公路工程招投标常见问题的分析(精)

1、公路工程招投标常见问题的分析摘要:招投标是市场经济中的 种竞争方式，是在双方同意的基础上的 一种交易 行为,其特点是由招标人通过事先公布的采购条件和要求，众多投标人在同等条的问基础下进行竞争，招标人按照规定的程序从中选择优胜者。本文对公路招投标存在 题进行了分析。关键词:公路工程;工程招投标;问题分析随着我国经济的快速发展，公路工程建设也有了长足的发展，而作为全社会设施的公路建设投资，在我国现阶段更是承担着拉动需求、带动地方经济发 展的重要作用。近几年来,我省每年用于公路建设的投资都在五六百亿以上，如何管理好 这笔巨款,是摆在每个交通人面前的一个重要课题。面对巨大的公路工 程建设市场, 为了提

2、高公路建设质量，合理降低建设成本，只有通过招投标的方 式,引入竞争机制,才能防止垄断和地方保护主义现象的产生。才能减少建设市场的行政干预。按照 公平、公正、科学、择优的原则选择优秀的承包单位参与公 路建设,已成为全行业 的共识。但招投标在我国尤其是在公路建设领域毕竟还是 新生事物,其诞生发展仅10年，交通部推出公路工程施工招标文件范本仅 7年,从市场的培育到法律的 健全都得有一个发展过程，需要我们不断的实践、 总结、完善和创新。现就笔者在 招投标工作中的见解浅谈如下：I招投标发展历程工程项目招投标，指在国家法律保护和监督下进行业主与承包商双方同意下的交易活动,是对未来建设产品市场预价格进行交易

3、的一种采购方式。工程建设项 目 实行招投标制是目前国际通用的、比较成熟的且科学合理的工程承发包方式。过近百年来的发展，尤其是国际咨询工程师联合会所确立的FIDIC合同条件的引入以及工程监理制度的建立，使得招投标制度日趋成熟和完善，目前已成为体现公平、高效与合理性的工程承发包标准制度。改革开放以后，招投标制被引入我 国。我国最早采用招投标方法进行国际招标的工程是某水电站工程 ，建设的结 果, 不仅大大节约了投资（接近1/3 ,而且保证了工期，提高了质量。自此以后,招投标制就在我国逐步推行起来。经过10多年的发展，我国实行招投标的工程占 当年旋工数量的比例已由1984年的4. 8%上升到1994年

4、的40. 6%,不少地区对符合招投标条件的工程都实行了招投标，招投标已逐渐成为建设市场的主要交易方式。全国80%以上的地级市已建立了专门的招投标管理机构，未成立专门机构了负责部门。全国30个省、自治区、直辖市都制定了招投标管理办的地区也指定法，为开展招投标工作提供了重要保证。2我国现阶段公路工程招投标现状及存在的问题2. 1最低评标法不合时宜最低评标法是我国公路工程建设在刚开始的几年里普遍采用的方法，该法操作简单,有利于业主控制工程造价。但要具备建设市场诚信度高、设计达到一定深度、设计变更较少等诸多前提条件，才能采用这个方法。而这些前提条件恰是我国公路建设招投标市场所不具备的。诸多实践证明，目

5、前我国公路建设市场诚信度不高,设计深度不够，投标人蓄意降低标价竞争。 采用最低评标价法的公路工程招标项目往往出现低价中标，人为因素导致高价变更、 偷工减料,给工程质量带来诸多隐患。 同时施工中的大量变更也会导致腐败的产生，故该评标法目前在公路工程招标中已不采用。2.2综合评审法人为因素高随着2003年交通部公路工程施工招标文件范本的颁布，现阶段我国较多 的公路工程招标多采用此评标法。该方法把公路工程招投标大致划分为资格预审 和投标两个阶段，尤其在投标阶段，技术标（一般占20 %比例过高，经济标（一般占8O %拉不开距离,由于现在采取的多数都是公开标底，在专家打分的浮率 的基础上,再与施工单位报

