初中英语句子成分结构

1、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类,即名词nounn.:人或事物的名称.例： girl, history代词pronounpron.:代替名词,数词等.例： they, it形容词adjectiveadj.:表示人或事物的特征.例： brave, small副词adverbadv.:表示动作特征或性状特征.例 ：nicely,very动词verbv.:表示动作或状态.数词numeralnum.:表示数目或顺序.冠词articleart.:用在名词前,帮助说明其意义.介词prepositionprep.:用在名词,代词前说明与别的词的关系.连词co

2、njunctionsconj.:用来连接词与词或句与句.感慨词interjectioninterj.:表示说话时的感情或口气.一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解：一句子成分1. 主语subject:句子说明的人或事物.主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、 分词、主语从句和短语等来担任.The sun rises in the east.名词 He likes dancing. 代词Twenty years is a short time in history.数词Seeing is believing.动名词To see is to believe.不定式What he needs i

3、s a book.主语从句It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语2. 谓语predicate:说明主语的动作、状态和特征.We study English. He is asleep.3. 表语predicative:系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征.He is a teacher.名词 Seventy-four! You don ' t look代词Five and five is ten.数词He is asleep.形容词His father i

4、s in.副词The picture is on the wall. 介词短语My watch is gone / missing / lost.形容词化的分词To wear a flower is to say"I ' m poor, I can 不定式 buy a ring.The question is whether they will come.表语从句常见的系动词有：be, sound 听起来,look 看起来,feel摸起来,smell 闻起来 taste 尝、吃起来,remain 保持,仍是,feel 感觉.It sounds a good idea. The

5、 sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.4. 宾语：1动作的承受者-动宾I like China.名词 He hates you.代词How many do you need? We need two.数词We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you.动名词I h

6、ope to see you again. 不定式 Did you write down what he said?宾语从句2 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3双宾语-间宾指人和直宾指物He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.5. 宾补：对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语.We elected him monitor.名词We all think it a pity that she did

7、n' tcome here. 名We will make them happy.形容词We found nobody in.副词Please make yourself at home. 介词短语Don' t let him do that.省 to 不定式His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 带 to 不定式Don' t keep the lights burning.现在分词I ' ll have my bike repaired.过去分词6. 主补：对主语的补充,全称为主语补足语.He

8、 was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.7. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子.Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.名词 He is our friend. 代词We belong to the third world.数词He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.形容词The man over there is my old fr

9、iend. 副词The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.介词The boys playing football are in Class 2.现在分词The trees planted last year are growing well now.过去分词I have an idea to do it well.不定式You should do everything that I do.定语从句8. 状语：用来修饰 v., adj., adv.,或句子.表示时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、条件、方式 和让步.以下例句按上述顺序排列I will

10、 go there tomorrow.The meeting will be held in the meeting-room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather.He studies hard to learn English well.He didn ' t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bi

11、ke.Though he is young, he can do it well.二句子结构简单句的五个根本句型1. 主语 +不及物动词 She came. / My head aches.2. 主语 +及物动词+宾语She likes English.3. 主语 + 系动词 +表语 She is happy.4. 主语 + 双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 She gave John a book.5. 主语 + 宾补动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry .The teacher asked me to read the passage. There

12、 +be 句型There are some books on the desk.There lies a book on the desk.Exercises :分析以下句子成分1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it

13、 clear that he would leave the city .译练习：主谓结构主语+不及物动词1、You should study hard.2、She went home very late yesterday evening.练习：1、This box weighs five kilos. 这个盒子重五公斤.2、I lived in Beijing five years ago. 五年前我住在匕京.主谓宾结构主语 +及物动词+宾语1、I wrote a letter last night.2、I want to talk with you this afternoon.练习：1

14、、 All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.我们大家都相信 Jack 是一个老实男孩.2、He did not know what to say.他不知道说什麽好.主系表结构主语 +系动词+表语 1. My brothers are all college students. 2In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.2. Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianis

