工程项目管理与设计安全要点注意事项与施工必读

1、1/ 9En viro nmen tai effects of oil and gas lease sites in a grassla nd ecosystemEn viro nmen tai Man ageme ntThe northern Great Plains of Saskatchewan is one of the most significantly modified landscapes inCanada. While the majority of anthropog enic disturbances to Saskatchewans grasslands are the

2、 resultof agricultural practices, development of petroleum and natural gas (PNG) resources is of increasing concern for grasslandconservation. Although PNG developments require formal assessment and regulatory approval, follow-up and monitoring of theeffects of PNG development on grasslands is not c

3、ommon practice. Consequently, the effects of PNG activity on grasslands andthe spatial and temporal extent of such impacts are largely unknown. This paper examines the spatial and temporal extent of PNGdevelopment infrastructure from 1955 to 2006 in a grassland ecosystem in southwest Saskatchewan.Th

4、e effects of PNG development on grassland ecology were assessed from measurements of ground cover characteristics, soilproperties, and plant community composition at 31sites in the study area. PNG lease sites were found to have low cover ofherbaceous plants, club moss (Lycopodiaceae), litter, and sh

5、allow organic (Ah) horizons. Lease sites were also characterized by lowdiversity of desirable grassland plants and low range health values compared to off-lease reference sites. These impacts wereamplified at active and highly productive lease sites. Impacts of PNG development persisted for more tha

6、n 50 years following wellsite construction, and extended outward 20 m25 m beyond the directphysical footprint of PNG well infrastructure. These results have significant implications with regard to the current state ofmonitoring and follow-up of PNG development, and the cumulative effective of PNG ac

7、tivity on grassland ecosystems over spaceand time.Article Outli ne1.Introduction2.Methods2.1.Study area2.2.Well ticket and aerial photo data2.3.Field data collection2.4.Analysis of environmental effects3.Results3.1.PNG development in the study area32 Physical footprint of PNG site infrastructure1.%2

8、.Impacts to ground cover and soil2/ 92.%2.Impacts to grassland plants3.%2.Impacts to range health4.%2.Influence of drill date and season5.%2.Spatial extent of impacts6.%2.Cumulative extent of PNG impacts4.Discussion5.ConclusionAcknowledgementsEaster nCan adia ncrude oil supply and its implicatio nsf

9、or regi onalsecurityEn ergy PolicyCanada has been blessed with immense energy resources; however, their distribution is not uniform.One such example is crude oil, which is found primarily in western Canada. Eastern Canada, consisting of the six eastern-mostprovinces (Newfoundland and Labrador, New B

10、runswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec), producelimited quantities of crude oil, most of which is exported to the United States. Ideally, western Canadian crude oil would meet thedemands of eastern Canada; however, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the abs

11、ence of oil pipelines meansthat eastern Canada increasingly relies on supplies of crude oil from a small number of oil exporting countries, many withdeclining production.This paper examines crude oil production, supply, and its refining in eastern Canada. It shows that crude production in the region

12、has reached its peak and that increasing global competition for crude oil will affect energy security in eastern Canada, eitherthrough price increases or supply shortages, or both.Article Outli ne1.%2.%3.Introduction2.%2.%3.Crude supply2.Transporting crude22 Refineries(a)Western Canadian crudeen erg

13、y3/ 9(b)Eastern Canadian crude(c)Imported crude3.%2.%3.Refined petroleum products4.%2.%3.Refined product demand5.%2.%3.Discussion6.%2.%3.Concluding remarksAcknowledgementsWorld en ergy an alysis: H2now or later?En ergy PolicyThis is a study of world energy resource sustainability within the context

14、of resource peak production dates, advanced energy usetechnologies in the transportation and electricity generation energy use sectors, and alternative fuel production includinghydrogen. The finding causing the most concern is the projection of a peak in global conventional oil production between no

15、wand 2023. In addition, the findings indicate that the peak production date for natural gas, coal, and uranium could occur by 2050.The central question is whether oil production from non-conventional oil resources can be increased at a fast enough rate to offsetdeclines in conventional oil productio

16、n. The development of non-conventional oil production raises concerns about increasedenergy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and water issues.Due to the emerging fossil fuel resource constraints in coming decades, this study concludes that it is prudent to begin thedevelopment of hydrogen production a

17、nd distribution systems in the near-term. The hydrogen gas is to be initially used by fuelcell vehicles, which will eliminate tailpipe greenhouse gas emissions. With a lowering of H2production costs through theamortization of system components, H2can be an economic fuel source for electricity genera

18、tion post-2040.Article Outli neIntroductionMethods and dataMethods22 DataFindings4/ 9Energy resource peak production datesThe effects of energy paths on oil supply/demand balancesSensitivity analysis for peak production estimatesDiscussion of findingsEvaluation of peak production date estimatesIssue

19、s related to the production of synfuels from non-conventional oil resourcesH2production and distribution systemsConclusionsReferencesEn ergy efficie ncy in social hous ing: Opport un ities and barriers from a case studyin BrazilEn ergy PolicyThis paper investigates the energy efficiency in a segment

