非谓语动词用法及练习题

1、非谓语动词（动词不定式、过去分词、动名词&现在分词） 不定式几乎可以充当除谓语以外的所有成分，动名词起名词的作用。现在分词和过去分词起形容词和副词的作用。非谓语动词在同一成分中用法的辨析：1做主语：一般来说，不定式和动名词成份相同时，表示客观性、一般性行为多用动名词表示，而表示一次性、具体性行为则多用不定式。eg.Looking after children is her job. To clean the classroom is his job today.2做宾语：eg.I like swimming, but I don't like to swim today bec

2、ause I don't feel well.(1)有些动词只能接不定式做宾语，这些动词接上不定式，含有明显的主观性和将来性意义。如：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)，等等。eg.He refused to speak on the radio. He desired to see you

3、(2)有些动词只接动名词做宾语，这些动词接上动名词，含有明显的"依据往事或经验来作出理解和判断"的意思。mind，finish，enjoy，suggest，permit，appreciate，consider，miss，dislike，keep(on)，avoid，permit，imagine，risk，escape，admit，stand(忍受)，allow，forbid，excuse，等等。短语动词：give up，put off，look forward to，feel like，insist on，object to，preventfrom，set about，ca

4、n't help，be/get used to等短语：be worth doing，be no good doing，be no use doing，be busy doing等(积累！) eg.The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.She can't stand having nothing to do at home.His wife doesn't allow smoking inside the room and often advised him to give u

5、p smoking.All the family insisted on my staying with them a few days longer.It's no good learning without practicing. I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.She doesn't feel like eating anything，being ill for a few days.(3).有些动词后面既可接不定式，又可接动名词，其意义基本相同，区别不大。如；like，love，hate，delay，co

6、ntinue，attempt，afford(提供)，preferomit(省略)，begin，start.eg.The Einsteins, however, could not afford to pay for(or：paying for)the advanced education that young Albert needed.I prefer staying (to stay) at home on Sunday.注意：begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。When we came in, they were beginning to h

7、ave supper.After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.(4).有些词后面既可以接不定式亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：Aremember，forget，regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义：-常考！Please remember to bring me the book I want next time.I remember seeing her (=having seen her) somewhere befor

8、e.Don't forget to write to me soon.I never forget visiting (=having visited) them for the first time.I regret missing that good film last week.(后悔干事)I regret not taking (not having taken) your advice.I regret to say I can't take your advice. (遗憾=be sorry)Bmean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要；mean

9、 doing：意味着，就是I am sorry, I didn't mean to hurt your feelings. I meant to call on you, but I was so busy.Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just working in class.Cstop：stop to do停下来，要干另一件事，不定式作目的状语；stop doing停止干，动名词作宾语。After some time, they stopped walking and had a rest.After walking s

10、ome time, they stopped to have a rest.Dtry：try to do，努力，试图干事；try doing：试着干事He searched everywhere and tried to find his key.He came to the city from the countryside and tried to find a job.The mother is out and the boy had to try cooking for himself.They tried to succeed and tried doing their experi

11、ments again and again.Ewant，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，表示"需要、该"；接不定式，表示"想，要干"-常考！The room wants cleaning. The bike requires repairing.These young trees require looking after.The matter needs thinking over.(=to be thought over)A Mr. Wang wants to see you. You don't need to leave s

12、o early.Fgo on：go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事，不定式作目的状语。go on doing继续干原来同一件事，动名词作宾语。After a smoke，he went on telling us that interesting story.After writing his English composition he went on to work out his maths problems.G动词advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时用动词不定式。Doctors advise giving up smoki

13、ng to benefit one's health.The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health.She doesn't allow (permit) smoking in her room.=She doesn't allow (permit)anyone to smoke in her room.Parking is forbidden here.=Any cars not permitted to park here.3做宾补：不定式可以表示一次性、具体性行为，以及将来

14、意义的行为。现在分词可以表示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为，亦可表示-个持续时间的延续性的行为动作。过去分词可以表示完成意义的行为或状态，及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义，不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。When I came in, I saw her dancing happily. I often hear her sing songs in English in her room.They had the lights burning all night long.I saw Li Ping pass by and enter the next room just now.The mot