15、t.练习：1、 树叶已经变黄了.The leaves have turned yellow.2、 这个报告听起来很有意思.The report sounds interesting.双宾语结构主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语1. Mr Johnson taught us German last year.2. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.练习：1、请你给我弄一本新的,好吗 Will you please get me a new copy?2、 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗Shall I call you a taxi?复合宾语结

16、构主语 +动词 +宾语+宾语补足语1. We call her Alice.2. His parents named him John.练习：1、学校定了一条规那么,开始上课时学生要起立.The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.2、我认为与那个人谈话是无益的.I thought it no use talking with that manThere be 句型1. There isn' t going to be a meeting tonight.2. There w

17、as only a well in the village.练习：1、铃响了.2、一周有七天.二、英语句子种类讲解：根据句子的用途,英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感慨句.根据句子的结构,英 语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句.中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1. 陈述句的构成形式及根本用法；2. 祈使句的构成形式及根本用法；3. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及根本用法；4. 由what, how引导的感慨句的构成形式、用法及区别 对于各种从句的用法我们在后面分别论述.一.陈述句的构成形式及根本用法1. 陈述句：陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法

18、包括肯定和否认的句子.通常用降 调,句末用句号 “.Tom has a new car.The flower isn ' t beautiful.2. 陈述句否认式的构成1如果肯定陈述句的谓语局部含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词 be,那么只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否认式.He is playing the guitar.肯定He is not playing the guitar.否认We can get there before dark.肯定We can ' t get thee before dark.否认2如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其中又没有情态动词或助动

19、词时,那么需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don' t, doesn或didn'°t同时把该实义动词变为原形.He plays the violin well.肯定He doesn ' t play the violin well否认She won the game.肯定She didn' t win the game.否认 如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是 have 有,除了 be和have之后加not之夕卜, 句中如果有 some要变为any.例如：There is some water in the cup.There is not a

20、ny water in the cup.He has some books. He has not any books.4除not以外,否认词 no, never, nothing, nobody, few 等也可构成否认句.例如： There is something wrong with his bike.There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film.I have never seen the film.二.祈使句的构成形式及根本用法祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子,谓语动词用原形,句末用感慨号 或句号“.

21、朗读时一般用降调.1.肯定的祈使句：1祈使句主语是 you时,you常省略,但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时 可以有主语或称呼语.Be quiet.You be quiet!2 “Do祈使句表示一种强烈的感情或请求,do起强调作用.Do come back at once!Do be careful.(3) please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气,但 please用在句末时,必须用逗号与其余局局部开.Open the window, please.(4) Let引导祈使句时,后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语,人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称.Let Jack wait a minut

22、e.Let ' s go to school.(5) 在祈使句中,Let'和Let us是有区别的.Let'包括说话者,而 Let us不包括听话者在 内.这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出.Let ' s go skating, shall we俵示内部的建议)Let us try again, will you?(表示向别人发出请求)2.否认祈使句通常以Don'或Never开头.其结构通常是： "Don' t(Nevei州原形+ 其他成分例如：Don' t do that again!Never leave today '

23、 s work for tomorrow!Don' t be late next time!(三.)一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及根本用法1. 一般疑问句：(1) 一般疑问句的肯定形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have (有)开始,通常要求以yes,或no来答复的疑问句,一般疑问句读时通常用升调.Do you know Mr. Smith?Can you swim?(2) 一般疑问句的否认结构 在一般疑问句的否认结构中,把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后.但如果用not的简略形式-n' ,t那么须将-n'与一般疑问句句

24、首的be, have,助动词或情态动词写在一起.在实际运用中,一般都采用简略式.Are you not a football fan?Aren ' t you a football fan?Will she not like it?Won' t she like it? 与汉语不同的是,英语一般疑问句否认结构的答语是否认还是肯定,全由答语的否认或肯定来决定.假设答语是肯定的,那么用yes加肯定结构；假设答语是否认的,那么用 no加否认结构.Aren ' t you a football fan?尔不是足球迷吗Yes, I am. No, I am not.Won'