6、价的平均价作为复合标底评经济标的标价分。这就造成人为因素决定是否中标的现象，这是每个投标人最担心的事，同时也给腐败分 子提供了可乘之机。2.3招投标过程操作不规范(1行政干预过多。有些单位对按国家规定应实行公开招投标的项目，却进行 指定招标或议标，搞暗箱”操作，最终使招投标流于形式；还有很多地方实行地方保护 主义，监管机制往往被架空。 公路工程多为国家投资项目，政府作为国 有资产管理 者,需要行使一定的监督管理，才能杜绝此类行政干预过多现象的发 生。否则有可 能破坏招投标的公平、公正性，导致腐败案件的发生。(2评标方法存在局限性，评标过程违规。在一些工程的评标委员会中，评标委 员或者专业结构不

7、合理，或者与招标单位存在着千丝万缕的联系。评标的过程 中评 标专家掺杂着一些人为因素，导致评标不公的现象时有发生。2. 4借用资质,以包代管，导致工程质量失控有的地方借目前国内扩大内需、 拉动地方经济之机，盲目搞公路建设。由于公 路项目多，队伍少,往往是 高资质中标、低资质进场、无资质施工”。这就造成 许 多分项工程，以包代管,加之监理队伍人员素质较差、监督不到位，导致工程 质量失控, 这一现象给公路投人运营带来诸多隐患。3解决措施为使工程招投标在细化实施过程中有章可循，将人为因素消除剑最小限度，遏止 不正当竞争方式和行为，真正体现竞争的公开、公平、公正，针对以上存在 的问题应 做好以下几方面

8、的工作：3. 1完善法律法规建立和健全招投标法中违规行为的惩处措施，提高其可操作性，加大执法力 度和政府监督力度。3. 2认真做好施工单位的资格预审和后审为加强工程招投标管理，施工单位的资格预审工作可委托有招标资质的机构进 行,避免优秀队伍的落选。 资格预审及后审，可适当增加参加同类工程项目建 设、 并得到质量奖项的施工单位的预审及后审分数。3.3尽量做到评标专家的公正性(1扩大专家的抽取范围，可逐渐实行跨行业跨省抽取。(2利用计算机随机抽取，尽量减少人工干预。(3适当理顺专家的行政官员身份与专家身份。(4加强专家教育和培训，包括新业务培训和思想道德教育，建立评标专家记 录 档案,加大对专家舞

9、弊行为的处治力度。3. 4加强招标过程的监管(1加强对从业人员的监管。全面提高招投标从业人员的职业道德和专业水平,严格依照法定权限和程序对招投标活动实施监督，防止政府部门和个人直接参与和 干预具体招投标活动。(2建立和完善公正、高效的招投标投诉处理机制。(3改进监督手段，建立和完善招投标监督网络信息系统。提高行政监督、行业监督和社会监督效能，提升社会中介机构在净化招投标市场环境中的作用。3. 5采用无标底招标、合理低价评标”法随着我国公路工程项目市场化的不断推进，总结最初的最低评标法和综合评 标 法存在的不足，现已产生 无标底招标、合理低价评标？砝。所谓 无标底招 标、合理 低价评标”法是指招

10、标人不编制标底，将依照圉家相关规定编制的工程 预算价作为般在不低于企最高控制价上限，由投标人结合当地立场行情和企业的自身实力 业成本的范围内开展竞争，在满足招标单位要求的情况下，以报价最低者为中标人的评标方法。该评标办法可消除最低评标法和综合评标法的弊病。有利于对招 投标各环节的监督。 按照合理低价评标法规定的程序，评标的 各个环节都在阳光下 操作,并使投标人也直接参与监督，避免了招标单位、招标公司和评委左右中标结 果现象的发生，减少了商业贿赂发生的机会。 有利于提 高工程质量。由于招标部 门公平招标投标部门靠实力中标，不掺杂个人关系，有利于招标部门对工程质量认真 负责,敢于管理,保证工程质量

11、。有利于国家 建设资金的合理使用。 招标单位可 以少花钱,多办事。投标单位可以结合自身能 力和市场情况在更大的空间自主报价， 挤出价格水分。通过采用合理低价评标法 可有效杜绝现阶段招投标中出现的各种 弊端,力争在公路工程建设市场营造一个 良好自勺，三公”施工环境。4结束语总之，在市场经济条件下，招投标工程是一个系统工程，目前公路工程招投 标存在 的普遍问题，急需建立投标企业资信和履约情况登记备案制度，加强对旋工单位资质的审查,要求投标人提供齐全的投标保证措施。建设单位要做到招标 前期工作细 致周到,勘察和设计文件图纸全面准确，提供的工程量清单翔实，招标文件编制及评 标办法规范合理。并着重加强招

