作用分词在句子中具有形容词(表语定语补语) 和副词(状语)的功能

1、作用:分词在句子中具有形容词(表语、定语、补语) 和副词（状语）的功能。形式：现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词   (及物动词vt. 和不及物动词vi. ,以 do 和go 为例) 主动式 被动式 一般式   doing   being done 完成式   having done   having been done 一般式 going   无 完成式 having gone   无 A:分词的否定式分词的否定式由“not + 分词”构成Not dari

2、ng to speak , they say there silent . He escaped , not being seen by anyone . Not having found the wallet , he dared not go home .B:分词的时间意义现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。One day he saw a boy playing on the playground . Seeing nobody there , he turned off the lights . = When he saw nobody there ,

3、 he turned.They came in talking and laughing .他们谈着，笑着进来了。现在分词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。 Having cleaned the desks , we began reading . = When we had cleaned the desks, we began.Having been beaten by his parents , he studies very hard now . 现在分词表示的动作正在进行 Youd better make tea with boiling water . China is

4、a developing country . We should get used to the changing world . C.现在分词的语态意义现在分词表示主动意义They are talking about the exciting news . He found the girl covering her face with her hands . The teacher came into the classroom following the students. 被动语态现在分词（必须是及物动词）也表示被动意义The building being built will be

5、our school library . Having been invited by the students , he gave them a talk on history . 不及物动词的过去分词没有被动意义，只有完成意义In autumn , fallen leaves can be seen everywhere . ( .leaves which has fallen ) They look up at the risen sun . (.the sun which has risen ) D.现在分词的作用1.作定语：分词或分词词组作定语相当于一个相当于主动语态的定语从句. 单

6、个分词作定语放在被修饰词前；分词词组作定语放在被修饰词后.The man coming from Beijing is a policeman . = The man who comes from Beijing is a policeman. The worker retiring last week is a model worker.= The worker who retired last week is a model worker. Tell the children playing there not to make such noise= Tell the children w

7、ho are playing there not to make such noise . If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one being corrected . 如果我去更正别人的看法，我会尽可能用幽默和自我克制的态度去做，就象是我被别人更正一样They lived in a room facing the south= They lived in a room which faces the south . We can see

8、the rising sun我们可以看到东升的旭日= We can see the sun which is rising .注意：a. 表示情感的一些动词如：surprise , astonish, amuse, excite , disappoint, puzzle, move , interest, worry, satisfy , touch , encourage ,confuse 混淆and so on ,用现在分词表示“令人. “ The news is very surprising.At the sight of the moving scene, all the peopl

9、e present were moved to tears. 看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。b. 分词动作和谓语动词在时间上有先后，一般不能用-ing 形式。Do you know anyone who has lost a cat? 不能说成*Do you know anyone losing a cat?I want to talk to the person who broke that cup.不能说成I want to talk to the person breaking that cup.c.想要表达“非进行时”的意思，就得用定语从句，而不能用-ing 形式

10、。The boy who brings the milk has been ill. (送牛奶的那个男孩子病倒了。) 就不能说成The boy bringing milk has been ill.d. being在形容词短语里作定语，只能表示被动进行。如：Did you see that boy being questioned by the police?你看到那个正在受警察盘问的男孩了吗？但是句子Anybody who is outside after ten o'clock will be arrested. 就不能说成*Anybody being outside (原因同上)

11、2.表语The story is very touching感人的 . Landing on the moon is exciting . The story is moving.His hobby is collecting stamps.The situation in our country is encouraging.我国的形势鼓舞人心。3.现在分词作状语现在分词说明动词或整个句子所表达的概念，这时它的作用和副词短语相似。分词做状语时，可以表示原因、让步、条件、时间、方式、进一步说明或伴随情况。在使用分词结构做状语时，要注意以下两种情况：1） 分词的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致，如果

12、无法保持一致，这时就要使用独立主格结构。2） with +名词（或代词宾格）+分词（短语）做状语，表示一种伴随的情况。a.作伴随动作，进一步说明，方式及结果 He left off driving a car.(伴随)She begged him not to drink too much, reminding提醒 him that he'd have to drive home.(进一步说明）The boy sat in front of the farm-house cutting the branch . （伴随）The child fell striking his head