25、; t she like it?Yes, she will. No, she won ' t.2. 特殊疑问句特殊疑问句由 疑问代词或疑问副词 +一般疑问句构成,句子一般用倒装语序,但如果主语 是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时,用陈述句的语序.特殊疑问句不能用yes或no答复,读时用降调.例如：Who is on duty today?How long have you been in Beijing?What time do you get up every morning?What must I do now?常用的特殊疑问句询问内容疑问词或句型例句答复职业,身份whatWhat is

26、 your father?He is a doctor.姓名或关系whoWho is that boy?He is Jack.He is my brother相貌特征whatlike?What is she like?What does she look like?She is beautiful.目的whatfor?What did they come here for?To attend a meeting.原因whyWhy did they come here?Because they have a meeting to attend.天气howwhat like?How is the

27、weather today?What is the weather like today?It ' s fine.颜色what colorWhat dolor is her skirt?It ' s red.服装尺寸what sizeWhat size does he wear?He wars 40.几点钟what timeWhat time is it?It ' s 7:30.星期几what dayWhat day is today?It ' s Tuesday.几号,日期what is the date What is the date today?It &

28、#39; s May 2.年龄多大how oldHow old is he?He is 38.持续多长时 间多久how longHow long have you been here?For five months.长度多长how longHow long is the bridge?It ' s 500 metres.距离多远how farHow far is it from here to the zoo?It ' s 6 kilometres.频度多经常how oftenHow often do you come back?Once a week.时间经过多快how so

29、onHow soon will she arrive?In an week.数量多少价格how many 可数名词how much /*数名词How many jackets do you have?How much coffee do you want?Three.Two cups.how muchHow much is it?How much does it cost?Five dollars.局度多高how tall 人,树how high 山,建筑物How tall is she?How high is the tower?She' s 1.73 metres.It '

30、 s 450 metres.3. 选择疑问句：选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况,让对方选择答复的疑问句.其结构是疑问句+选择局部.选择局部由or连接,or前面的局部读升调,or后面的局部读降调.选择疑问句不能用 yes或no答复,而必须具体的选择答复.Is your bag yellow or black? It . ' s black.Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.4

31、. 反意疑问句：反意疑问句(tag question)又叫附加疑问句,是在陈述句后,对陈述句所表达的事提出的疑问.其根本结构有两种：一肯定陈述句+简略否认问句；二 否认陈述句+简略肯定问句.反意疑问句的前后两局部在时态,人称和数上都要保持一致.It looks like rain, doesn' t it?He doesn ' t need to work so late, does he?(1) 肯定的陈述句后跟否认的附加问句,否认的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句.I am your teacher, aren ' t I?He didn ' t study har

32、d, did he?(2) 当反意疑问句是否认陈述句+肯定附加问句时,英语与汉语的答复习惯存在差异.英语答复时只看实际情况,假设答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+定结构,答语的具体内容是否认的就用 “No否认结构,而译成汉语时,那么必须把 yes译 不是,把no译成 是的.-You won' t be away for long, will you?(尔不会离开太久,是吗-Yes, I will不,我会离开很久.-No, I won 是的,我不会离开很久.-I don ' t think she ' ll by)ibike, will she?我认为她不会骑自行车,会

33、吗?-Yes, she will不,她会骑自行车来.-No, she won 是的,她不会骑自行车来.即：对反意疑问句的答复,是根据事实,而不是根据问题的提法.He isn 't a doctor, is he ?是医生,是吗?)Yes, he is .不,他是医生.)No, he isn't.(是的,他不是医生.)(3) 陈述局部的主语是this, that时,疑问局部的主语多用it;陈述局部的主语是 these, those 时,疑问局部的主语多用they.This is a dictionary, isn ' t it?Those are shelves, are

34、n ' t they?(4) 陈述局部是"there be结构的,疑问局部用 there省略主语代词.There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?There will not be any trouble, will there?(5) 陈述句中含有 not, no, hardly, neither, never, few, little, too等否认词或to有否认意义 的词时,疑问局部常用肯定形式.如：Few people knew the news, did they?Tom has never b