12、投标过程的监管，从法律制度上规范招标的各项细 节,通过各种监管手段严格管理招投标过程，并完善法律法规，从而发挥招投标制度 在我国公路工程建设中的重要作用。参考文献1韩世生.浅谈公路工程招投标中的一些问题及对策【J】中国外资,2010(16.2刘善谦，范朝滨,陈桂军.公路工程招投标管理中的问题浅析【J】冲国科技信息An alysis of Highway Engin eeri ng bidd ing freque ntly asked questi ons Summary: biddi ng was comp etitive in a market econom y, is a tran sac

13、t ion on the basis of mutual agreeme nt, characterized by the ten derer by p rior announ ced the pu rchase con diti ons and requireme nts, many bids People comp ete un der the same con diti ons, ten der in accorda nee with the pro visi ons of the p rogram to select the winn ers. This article an alys

14、es on p roblems in bidd ing of highway.Keywords: Highway Engin eeri ng; P roject biddi ng; P roblem an alysisAs Chi na's rapid econo mic devel opmen t, road con struct ion has see n sig nifica nt devel opment, as the total inv estme nt in con structi on of road in frastructure, i n the p rese nt

15、 stage in our country is tak ing a dema nd p ull, pro moti ng the imp orta nt role of local econo mic devel opmen t. I n rece nt years, the province for highway con structi on in vestme nt of 50 billi on or 60 billio n per year, and how to man age this large sum, it is an imp orta nt topic in front

16、of each person. Fac ing the huge highway con structi on market, in order to improve the quality of road con struct ion, rati onal reduci ng con structi on costs, only by way of biddi ng, in troduce the mecha nism of comp etiti on, in order to p reve nt monopoly and the emerge nee of local p rotecti

17、oni sm. To reduce adm ini strative in terve nti on in the con struct ion market. I n accorda nee with the princip les of fair ness, justice, scie nee, and selectio n to select outsta nding con tractors invo Ived in road-build ing, has become an in dustry-wide consen sus. Bidd ing in our country and

18、in p articular in the field of road con struct ion is still n ew, its birth only 10 years of devel opment, traffic, launch of the highway engin eeri ng con struct ion ten der docume nt model for only 7 years, from cultivati on to the soundn ess of the legal market should have a devel opment p rocess

19、, requires con ti nu ous p ractice, summary, impro veme nt and inno vati on. Author in sights in the biddi ng is talk ing about is as follows:1 Bid historyProject bidd ing, un der the sup ervisi on of the n ati on al legal p rotecti on and consent of both the owner and the con tractor activity, is o

20、n the market for con struct ion p roducts in the future trad ing p rice of a pu rchase. Con struct ion p roject biddi ng system is at p rese nt intern atio nally, more mature and a scie ntific and rati onal way of p roject con tract ing.After n early a cen tury of devel opmen t, i n p articular, as

21、established by the Intern atio nalFederati on of con sult ing engin eers FIDIC con diti ons of con tract for the in troducti on and establishme nt of p roject sup ervisi on system, makes grow ing maturity and p erfect ion of biddi ng system, has now become the equitable, efficie nt and rati onal sys

22、tem of p roject con tract ing sta ndards. After the reform and opening up, bidd ing system was in troduced in China. Earliest used methods of in vitati on to bid for intern ati onal bidd ing p roject is a hydroelectric po wer statio n p roject, build results, not on ly greatly reduce the in vestme n

23、t (close to on e-third, and that the durati on and imp roves quality. Since the n, gradually up biddi ng system in China. After lO many years of devel opment, China bidd ing of p roject con struct ion is the ratio of the nu mber of the year in 1984 to 4.Risi ng to 8% in 40. 6%, to comp ly with the t

