语义学复习要点

1、语义学复习要点及习题1. The naming theory（ 命名说） is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for.2. The conceptualist view （概念论） is one concerning meaning. Acc

2、ording to this view, there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.3. Behaviorism: According to this view, the meaning of a language form is the “ situationin which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ” . （Bloomfield 1933: 139）4. Contextualis

3、m （语境论）：is a view concerning meaning which holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context.5. Same reference but different sense:e.g. VenusThe evening starwest. （sunset）The morning stareast. （sunrise）Same object （same reference） but different sense （different aspect）; differ

4、ent ways of referring to the same thing.6. Conceptual meaning is also called denotative”（外延义） or “cognitive ” meaning. This refers to the definition given in the dictionary.7. Connotative meaning may vary according to culture, historical period and the experience of the individual, and thus are inde

5、terminate and open-ended.8. Affective meaning indicates the speaker 's attitude towards the person or thing in question.9. Homonymy refers to cases where lexemes with the same phonological or morphological shape have different meanings.10. According to the semantic relationship, antonyms can be

6、loosely divided into three categories:1）Complementary antonyms 互补性反义 Complementary antonyms are also called non-gradable antonyms. They are lexemes or expressions whose crucial semantic features are mutually exclusive. The positive of one suggests the negative of the other.male-female;married-single

7、;alive-dead;2）Gradable antonyms （ 可分等级的反义词 ） There are often intermediate form between the two members of a pair of antonyms . So it is a matter of degree. “old ” and “ young”3）Relational antonyms （关系反义词）They are pairs of lexemes or expressions whosecrucial semantic features display a reciprocal （ 相

8、互的 ） relationship.husband - wifeMy only love sprung from my only hate!Too early seen unknown, and known too late.Antonyms can also be used as a rhetorical device to make the expressions more contrastive and impressive.To achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together, to express economically

9、 the opposite of a particular thought.11. Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items.Hyponymy is used to refer to a specific-general semantic relationship between lexical items.Relations between sentencesA. Entailment （ 蕴涵）C. Inconsistency （矛盾）B. Presuppositi

10、on （前提，预设）D. Synonymy （同义）练习题：I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or

11、 American English.2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different sit

12、uations.4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meanin

13、g of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to t

14、heir degree of formality.9. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.10. The naming theory is also called ideational theory.II. There are four choi

15、ces following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:11. The naming theory is advanced by .A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth12. “ We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement representsA. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming

16、theory D. behaviourism13. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers

17、are not interested in.14. “Can I borrow your bike? ” “ You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes15. is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaningcomponents, called semantic features.B. Componential analysisD. Grammatical analysis ar

18、e .B. relational oppositesD. None of the abovedeals with the relationship between the linguistic element and theA. Predication analysis C. Phonemic analysis16. “ alive” and “dead”A. gradable antonymsC. complementary antonyms17. non-linguistic world of experience. A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense18. refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form.