考研英语应用文写作完全手册

1、考研英语应用文写作完全手册 有志者 事竟成 破釜沉舟 百二秦关终属楚 天不负 有心人 卧薪尝胆 三千里越甲可吞吴各种类型的文章写作合同与协议贺卡简历 -概述便笺 (便条 和短信 -分类举例 -回复友人问侯便笺 (便条 和短信 -概述私人和公务信函 -分类举例 -邀请信私人和公务信函 -分类举例 -推荐信演讲与致辞演讲与致辞一篇好的演讲稿, 通常要有很精彩的演讲词, 以及很好的文体特征和篇章结构, 同时还 得考虑所演讲的对象。如何拟定演讲稿(How to Make a Speech Draft真正写好一篇演讲稿, 拟稿人首先得了解演讲词的文体特征以及演讲词的篇章结构, 此 外,还得考虑所演讲的对

2、象。这就是所谓 “ 知己知彼,百战百胜 ” 。演讲词的文体特征(Stylistic Features of a Speech因此,在准备演讲稿时,应力求语言通俗易懂,诙谐幽默,生动形象,层次清晰,逻辑 性强,句子精悍有力,文字朗朗上口,语言节奏感强。1放在前面多采用简单句。2语言多口语化。3多用排比句式。4重复修辞格多。5多采用祈使句。6多运用设问句。在现代社会交际活动中,致辞的使用十分频繁。一般地, 根据场合不同, 致辞大体可分为正式和非正式两种。 正式场合致辞通常多用于 官方性质的会议、仪式等场合, 这类致辞要求结构严谨, 语言规范。相反个人或民间举行的 一些非正式的仪式,语言则可以随和、

3、轻松一些。致辞文体结构(Structure of a Speech一篇完整的致辞,一般由引言、正文和结论三大部分组成。引言(Introduction 在致辞引言中, 演讲者应着重指明演讲主题的重要性以及重要意义以引起听众的注意及 共鸣。正文(Body 正文部分是致辞的核心内容,因此应该突出主题,做到观点明确, 层次清晰, 以达到致 辞的真正目的。结论(Conclusion 结论部分是对致辞的主体内容做出结论性的总结,并且应对相关问题提出希望。因此, 写作时宜使用一些具有激励性、 鼓舞性的语言。 按照致辞的场合以及用途, 常见的致辞种类 可分为:欢迎词、答谢词、欢送词、告别词、开幕词、闭幕词、贺

4、词、祝酒词、悼词等证书证书证书所采用的也是一种应用文体形式,一般内容不长,语言精炼,用词严谨、准确。 与证明不同的地方在于,有的证书没有标题,但必须注明证书的号码。常用的证书有:毕业证书、学位证书、结婚证书、退休证书、职称证书等。证明证明证明通常是由个人所在单位或学校出具的证明个人身份、 学历、 经历或者某些事实真相 的一种文书,具有一定的法律效力。 在日常生活中,因为工作或交往的需要,出具证明是常 有的事情。 与证明相比, 证书则是由学校、 团体或机关颁发的能够证明资格或权力等问题的 文件,例如考试等级证书、获奖证书、荣誉证书等等。无论是出具证明还是颁发证书,都必 须坚持实事求是的原则,切忌

5、弄虚作假。证明的基本格式(The Style of Certificates英文证明的书写格式比较简单。 但语言要求简洁、严谨, 格式要规范,并且反映事实情 况。通常证明上无需收信人姓名、地址,也无需结束敬语。证明一般由标题、正文、署名 3部分组成。合同与协议合同与协议合同或协议一般由三部分组成,即:标题、正文和署名。标题(Title 合同或协议的标题需要标明合同的性质, 点明主旨, 说明这是一个什么合同。 在商务合 同中,还宜在标题下面标明合同号码。合同与协议正文(Body of the Text合同或协议的正文通常应包括开端、具体条款和结尾。合同或协议的开端首先要写明签订合同或协议的双方名

6、称、 地址, 同时简要说明签订合 同或协议的目的。通常为了便于合同或协议在文中的引用,在双方名称后分别注明 “ 以下简 称 为 或 称 为 买 (卖 方 或 甲 (乙 方 ” 英 语 中 称 为 “hereinafter referred to as .” 或 “herei nafter called .” 。产品说明书产品说明书产品说明书,又称为 “ 产品使用手册(Operating Manual ” ,是生产厂商为销售及进一 步宣传和说明其产品而附在产品包装内部或外部的一种宣传资料,主要用来说明产品的结 构、功能、 性状等各方面特征, 并告诉客户如何正确使用所购物品,使顾客对产品有深一层