15、her will have the doctor examine her son again. Tomorrow I'll have my hair cut.When I got home I found the window broken and the thief gone away already.When they returned to their hometown, after an absence of twenty years, they found everything changed.4做表语：不定式和动名词做表语解释主语内容，且可以和主语颠倒，意思仍然通顺，回答w

16、hat的问题。它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别，分词做表语表明主语的性质、特征和状态，不能和主语颠倒，可以回答how的问题。Her job is cleaning offices.(What is her job?) (Cleaning offices is her job.)Our job today is to clean the office.(=To clean the office is our job today.)The news is very exciting.(How is the news?) They are very tired after a long walk

17、.The door is locked now. The children are well dressed these days.5做定语：不定式做定语与先行词有动宾、主谓和解释先行词内容等关系。在时态上常是将来意义，现在分词做定语是现在时或进行时态意义；过去分词做定语则是完成时态意义。此外，不定式做定语时只能后置，不可前置，而单个分词做定语可前置，分词短语做定语则须后置。动名词做定语，须前置，且要重读，它表明先行词的用途。而分词做定语表明先行词的性质、特征和状态。a swimming boy=a boy who is swimminga swimming pool=a pool for s

18、wimmingthe boiling water=the water that is boilingdrinking water=water for drinkingToday I have a letter to write.Please find a man to help us.It is a good chance to practise your spoken English.I like reading books written by Lu Xun.The woman standing over there is our English teacher.The house to

19、be built (=which will be built/which is to be built) next year will be our new library.The house being built (=which is being built) now will be our new library.The house built (=which was built) last year is our new library now.6做状语：不定式和分词做状语各有不同分工。动词不定式多做目的、结果和原因状语，且多放在句末；分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语，多置

20、于句首，做伴随状语，多放在后面。单独的动名词不能做状语，在介词后形成介词短语，从而做状语。(1)目的状语：通常有不定式表示，由于不定式的客观性和将来性特征。不定式前还可加上in order，so as来加强说话的口气。但so as to通常不用于句首。The Smiths have gone to London to spend their holidays.I came here (in order/so as) to hear the report.In order to(不用so as to) see better, we took front seats.(2)时间状语：分词作时间状语

21、相当于时间状语从句。现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成体形式。过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义。分词前有时加上时间连词。Arriving (=When he arrived) at the bus stop, he found his sister there.Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine.Having (=When we have) made

22、 full preparations, we are ready for an examination.Having (=When he had) finished his homework, he went to bed.After finishing his homework, he went to bed.Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.Locked (=When he was looked) up in the room, he found himself isolat

23、ed from the outer world.When asked to make a speech, he said he was glad to do so.Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.(3)原因状语：不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后,这些形容词通常是happy, sorry, fortunate, angry, glad, ashamed, discouraged, delighted, frightened, shocked等。分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句。一般位于句首。I am sorry to hear th

24、at you are not well. I'm very sorry to have kept you waiting so long.We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide.Being (=Since he was) ill all last year, he lived in a sanatorium.There being no enough money, he couldn't buy the dictionary that he wanted.Having (=Since they had) be

25、en asked to stay, they couldn't possibly leave right away.Moved (=As he was moved) by the heroic deeds of the PLA man, he burst into tears.(4)条件状语：通常用分词来表示，相当于条件状语从句。一般位于句首。Turning (=If you turn) to the left，you will see the post office.United (=If we are united), we stand; divided (=if we are d

26、ivided), we fall.Given (=If he had been given) more time, he would be able to do better.(5)结果状语从句：不定式作结果状语通常用于so+形容词或副词+as to，such+名词+as to，tooto，enough to和only to等结构。现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果。He arrived late to find the train gone. His is such a sad story as to arouse out sympathy。I worked late into the n

27、ight, only to find I had not finished half of the job.He was so friendly as to be always helpful to his neighbours.I ran faster than ever, reaching the schoolyard quite out of breath.The man died young, leaving nothing but debt.(6)让步状语：通常有过去分词来表示，而且前面通常有表示让步意义的though。Though wounded, the soldier mana

28、ged to get to the village safely.Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.(7)伴随或方式状语：分词作伴随状语通常位于句尾，表示谓语动词正在所处主动或被动的状态。Chinese businessmen, taxi drivers and students talk with them using English.She came running towards us. They walked along the streets, talking and laughing