13、against the door . (结果) They sat under the big tree, chatting. （伴随）Her husband died in 1990,leaving her with two children.b.表示方式He came running back to tell me the news .She went up smiling with a new dress . He placed his gun in the hole, pointing outward.c.表示原因(相当于一个原因状语从句)Believing the earth to b

14、e flat扁的, many feared that Columbus would fall of the edge of the earth.(Because they believed the earth to be flat .)Not knowing what to do, the woman telephoned the police. (=As she didnt know what to do .)Being League members , we are ready to help others. ( Since we are league members ,.)Not hav

15、ing received an answer ,he decided to write another letter to him.=(As he had not received an answer,)Being ill , Mr Li didnt go to school . (Because he was ill , Mr Li didnt go to school .)Having been watched all the time he must be a spy.= Because he has been watched all the time, he must be a spy

16、.There being a lot of water on the floor we couldn't go out.= Since there was a lot of water on the floor, we couldn't go out.注意：许多静态动词如:feel, live, know, realize, be, have，wish作谓语动词时，很少用在进行时态里，但这些词的-ing形式可以用在-ing短语里，常表达“理由”或“原因”的含义。Being unable to help in any other way, I gave her some mone

17、y. (Because I was unable to)Feeling rather tired, I telephoned and said I couldn't come. (Since I felt tired)Living in the country, they had few amusements乐趣. Realizing he was in danger, he left the court庭院 immediately.d. 表示时间(相当于一个时间状语从句)Putting down the newspaper, I walked over the window and

18、looked out. (When I put down the .)Leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.=(when they left the airport ,)Having finished my homework , I started to watch TV .(=When I had finished my homework.)注意：掌握分词或分词短语作状语的关键是理解分词及其逻辑主语之间的关系。如果是主动关系，则选用现在分词，如果是被动关系，则选用过去分词。1、作状语的分词与逻辑主语是主动关系，且所表示动作

19、与谓语动作同时发生，则用现在分词的一般式。Relying on（=Depending on ） our own efforts，we overcame all the difficulties依靠自己的努力，我们把所有的困难克服了。（rely与其逻辑主语we之间是主动关系）Sally was lying in bed ,crying莎莉躺在床上哭泣。（cry与其逻辑主语Sally之间是主动关系）2、当现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时，则用现在分词的完成式。Having already seen the film twice， she didn't want to go to th

20、e cinema这部电影她已看过两遍，所以她就不想去看了。（see与其逻辑主语she之间是主动关系）Having never handled a machine， she met with a lot of difficulties at first 由于她从没碰过机器，所以一开头就碰到很多困难。（handle与其逻辑主语she之间是主动关系）3、如果作状语的分词与逻辑主语之间有被动关系，则用过去分词。Encouraged by these successes， they decided to expand the business在这些成绩的鼓舞下他们决定扩大经营。（encourage与其逻

21、辑主语 they之间是被动关系）We went home exhausted我们回到家里已筋疲力尽了。（exhausted与其逻辑主语we之间是被动关系）作状语的分词与逻辑主语之间有被动关系，也可用现在分词的被动式。Having been invited to speak ，I'll start making preparations tomorrow应邀发言，我明天将开始准备。（invite与其逻辑主语I之间是被动关系）注意:a. 有些分词在句子中没有逻辑主语。这种分词在语法上被称为垂悬分词或者说分词作插入语。属于分词的一种特殊的用法，须特别记住。常见的这类垂悬分词有：adv+ sp

22、eaking :strictly speaking , generally speaking , exactly speaking , frankly speaking , roughly speaking粗略地说 ,seriously speaking ,biologically speaking 从生物角度上说,单个ing/-ed的分词regarding关于，considering考虑到，supposing（that）假定， admitting（that）承认， concerning关于，granting granted（that）假定，即使， seeing that考虑到，given（t