24、en der con diti ons in many areas of engin eeri ng are impi eme nted for biddi ng, bidd ing has gradually become the main trad ing market. Nati onal 80% of thePrefecture has established a sp ecialized bid man ageme nt in stituti ons, has bee n sp ecified in the dep artme nts that are not set up. Cou

25、n try's 30 provin ces, aut onom ous regi ons, and municip alities have en acted bid man ageme nt app roaches, pro vided imp orta nt guara ntees for bidd ing.2 at p rese nt bidd ing of highway engin eeri ng in China and existi ng p roblems2. 1 the lowest bid out ofMinimum bid is Chin a's high

26、way con struct ion, in the beg inning years of com mon methods, the method is simple, in favour of owners con trolli ng engin eeri ng cost.Con struct ion market but have high in tegrity,desig n, up to a certa in dep th, less desig n cha nges, and many other p rerequisites, you can use this method. T

27、hese precon diti ons are n ot the biddi ng of highway con structi on in our country market. Many p ractice has pro ved that Chi na's highway con struct ion market in tegrity is not high, desig ned dee p eno ugh, bidder's intent to reduce p rice comp etiti on.Minimum bid evaluati on method fo

28、r Highway Engin eeri ng bidd ing p rojects ofte n exp erie nee low p rice, huma n factors lead to variati ons in p rice, Jerry, brought many to engin eeri ng quality p roblems. At the same time a large nu mber of cha nges in the con struct ion will result in corrup tio n, so the biddi ng evaluati on

29、 method in highway engin eeri ng bidd ing curre ntly has no use.2.2 comp rehe nsive assessme nt of huma n factors of highWith the 2003 Mini stry of the highway engin eeri ng con structi on ten der docume nt model for the pro mulgatio n of our country more Highway Engin eeri ng bidd ing evaluati on m

30、ethod in more freque nt use of this. The method to Highway Engin eeri ng en rollme nt ten der Gen eral Divisio n for qualificati on pre and ten der two stage, esp ecially in ten der stage, tech no logy sta ndard (Ge neral acco un ted for 20% ratio high, econo mic sta ndard (Ge neral acco un ted for

31、8O% p ull does not open dista nee, due to now take of most are is open base p rice, in expert scori ng of floati ng rate of Foun dati on Shang, the n and con struct ion un its quote of average p rice as comp osite base p rice comme nts on econo mic sta ndard of p rice mi n. This phenomenon of huma n

32、 factors to decide whether the bid, this is someth ing that each of the bidders are most worried about, while also offeri ng opportun ities for corr upt eleme nts.2.3 non-sta ndard bidd ing p rocess(1 adm ini strative in terve ntio n. Some un its of p ublic biddi ng should be impi eme nted as requir

33、ed by n ati onal p rojects, ten der or on the label you get is, "Camera Obscura" op erati on, eve ntually the bid a mere formality; there are plenty of p laces to imp leme nt local p rotectio nism, regulatio n tends to be elevated. Highway Engin eeri ng inv estme nt p roject for the State,

34、 the Gover nment as a State-ow ned asset man agers, n eed to exercise a certa in degree of sup ervisi on and man ageme nt, adm ini strative in terve nti on to put an end to such phenomena. Or else they might un derm ine the fair ness and imp artiality of the biddi ng, result ing in the occurre nee o

35、f cases of corrup ti on.(2 evaluat ing bid method limitati ons, bidd ing p rocess violati ons. In some engin eeri ng bid evaluati on Committee, members of the bid or pro fessi onal structure is un reas on able, or there is an in tricate relati onship with ten der un its. During the bid evaluati on e

36、xpert mixed with some huma n factors, leadi ng to un fair biddi ng sometimes happen.2. 4 loa n qualificatio n, to escrow, lead ing to run away engin eeri ng qualityIn some pl aces take Chi na to expand domestic dema nd and spur local econo mic mach ine, bli ndly en gaged in road con structi on. Beca

37、use highway p rojects, team small, tend to be "en try of bid in a high-quality, low quality, no qualificati on of con structio n".This resulted in many p rojects, to escrow, coup led with poor quality of sup ervisi on staff, in adequate sup ervisi on, result ing in quality out of this op e