29、.He went into the house, followed by some children.He continued to walk up and down, lost in thought.1、 考点分析：通过对历年高考英语非谓语动词考题的归纳和比较可以看出，每年差不多有三分之二的非谓语动词考题可能涉及以下“关系”：主动与被动关系以及动作的先后关系。如果同学们在做题时能充分注意这两大“关系”，并据此进行分组排除，然后结合其他非谓语动词的相关知识，攻克非谓语动词这一难点也就变得很容易了。（一）利用主动和被动关系这里说的主动与被动关系，指的是非谓语动词所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是主动

30、关系还是被动关系。若是主动关系，非谓语动词就用主动式；若是被动关系，非谓语动词就用被动式。下面分三类举例说明：1.涉及不定式的主动与被动式(1) I feel greatly honored _ into their society. (北京卷)A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomedC。be (feel) honored习惯接不定式，故可排除B和D；又I与welcome之间为被动关系，故用不定式的被动式。(2) The message is very important, so it is supposed _ as s

31、oon as possible. (陕西卷)A. to be sent B. to send C. being sent D. sendingA。be supposed后习惯上不接动名词，而接不定式，其意为“应该做某事”，故可排除C和D；又因为“消息”与“传达”之间为被动关系，故用被动式。2.涉及动名词的主动与被动式At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom.A.opened and closed B.to be opened and closed C.being op

32、ened and closed D. to open and closeC。由于desks与open和close的关系是被动关系，故要用被动式，可排除D；又因为用于介词of后作宾语，所以要用动名词，不用不定式或过去分词，故可排除A和D，故选C。3.涉及现在分词的主动与被动式_ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed. (北京卷)A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. SeenA。首先要排除B和C，因为B为不定式，它用于句首时，通常是表示目的，在此不合句

33、意；而C为动词原形，选它会构成祈使句，一是句意不通，二是这样会导致前后两句之间没有连词而出错。在剩下的A和D之间，只能选seeing，不能选seen，因为句子主语是 I与see之间为主动关系，而非被动关系。【注意】由于过去分词本身可以表示被动，所以过去分词不用被动式，同时它也没有被动式。请看几道相关的考题：(1) The trees _ in the storm have been moved off the road. (湖南卷)A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow downB。由于trees与blow do

34、wn之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。blown down in the storm在此用作定语，修饰the trees，相当于定语从句which were blown down in the storm。(2) To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _ as much as we can. A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speakC。由于English与speak之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。(3) We finished the run in les

35、s than half the time _. (江西卷)A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allowsC。由于time与allow之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。in the time allowed意为“在规定的时间内”。（二）利用动作的先后关系动作的先后关系在选项中的直接体现为一般式还是完成式。一般说来，当非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，非谓语动词原则上要用完成式。1.涉及不定式的动作先后关系Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) _ birds kept in cages in order to hav

36、e the pleasure of setting them free. (重庆卷)A. is said to be buying B. is said to have bought C. had said to buy D. has said to have boughtB。“be said+不定式”是一个很有用的结构，其意为“据说”。其中的不定式是用一般式还是完成式，取决于该不定式所表示的动作是发生在谓语动作之前还是之后。根据句意可知，buy birds肯定发生在过去，或者说发生在is said之前，所以其中的不定式要用完成式，选B。2.涉及动名词的动作先后关系I hear theyve

37、promoted Tom, but he didnt mention _ when we talked on the phone. (江西卷)A. to promote B.having been promoted C.having promoted D. to be promotedB。由于动词mention后接动词作宾语时，习惯上要用动名词，不用不定式，故可排除A和D；再根据句意可知，句中的he与promote之间为被动关系，故要用被动式，同时，由于“被提拔”与“提到”之间有明显的先后关系，即“被提拔”在先，“提到”在后，故用动名词的完成被动式，即答案选B。3.涉及现在分词的动作先后关系(

38、1) _ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. (陕西卷)A. Having shown B. To be shown C. Having been shown D. To showC。根据句意可知，“我们”与“带去参观”之间为被动关系，故应用非谓语动词的被动式，可排除A和D；再根据句中的then可知，前后动作有明显的先后关系，故先发生的动作要用完成式，故选C。(2) _ to reach them on the phone, we sent an