7、的了解,以免因使用不当而造成不良后果,同时对今后产品的日常保养有一定的提示作用。 产品说明书在英语中通常有三种不同的说法,即, Instruction, Direction, Description。一份成功有效的说明书, 不仅可以迅速激起人们的购买欲望, 而且可以起到良好的宣传 广告作用。英语产品说明书一般由标题 (包括副标题 和正文两大部分组成。 有的说明书在最后还 附注厂商的名称。天气预报天气预报天气预报是日常生活中每天都会有的我们经常能够从电视、 广播等媒介中了解到它的相 关信息。 天气预报的内容一般有两大主体, 包括对近期的天气情况分析和主要城市的天气情 况介绍及气温预报。天气情况分

8、析(Weather Analysis天气情况分析是指在预报某一地区的主要城市天气情况和气温报告前, 对某一地区所作的总体天气情况分析,例如气压、气流、云团的变化等等。一般是一个大范围的预测,时间 可以预计到两三天甚至一周之内。主要城市天气预报(Weather Forecast for Major Cities城市天气预报是对某地区的主要城市所作的天气情况 (如晴、 阴、 雨、 雪、 多云、 风力、 风向等的预报和气温报告,如今在很多大城市的天气预报中,还加入了空气污染指数,人 体舒适度指数,穿衣出行指数等相关信息,使天气预报更人性化食谱食谱食谱是指介绍菜肴的原料、 制作及烹饪的工序与方法的小短

9、文, 一般在家庭中的应用比 较广泛,食谱的内容一般包括菜肴名称、用料、烹饪工序以及食法等。食谱与菜谱(menu 不同, 菜谱是指饭店、餐馆使用的印有菜名和菜价的目录单, 供客人查询, 而食谱主要是教 会人们如何亲自动手制作出一道美味可口的菜,从而满足并丰富人们的生活广告广告广告是人们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分, 一则好的广告应该做到形式上新颖独特, 以 达到成上引起读者或听者注意的目的。英语广告的结构(The Structure of English Advertising一则完善的书面广告应由以下五部分组成:1标题(headline ,有的有副标题(sub headline ;2正文(bod

10、y text ;3口号(slogan ;4商标(trademark ;5插图(illustration 。以上五部分中,前三部分为语言文字(verbal 部分,是广告的主体部分;后两部分为 非语言文字(non verbal 部分,是广告的辅助性部分。广告创意的基本原则(AIDMA Principle of Advertising一则好的英语广告,要求能够做到引起读者注意、 激起读者兴趣、唤起读者欲望、让 读者过目不忘、使读者采取行动。广告语言的特征(Features of Advertising Language一般说来,广告语言都比较简明、形象、生动而口语化。因为它不仅要充分地宣传、介 绍该

11、广告的内容,又要想方设法地节省篇幅和时间。总之,广告的目的在于宣传, 广告制作 人应在撰写广告时作认真选择,反复推敲贺卡贺卡在现代社会交际当中,贺卡扮演着越来越重要的角色。每当节日、 生日、 庆典等喜庆日 子以及各种周年纪念日快来时, 亲朋好友之间寄上一张精美的贺卡, 致以良好的祝愿, 以示 庆贺。这样既有利于感情沟通,又能起到加深友谊的作用。贺卡可以购置,也可自己制作。 贺 卡 的 书 写 格 式 为 :上 端 写 上: To Mr. (Mrs., Professor, Miss, Director, Dean, President, etc.,其中的 “To” 也可省 去 ; 下 端 写

12、成 :From , 其 中 的 “From” 同 样 的 可 以 省 略 。 正 文 写 上: Wishing You A Happy New Year (A Merry Christmas, Happy Birthday, etc., 其中的 “Wishing you” 可以省略不写,也可代之以 “With Best Wishes for” 。其中:“A Happy New Year” 中的 “A” 也可省略。例 1:To Mr. and Mrs. BrownWith Best WishesforA Merry ChristmasFrom Ronald Frye日记日记日记是对每天所发生的和

13、所做的事情的记录, 有的日记则兼记对这些事情的感受。 日记 一般可分为两种类型,即伤痛 事型日记和抒情型日记。My love is the human race not, of course, the corrupt, servile, idle race that we too ofte n meet. I love the great, fine possibilities, even in a corrupt people. I love the race of th e centurise to come. We live in a time when everything is wo