38、rati on brings many risks of highway in vestme nt and people.3 soluti onsTo make the p roject ten deri ng and refi neme nts in the p rocess of imp leme nti ng rules, huma n factors elimi nate minimum limits to curb acts of un fair comp etiti on and, truly reflect comp etiti on in an open, fair and j

39、ust, for the above p roblems should do the follow ing areas of work:3. 1 p erfect laws and regulati onsLaw on establishme nt and impro veme nt of the bidd ing in the violati on of sanctions, to imp rove its op erability and ste pping up law en forceme nt and gover nment sup ervisi on.3. 2 serious co

40、n struct ion unit after the p re-qualificati on and auditTo stre ngthe n the man ageme nt of p roject bid in vitatio n and bidd ing, con structi on un its of p requalificati on for bidd ing qualificati on bodies can be commissi on ed, avoid best teams losi ng. After p requalificati on and audit, may

41、 be approp riate to in crease the p artici pati on in the con structi on of similar p rojects, and get quality award of the con struct ion unit of the pre and p ost exam in ati on score. 3.3 as far as po ssible biddi ng evaluati on exp erts of Justice (1 expand the scope of expert extracted, gradual

42、ly p ulled impi eme nti ng cross-i ndustry across the provin ce. (2 ran domly selected by compu ter to mini mize huma n in terve nti on. (3 approp riate rati on alize cap acity as admi nistrative officials and exp erts of the exp erts. (4 to stre ngthe n the educati on and trai ning of exp erts, in

43、clud ing new bus in ess training and ideological and moral educati on, establishme nt of evaluati on exp erts record files, in crease the in te nsity of treatme nt for expert fraud. 3. 4 stre ngthe ning the sup ervisi on of ten deri ng p rocess (1 stre ngthe ning sup ervisi on in China.Pro fessi ona

44、l ethics and pro fessi onal sta ndards in China to improve bidd ing, biddi ng activities strictly in accorda nee with statutory authority and p rocedures for exercis ing sup ervisi on to p reve nt gover nment dep artme nts and in dividuals directly invo Ived in the biddi ng of sp ecific activities a

45、nd in terve ntio ns. (2 establish and p erfect a just and efficie nt complaint han dli ng mecha nism of biddi ng. (3 impro ved mon itori ng tools, establish and p erfect the sup ervisi on n etwork in formatio n system of bidd in g. I mproving admi ni strativeSup ervisi on, mon itori ng and sup ervis

46、i on efficie ncy of in dustry, enhance social in termediaries in clea ning biddi ng market role in the en vir onment. 3. 5 "non-p rice bottom biddi ng and reas on able low p rice bidd ing" method Along with the highway p roject marketi ng pu sh, sum ming up the in itial minimum bid and lac

47、k of comp rehe nsive evaluati on method, is now p roduci ng "non-p rice bottom bidd ing and reas on able low p rice bid。 . So-called "no base p rice ten der, and reas on able low p rice comme nts on sta ndard" method is mea ns ten der people does not prep ared base p rice, will in acc

48、orda nee with horse stable home related pro vides prep ared of engin eeri ng budget p rice as highest con trol p rice ceili ng, by ten der people comb in ati on local p ositi on market and enterp rise of itself stre ngth, Gen eral in does not below enterp rise cost of range with in carried out comp

49、etiti on, in meet ten der un its requireme nts of situation, to quote minimum who for bid people of comme nts on sta ndard method.The bid to elimi nate the minimum bidd ing evaluati on method and syn thetic evaluati on method for defects® to bid every link on sup ervisi on. Reas on able low p r

50、ice bidd ing in accorda nee with the p rocedure p rescribed by law, evaluatio n of all asp ects of op erati ons in the Sun, and bidder is also directly invo Ived in the sup ervisi on, avoid ing the bid in a ten der, ten deri ng company and about the judges results, reduci ng the occurre nee of comme

51、rcial bribery con ducive to improving the engin eeri ng quality. Due to the ten der sector fair bidd ing, bid in a tender dep artme nts rely on stre ngth, not doping, con ducive to the bid serious and res pon sible dep artme nts for engin eeri ng quality and man ageme nt, en sure the quality of work fair use in favour of n atio n-build ing fun ds. Ten der un its can spend less, do more. Un its can comb ine their cap abilities and market con diti ons in a wid