23、hat）考虑到，如果，假如，counting that 算上， including . 包括according to . owning to 因为等等3）动词+介词talking about说到，speaking of说到，looking at考虑到，着眼于， allowing for 考虑到Judging by /from判断 ,He did poorly in his examinations， considering how hard he had studied for them就他为准备这些考试所付出的巨大努力而言，他考得极差。Granted that he has enough m

24、oney to buy the house，it doesn't mean he's going to do so即使他有足够的钱买这栋房子，这也并不是说他要买下来。Given his age，he has done a good job考虑到他的年龄，他干得不错。He asked me questions concerning my health他问了一些关于我的健康的问Judging from the number of cars，there were not many people at the club yet从汽车的数量来看，俱乐部里人还不多Considering t

25、hat he has been in China for only one year , he speaks Chinese very well . Judging from his expression , he is in bad mood. Generally speaking , men can faster than women .Strictly speaking , its not allowed , but we wont prevent it . Allowing for traffic delays , it will take thirty minutes to get

26、to the station . Biologically speaking , bat should belong to animals . Seriously speaking , its bad manners for you to come in without knocking at the door. Counting Tom and Mary , we have 33 persons to finish the work now . Allowing for the safety of the workers , we decided to put off the project

27、 until the rain stops . Owing to the bad weather , the plane had to be put off . Including the president and the teachers , all of us are invited to the party . Talking of Jim , have you heard that hes getting married ? b.有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as.但分词的主语和

28、主句的主语必须为同一个While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.= While he was waiting .Before watching TV , he has finished his homework.While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg.作宾补:现在分词作补语表示与宾语的关系是主动的，并表示正在发生动作.一般用在固定句型中如：  1)see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, f

29、ind, glance,listen to,look at 等感官动词+sb /.sth + doing 2)have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词 + sb /sth. + doing 3)with sb/ sth doing We should not leave him wondering what he should do.I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. I found my car missing.我发现我的车不见了。On the to

30、p of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.When I caught发觉 him cheating, I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. 当我发觉他欺骗我时，我不再在他那里买东西，而开始和另一家商店打交道After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on 强调expanding education, with

31、 girls as well as boys being encouraged to go to school. 阿拉伯国家赢得独立后，特别重视扩大教育，不但鼓励男孩子入学，也鼓励女孩入学Do you think you can get the radio working?I caught Ann reading my diaryThe shop girl's good intention意图left the old man feeling worse than before注意：分词可以有意义上的逻辑主语，由名词或代词表示,置于分词前，它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,称为分词独立主格

32、结构。The meeting being over , they went home . Winter having come , its getting colder and colder. Mother being ill in bed , she couldnt go to work . There being so much time , we neednt hurry up .Time permitting , I shall stay here for another two days. She lay against the wall ,the sun shining upon

33、her face. Weather permitting we will go for a picnic.It being fine,we went fishing in the lakeThe work having been done, they stopped to have a rest。She being Monitor ,Mr Brown is always strict with her . 注意比较： 不可说：Watching TV, he came in.而应说：While I was watching TV, he came in. 或者说：(While) Watching

34、 TV, I saw him come in.过去分词 及物动词的过去分词： 表示被动和完成   不及物动词的过去分词：表示主动和完成    过去分词用法：作状语过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语常为句子的主语，与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系；逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致；如果与句子的主语不一致，那么分词就要有自己的逻辑主语，就要用独立主格结构（名词或代词过去现在分词）来表示a. 条件Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. （= If they had been

35、given more attention to , the trees could have grown better . ）假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。Heated , liquids can be changed into gases.(If it is heated , liquid can be changed into gases .)Compared with your brother , you should make greater efforts to study English.(If you are compared with your brother , you

36、)Given another chance , he will do it better. (If he is given another chance , he)b. 时间Followed by some officials, Napoleon inspected his army(= As he was followed by some officials /With some officials following , Napoleon inspected his army.)Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a bi

37、g garden . Accepted by the Party , he decided to devote himself to his career . c.原因Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling each other . (Because they were deeply moved by the story , .)Used for a long time, the book looks old(=Because it has been used for a long time , the

38、 book)Encouraged by the speech , the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.(=Because they were encouraged by the speech, .)Born and brought up in the countryside ,he is interested in biology .(Because he was born and brought up in the countryside , he .)Beaten black and blue , he