14、rking toward amelioration. These seeds of enlightenment, these silent wishes and strivings toward the education of the race, . will yield glorious fruit. This is the sacred goal of my wishes and my activity to plant the seeds which will ripen in another generation.启事启事启事是一种公告性的应用文。 机关、 团体或个人若有事情要向群众

15、公开说明, 或者对群 众有什么要求, 都可以把要说的意思简要地写成启事, 张贴于布告栏等公共场所。 特别重要 的或涉及面较广的,往往还要登报。启事的种类繁多,日常生活中常用的有:遗失启事、招领启事、征稿启事等等。 例 1Directions: Suppose you carelessly lost a Longman Modern English Dictionary in the readi ng room. Please write a notice of about 100 words, titled Lost.LostAug. 18,2004I was so careless that

16、 I lost a copy of “Longman Modern English Dictionary” when study ing in the reading room around 3 oclock pm. yesterday. You can find my name “Euphem ia” on the cover. The dictionary is a dear gift of my best friend who is working overseas . If you are the kind finder, could you do me a favor to send

17、 it to the office of the For eign Languages Department or ring me up to fetch it back. Ill be very grateful for your kindness.Loser,EuphemiaAddress: Room 1010, 40#Tel. No: 68602145*寻物启事要包括对失物的具体描述,遗失地点,失主的联系方式,并要表示对归物者 的感谢。例 2Directions: Wong Yuk sing is looking for his missing father in law. Please

18、 write a noti ce, with the following items included1 the information of the missing man2 the reason3 the contact wayYou should write no less than 100 words.MISSINGMy father in law, Mr Liu Guashing,born in Wuhan, Hubei Province and aged 46, has b een missing for years. He is the fifth graduates of St

19、. Johns University. 30 years ago he was living on 5/F, 3 Wuhan Street, Kowloon and working for St. Matthews Hospital as a dentist. But since then there has not been any information about his whereabouts. As my wife has been badly ill, I would appreciate any information on him from anyone reading thi

20、s notice to meet her last wish in the world. Please contact the person below on 27176 800.I shall always remember with gratitude the help you would offer us.Wong Yuk sing* 此为寻人启示,要写明所寻失踪者的信息, 以及走失时间与原因,语言要求朴实、真 诚,给读者以同情之感。自我介绍自我介绍在社交场合以及日常生活中,自我介绍都是少不了的。例如:与生人相见,老师给新生 上课前,领导到新单位就职等都需要作一番自我介绍,然而如何做好自

21、我介绍却并非易事。一般情况下, 自我介绍的内容和形式应取决于所在场所的气氛和对象。 自我介绍通常分 为两类, 即非正式场合自我介绍和正式场合自我介绍。 当然, 自我介绍大多指的是在非正式 场合,因为正式场合会有人专门作介绍的。自我介绍的语言要求诚恳、谦逊,切忌夸大其词、目中无人。其内容长短应适中,少则 五六句多则一二十句即可。海报海报海报是人们日常生活中极为常见的一种招贴形式,多用于电影、戏曲、比赛、文艺演出 等活动。海报中通常要写清楚活动的性质,活动的主办单位、时间、地点等内容。海报的语 言要求简明扼要,形式要做到机关报颖美观。海报的格式,通常有三部分组成,即标题、正文与落款。海报的标题对于

22、海报的宣传极为重要。 因此标题的撰写昼做到简洁明快, 新颖醒目, 抓 住读者的注意力,海报的标题形式通常有两种:一是直接使用 “ 海报 ” (Poster 一词;另一 种则是根据海报的内容,撰写标题。海报正文是海报的核心部分, 它是对海报标题的具体描述。 语言要求形象生动, 简明扼 要。做到既有鼓动性,又不夸大其辞。正文的常见表现形式有:简介说明式,文学描述式, 美术设计式。例 1Directions:You are preparing for a friendly Basketball Match.Write a poster which asks for:1 the right form

23、of a standard poster2 write the place and time clearlyYou should write about 100 words.POSTERFriendly Basketball GameThere is going to be a friendly and wonderful basketball match between Beijing Forestry University Basketball Team and ours under the auspices of the Recreational and Physical Culture

24、 Department of the students union of the college. It has been decided that this bas ketball match will be held at the students activity center which could contain at least 200 people on Saturday, Aug. 23rd, 2004, at 5:00 p. m. It is expected that the competition b etween the two teams will be keen a

