the grass, (his) eyes closed. A girl was walking in the street, (a) flower in (her) hand. 二 独立主格结构的作用 1 作状语 1） 表示时间 如： Her homework done (=After her homework was

52、done),Lucy decided to go shopping. 2） 表示原因 如： There being no buses (Because there were no buses),we had to walk home. 3） 表示条件 如： Weather permitting (If weather permits), we will go to play football. 4） 表示方式或伴随 如： He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 2 作同位语 如： There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other (leading) to the kitchen. 三 独立主格前面有时可以加上介词with或without，构成介词的复合结构。这种结构在句中主要用作状语，也可用作定语。如： He stood on the deck with his hand waving to us.（状语） 他站在甲板上向我们频频挥手。 He went out without a h