35、een to England, has he?(6) 如果陈述句的主语是something, nothing, anything, everything等不定代词时, 反意疑问局部的主语多用it.(7) 如果主语是l '巩后反意局部用 aren ' t ll ' m late , aren ' t l?Attention:简短问句的否认形式,要用缩写形式,不能出现not,主语要用人称代词不能用名词.Her mother is a doctor , isn ' t she?There is a book on the desk, isn't the

36、re?Fill in the blanks:1、 The boy is Japanese,he? The book isn't interest ing,it? He knows a lot about English names,he? The girl doesn't like apples,she? There are two birds in the tree,there? The man came to China last month,he?2、(1)You ' re a farmer,?(2) The weather isn ' t fine,?(

37、3) Kate came here last month,?(4) I don' t think Tom is at home,?(5) There weren' t enough nuts,?(6) There ' s a pen in the pe-buiX,?(7) The man had bread for lunch,?(8) Mary can speak little English ,?(9) Nothing is wrong with the watch,?(四.)由what, how引导的感慨句的构成形式、用法及区别感慨句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等

38、感情的句子.句末用感慨号！ ,读时用降调, 感慨句往往由 what或how引导,what修饰名词,how修饰形容词,副词或动词.1. what引导的感慨句：(1) what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)What a beautiful city it is!What an interesting story she told!(2) what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)What expensive watches they are!What terrible weather it is!2. How引导的感慨句：(1) How+形容词/

39、副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)How cold it is!How hard he works!(2) How+陈述句(主语+谓语)How he loves his son!How I miss you!(3) How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)How tall a tree it is!(4)上述两种感慨句可以互相转换.例如：What a clever boy he is!How clever the boy is!What a cold day it is!How cold it is!【实例解析】1. useful computer it is!A. What B.

40、 What a C. What an D. How2. -is it from Jiaxing to Hangzhou?-I ' m not sure, but it takes about ninety minutes to get there by bus.A. How many B. How often C. How much D. How far3. -will it take us to get there by bus?-About two hours.A. How soon B. How often C. How long D. How quick4. -Help! Th

41、ere is a snake near the house.-afraid. It will go away later.A. Don ' t B. Not C. Don ' t be D. Be综合练习一.单项填空1. -Excuse me,is the nearest bookshop?-Go down the street and turn left at the second corner.A. how B. what C. where D. who2. -is it from our school to the Bell Tower?-About half an ho

42、ur' s bus ride. Shall we go and visit it?A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How much3. -Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning,?-No. She got up too late.A. had she B. hadn ' t she C. did she D. didn' t she4. -The room is so dirty.we clean it?-Of course.A. Will B. Would C. Do D.

43、 Shall5. , sir?-Size 41, I thinkA. What size do you need B. What can I do for youC. How do you like this shirt D. What' s the matter with you6. -good weather! Why not go out for a walk?A. What B. How C. What a D. How a7. -It ' s a nicar.have you been in it?-Just to Shanghai.A. How much B. Ho

44、w long C. How soon D. How far8. -to the United States?-No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.A. Have you been B. Have you goneC. Did you go D. Will you go9. -were you away from school last year?-About two weeks.A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. When10. -do you want?-I want a CD of po

45、pular songs.A. Which CD B. How many CDsC. What CD D. How much11.is your mother, a teacher or a doctor?A. What B. Which C. Who D. whose12. -is your mother today, Jim?-She is much better.A. How B. What C. Where D. How old13. -he at this school last term?-Yes, I think so.A. Did - study B. Does - studyC

46、. Was - study D. Did - studied14. -did you begin to learn English?-Three years ago.A. When B. Why C. Where D. What15. -do you write to your pen-friend?-Once a week.A. How long B. How soon C. How far D. How often16. nice flowers! Where did you pick them?A. How B. What C. What a D. How a17. The sick m

47、an ' s allowed to take a walk in the garden every day,?A. is he B. isn ' t he C. has he D. hasn ' t he18. cross the road before the traffic lights turn green.A. Not B. Won' t C. Don ' t D. Doesn ' t19. He found nothing in the room,?A. doesn ' t he B. does heC. didn ' t he D. did he20. You haven ' t changed your mind,