25、nd severe. All of you are cordially welcome to prese nt the match.The Recreational and PhysicalCulture Department of the StudentsUnion of the college.Thursday. Aug. 21st . 2004*. “ 由 举办 ” 可以用词组 “under the auspices of” ,另外,注意中英文通知中落款 时间书写位置的差别,中文一般写在右下角,英文写在左下角。例 2Directions:You are going to write an

26、 notice for an English-speaking contest.1 the right form of a standard notice2 tell the purpose and content of this contest clearlyYou should write no less than 100 wordsEnglish-Speaking ContestIn order to carry out some after-class oral English practice activities and improve the stud ents ability

27、of speaking English, the Students Union of the English department has decid ed to hold a department wide English speaking contest at the students activity center o n Saturday next week, i. e Aug. 23rd. 2004. Everyone who is willing to join in may tell your name and your topic of the speech to your m

28、onitor. We will invite five English teac hers to work as judges. The first six winners will get the awards as an encouragement. W armly wish everyone to attend and your presence will certainly encourage and cheer the c ontestants.The Students Union ofEnglish Department*课外活动在英语里可表达为 after-class activ

29、ities. “in order to” 是表达 “ 为了 ” 的 一种常用句型。另外,书写通知的语言应注意做到言简意赅。例 3Directions: You are preparing for a poster to introduce a great place of interest Gold Co ast of Australia. Please write it in about 100 words.WELCOME to GOLD COAST of AUSTRALIAThe Gold Coast is the undisputed tourist capital of Austral

30、ia. Each year about three millio n people visit the holiday city that rivals the most famous world resorts. And we can alm ost promise sunshine, three hundred sun drenched days a year. A yearly average of 25 de grees Velsius and a winter average of 21 degrees Celsius are natures guarantee for a fabu

31、 lous holiday. There is nothing we cannot do on the Gold Coast. World class attractions in clude Sea World, Dream world, Wildlife Sanctuary, and the surfing beaches.HOTLINE: (075 921 655MOBLIE: (018 754211FAX: (075 921472*这是一张澳大利亚 “ 黄金海岸 ” 张贴的公告,供大家参考使用。请着重注意一下有关联 系方式的书写格式。通知通知通知是上级对下级、 团体对个人部署工作、 传

32、达事情或召开会议时所用的一种文体。 同 级单位有事情要进行讨论或协商,也可以互发通知。通知分两种:一种是以布告形式, 把事 情通知有关人员;另一种是以书信形式, 把相关事情传达给有关人员。 一般说来, 通知正文 上面正中的地方往往有 Notice 或 NOTICE 一词作为题目,正文的下面是发出通知的单位 名称。 有时,发出通知单位的名称也可写在正文之前。发出通知的日期一般写在左下角;发 出通知的人或单位的名称, 可以写在右下角。 这两项有时也可以省略。 发出通知的单位和通 知对象一般都用第三人称,但若正文前用了称呼语,则应用第二人称表示被通知的对象。例 1Directions:If you

33、are the organizer of a tour and you should give a notice to tell the tour ists something about it. It should include:1Where is the destination of the tour.2What should the tourists pay attention to.You should write no less than 100 words.NOTICE TO TOURISTSAccording to the schedule, the touring party

34、 will visit the Summer Palace and Tian Anme n Square today. You can leave your baggage in the Left Baggage Office and pick it up l ater this afternoon if it is too heavy to carry with you. The receipt of the baggage should be kept carefully because you will need it. We will come to the Summer Palace

35、 first an d finish the tour at 2 pm. Then we are going to the destination of Tian Anmen Square w ithout parking. So please dont get off the sightseeing bus during the journey until the dri ver says that it is time for food and drinks or toilets. Please be on time!* 这是一张旅行团张贴的布告,告知游客当天的活动以及注意事项。 “ 行李

36、寄存处 ” 叫 Left Baggage Office,这是美国英语。英国人管行李叫 luggage ,与此相对的 , 行李寄存处便是 Left Luggage Office。领取行李,美语 to claim baggage,英国人说 to reclaim luggage。旅游 车是 sightseeing bus或 coach.例 2Directions:There are something important to tell the passengers of the plane. Write notice about:1 Reconfirmation the reservation2

37、Whats the validity of a normal fare ticket.3 About the refund.You should write about 100 wordsImportant NoticeRECONFIRMATION If you break your journey for more than 35 hours at any point and hold a continuing or return reservation, please reconfirm your intention of using the reserv ation.V ALIDITY

38、A normal fare ticket is valid for one and a half years from the date of issue if none of any portion of it has been used, or from the date of commencement if the car riage is commenced. When in doubt, please check with the carriers office concerned.REFUND The refund should be made not later than 19