39、didnt come to attend the meeting.= Because he was beaten black and blue, he didn't come to attend the meeting.Being a manager he had to do more things than the others.= Because he was a manager, he had to do more things than the others.d.让步Tired from running , he insisted on running . (= Though

40、he was tired from running , he )Laughed by other classmates , he continued to tell his story . (Although he was laughed by other classmates , he)e.方式，伴随Mr Li came into the classroom , followed by Mrs Zhou. =Mr Li came into the classroom and was followed by Mrs Zhou,)Seated at the table , my father a

41、nd I were talking about my job . = My father and I were seated at the table and were talking about my job. The old man went into his room , supported by his daughter. The old man went into his room and he was supported by his daughter. He walked up and down, lost in thought. (= He walked up and down

42、 and he was lost in thought. )注意：过去分词或短语也可以和连词合组成短语（是一种省略的用法,省略 主语和 be动词,注意主句和从句主语要一致） 由 when, whenever, while, until 等连词引导，表示“ 时间” When (he was )asked about his previous job, Bill said he had been a motor mechanic. Susan seldom speaks in class until she was spoken to.When asked why he came here , t

43、he boy kept silent .由 where, wherever 连词引导，表示“地点”，Mosquitoes蚊子 should be completely exterminated where they were found. Retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever ( they are )needed. c.由 if, unless 引导，表示“条件”，If (they are )kept for too long, some medicines will lose their ef

44、fectiveness. We have made a point of not attacking unless (we are ) attacked. d.由 though, although, even though 连词引导，表示“让步 ”Though (they were )warned of the danger, they still went mountaineering. Even though (we were )defeated for a second time, our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victor

45、y. 2. 作定语一般来说，单个过去分词作前置定语,放在被修饰词前，过去分词短语作后置定语, 放在被修饰词后，具有被动或完成的意思；过去分词作定语相当于一个定语从句Vt表示被动和完成 :developed countries(发达国家), the touched audience (感动的观众),the organized trip , printed question papers, an unknown plant, a injured tiger, Vi 表示主动和完成:the fallen trees , boiled water , a retired worker ,returne

46、d students, faded flowers, 凋零的花, departed friends 分离的朋友a well-read person.一个读过许多书的人 a much-travelled may一个去过许多地方的人 a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted 采纳by the manager. Is there anything planned for tomorrow ? The meeting attended by one thousands of student

47、s was a success. The book , written by Luxun , is popular with many young people .注意：少数过去分词作后置定语如： left , given, gone and so on Put the words given in the gaps . There is no time left to go playing basketball . 作表语过去分词作表语常放在系动词之后，表示人或物所处的状态、情感变化等；注意系表结构和被动结构的区别：系表结构表示主语的特点或状态，而被动结构表示一个动作。The soccer

48、fans were delighted 高兴.She is married .Dont touch the glass because it is broken .He is quite pleased with the design of the dress . 区别被动语态与“连系动词 get/be+过去分词”的结构如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。The glass is broken        玻璃杯碎了。（系表结构）The glass was broken by

49、 the boy        玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态）如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态The magazine is published in Shanghai        这家杂志出版于上海。（被动语态）The door is locked        门锁着。（系表结构）The door has already/just been locked

50、0;       门已经/刚刚被锁上。（被动语态） The shop is opened        这家商店开门了。（系表结构） The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday        这家商店每天上午八点开门。（被动语态）c. 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。所以下列句子都是被动语态

51、：The machine is being repaired        机器正在修。A new school will be built here     这里将要建一所新学校。注意：a. get过去分词"与“be过去分词”表达的被动语态并不完全相同，“be过去分词”既可表示动作，又可表示状态，而“get过去分词”则主要表示动作The police say the man was shot when they found him, but they don't know when he got shot.    b. “be过去分词”构成的被动语态不用于将来进行时和完成进行时；而“get过去分词”可以用这些时态。You will be getting cursed责备. My brother has been getting examined.作宾补  作宾语补足语的过去分词表示被动意义和完成意义，与前面的宾语构成被动关