39、email instead. (重庆卷)A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failedD。根据语境分析，“用电话了解”与“发电子邮件”两个动作之间有明显的先后关系，故先发生的动作要用完成式。【注意】由于过去分词本身可以表示完成，所以过去分词不用完成式，同时它也没有完成式。请看一道相关的高考题：It is one of the funniest things _ on the Internet so far this year. (浙江卷)A. finding B. being found C. to find D. foundD。由于things与f

40、ind之间为被动关系，故排除A和C。根据句意，应是这件有趣的事先被人们发现，后才被人们谈论，但由于过去分词没有完成式，故用一般式表示完成，故选found。 非谓语动词考题五种常见设题陷阱 陷阱一：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查省略句1. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day. A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water【析】答案选A。unless watered可视为unless they are watered之省略。又如：Unless changed. th

41、is law will make life difficult for farmers.这项法令除非进行修改，否则将给农民的生活造成困难。2. No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed【析】答案选A。No matter how frequently performed可视为No matter how frequently th

42、ey are performed之省略。3. I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend. _ good. A. Sound B. Sounded C. Sounding D. Sounds【析】答案选D。Sound good为It sounds good之省略。陷阱二：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是形容词的用法1. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _ in his lectures. A. interested B. i

43、nteresting C. interest D. to interest【析】选A。过去分词interested在此已转化为形容词，interested in意为“对感趣”。2. _ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising【析】答案选B。由于与形容happy并列，故可排除C和D。又因为是用以说明主语Tony的心情，故用surprised，不用surpring。陷阱三：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查某

44、种句式1. Its a long time since I saw my sister. _ her this weekend?A. Why not visit B. Why not to visit C. Why not visiting D. Why dont visit【析】答案选A。Why not为英语中常用句式，用于提出建议，其后只接动词原形，不接不定式或现在分词。注意不能选D，但是若D改为Why dont you visit也可以选。2. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ i

45、tyouve got some big bills coming. A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget【析】答案选A。此处的better实为youd better之省略。根据英语习惯，had better之后只能接动词原形，故选A。陷阱四：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查祈使句1. Mary, _ here everybody else, stay where you are. A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming【析】答案选A。此处考查祈使句的用法，故用动词原形(from aaayygram

46、maraaa)。2. What should I do with this passage? _the main idea of each paragraph. A. Finding out B. Found out C. Find out D. To find out【析】答案选C。此处考查祈使句的用法，故用动词原形。其实，此题也可视为You should find out之省略。陷阱五：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查并列句1. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and_

47、down to eat our picnic lunch.A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat【析】答案选D。由句中的and可知，此句为并列结构，且空格处填sat，与其前的谓语动词found并列。2. _ many times, but he still didnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though he was told C. To have been told D. He was told【析】选D。句中的并列连词 but表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明but前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个

48、非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)，又因为though为从属连词，用以引导让步状语从句，它与连接并列句的并列连词 but不“兼容”，所以也不能选B。3. First _ the rice by washing it, then _ it in boiling water. A. prepare, cook B. preparing, cooking C. preparing, cook D. prepare, cooking【析】答案选A。题干部分为两个并列的祈使句，故均用动词原形。Work：1. The managers discussed the plan that they would

49、like to see_ the next year.A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out2. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains_

50、whether they will enjoy it.A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen4. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _.A. it what to do with B. what to do it withC. what to do with it D. to do what with it注：此题没有正确答案。如答案选C，须去掉it。5. In order to gain a bigger share in the interna

51、tional market, many state-run companies are striving_ their products more competitive.A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made6. Quite a few people used to believe that disaster_ if a mirror was broken.A. was sure of striking B. was sure of having struck C. was sure to be struck D. was su

52、re to strike7. Though_ money, his parents managed to send him to university.A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in8. Don't use words, expressions, or phrases_ only to people with specific knowledge.A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known9. _ to sunlight for too much

53、time will do harm to one's skin.A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed10. Prices of daily goods_ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying11. In some parts of London, missing a bus means_ for another hour.A. w

54、aiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting12. When_, the museum will he open to the public next year.A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed13-How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? -The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers.A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; made14. Having a trip abroad is c