20、 of the building sector in emerging countries by analyzing andevaluating the energy efficiency of a social housing project in Brazil. Energy efficiency measures and bioclimatic design strategiesare developed in order to improve thermal comfort in this social housing project and to reduce the energy

21、consumption andexpenses of their residents. The institutional barriers and constraints toward higher efficiency are described. The results of thisstudy show that there is a high potential to increase energy efficiency in social housing in emerging countries like Brazil. Theimplementation and conside

22、ration of the energy efficiency measures and policy recommendations would contribute substantiallyto the goal to dampen the fast growth of energy demand in these countries. Moreover the improvement of energy efficiency inthe social housing sector could be a driver for market transformation towards m

23、ore sustainability in the whole building sector.Article Outli neIntroductionMethodologySituation of social housing in BrazilThe housing deficitFederal housing policySocial housing in Rio de Janeiro5/ 9Energy efficiency in BrazilEnergy efficiency policyBrazilian building standards and codes related t

24、o energy efficiencyBarriers to energy efficiency in social housingInvestment and lifecycle costAwareness and capacityPolicy and standardizationFragmentation of building sectorMangueira social housing projectProject contextAssessment matrix for energy efficiency analysisEnergy efficiency analysisReco

25、mmendations and implementationProject design recommendationsDesign guidelinesEconomic evaluation and affordabilityConstraints and opportunities of energy efficiencyInstitutional framework recommendationsConclusionAcknowledgementsResearch highlights?There is a high potential to increase energy effici

26、ency in social housing in Brazil. ?Energy-efficientsocial housing would contribute substantially to dampen the fast growth of energy consumption in emerging countries likeBrazil. ?Implementation of energy efficiency would improve the income situation of the poorest strata of the population.6/ 9Fuzzy

27、 rule-basedmodell ingfor huma n health risk fromn aturallyoccurri ngradioactive materials in produced waterEn viro nmen tal RadioactivityProduced water, discharged from offshore oil and gas operations, contains chemicals from formation water, condensed water, andany chemical added down hole or durin

28、g the oil/water separation process.Although, most of the contaminants fall below the detection limits within a short distance from the discharge port, a few of theremaining contaminants including naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) are of concern due to their bioavailability inthe media

29、 and bioaccumulation characteristics in finfish and shellfish species used for human consumption. In the past, severalinitiatives have been taken to model human health risk from NORM in produced water. The parameters of the available riskassessment models are imprecise and sparse in nature. In this

30、study, a fuzzy possibilistic evaluation using fuzzy rule basedmodeling has been presented. Being conservative in nature, the possibilistic approach considers possible input parameter values;thus provides better environmental prediction than the Monte Carlo (MC) calculation. The uncertainties of the

31、input parameterswere captured with fuzzy triangular membership functions (TFNs). Fuzzy if-then rules were applied for input concentrations of twoisotopes of radium, namely Ra, and Ra, available in produced water and bulk dilution to evaluate the radium concentration in fishtissue used for human cons

32、umption. The bulk dilution was predicted using four input parameters: produced water discharge rate,ambient seawater velocity, depth of discharge port and density gradient. The evaluated cancer risk shows compliance with theregulatory guidelines; thus minimum risk to human health is expected from NO

33、RM components in produced water.Article Outli neIntroductionFuzzy rule-based modellingFuzzy set theoryFuzzy rulePredicting bulk dilutionModelling human health riskPossibilistic evaluationResults and discussionsConclusions7/ 9An alysis of the reactivity coefficie nts of the adva need high-temperature

34、 reactor forplutonium and uranium fuelsAnn als of Nuclear En ergyThe conceptual design of the advanced high-temperature reactor (AHTR) has recently been proposed by the Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory, with the intention to provide and alternative energy source for very high temperature applications. I

35、n the presentstudy, we focused on the analyses of the reactivity coefficients of the AHTR core fueled with two types of fuel: enriched uraniumand plutonium from the reprocessing of light water reactors irradiated fuel. More precisely, we investigated the influence of theouter graphite reflectors on

36、the multiplication factor of the core, the fuel and moderator temperature reactivity coefficients andthe void reactivity coefficient for five different molten salts: NaF, BeF2, LiF, ZrF4and Li2BeF4eutectic. In order to better illustrate the behavior of the previous parameters for different core conf

37、igurations, weevaluated the moderating ratio of the molten salts and the absorption rate of the key fuel nuclides, which, of course, are driven bythe neutron spectrum. The results show that the fuel and moderator temperature reactivity coefficients are always negative,whereas the void reactivity coe

38、fficient can be set negative provided that the fuel to moderator ratio is optimized (the core isundermoderated) and the moderating ratio of the coolant is large.Article Outli neIntroductionGeometry descriptionCoolants and fuels descriptionResultsExcess of reactivity and delayed neutron fractionReflector thicknessNeutron spectraVoid rea