39、days after expiry date of the tick et and only refunded in the same country.*以上是乘坐飞机的注意事项, 包括来回票机座的确认问题 (reconfirmation 、 机票的有 效期问题(validity 以及退票事项(refund 。在飞行前应着重注意这些琐碎的问题。例 3Directions:You are a member of the students union You want to hold a lecture. Write a n otice to the students to inform:1 th

40、e topic and mainly contents of the lecture2 time and place.3 the professor who will give the lecture.You should write about 100 wordsNOTICEJontly sponsored by the Students Union and the Youth League Committee, a professional lecture naming “How the Tariffs changed after China entered into WTO”will b

41、e given by Professor Wang Yanqiong. This lecture is mainly about how the import and export polices affect the development of economy, especially the tariffs. Some experts on WTO problems will be present too. They are going to have a discussion during the meeting. The lecture will be held in the terr

42、aced classroom No.5 of the building on Friday, October 1,2004 at 2:30 p.m. Welcome all the intelligent students to join in the lecture. Please be punctual.Jointly sponsors:The Students union and The Youth League Committee*在表示联合发起时,用 Jointly sponsors加合作单位名称例 4Directions:You are a secretary of the Dea

43、ns Office. Professor Wang Ting is absent for he alth reasons. Write a bulletin to tell the students. A few of details should be clear:1 why professor Wang Ting cant come to work.2 who will substitute for her3 how long the situation will be keptIt should be no less than 100 words.BULLETINProfessor Wa

44、ng Ting, English teacher of Grade Three, is temporarily prevented from comi ng to class for health reasons. Professor Xu Zhiyuan will substitute for her to instruct Lis tening English for two weeks. The first week, a movie will be given to practise the listen ing English, and the second week, there

45、will be a class discussion. Professor Li Chaoshan will substitute for her to instruct Conversational English for three weeks. The last week i s for the final examination. The topic of this week will be “The Society and The Humanr ights”. You should collect some materials and prepare enough before th

46、e class. Please tell each other about the message and go to the class on time.Deans Office*“ 代课 ” 用 substitute 表示。 substitute 可用做名词,例如 his or her substitute。 Substitute 也可用做动词,有两种表示法:to substitute B with A 或 to substitute A for B.“ 上课 ” ,大 学里一般用 instruct 。例 5Directions:The ResidentsCommittee needs t

47、o hold a meeting to discuss the security in the residential area. write a notice to tell the residents that:1 why the meeting is necessary.2 The time and place of this security meetingYou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2NOTICEIt is reported by several inhabitants from this residential

48、area that some strangers with dirt y clothes (one of them has a scar on the face have lately haunted this area. Some steali ngs have happened from time to time. So the ResidentsCommitee decided to hold a meet ing to talk about the problems concerning security in our residential area. The meeting wi

49、ll be held in Room 202 of Building No. 4, the time is from 2 to 4 p.m. of May 12, 20 04. It is very important that at least one member of each household is requested to attend . Please be punctual and dont forget to take the notebooks with you.The Residents Committee*“ 居民区 ” 用 residential area或 resi

50、dential quarters来表示, “ 居委会 ” 有两种译法,一是 the ResidentsCo mmittee, 另一个是 the Neighborhood Committee,两者皆可。例 6Directions:You are the leader of the new Public Security Team, you should tell the residen ts about the security situation of the residential area. The details including:1 the purpose of this new P

51、ublic Security Team.2 How to contact with the team.You should write about 100 wordsBULLETIN.Recently, there have been several burglaries in our residential quarters. A few of muggings have been reported by the inhabitants too. A public security team has been set up in ord er to maintain the order an

52、d security of this residential area. Everyone and each house h old are expected to be on guard. If you see some strangers haunting around this residenti al area at any time, please be very cautious and careful. Should there be any emergency or you may be in trouble, please call 64941101 or you can g

53、o to Room. 1101. of Buildin g No.9. to ask for help. Thank you for cooperating with the team.Public Security Team.*城市尤其是大城市人员流动频繁, 犯罪率比较高, “ 撬门 ” 是 burglary,“ 偷盗 ” 是 theft,“ 拦 路 抢 劫 ” 是 mugging,“ 掏 包 ” 是 pickpocket, 警 卫 或 保 安 人 员 , 是 security guards.Should there be any emergency,是一种虚拟证据,有 “ 万一 ” 的含义

54、。例如 Should you be in trouble, please call 110.例 7Directions:You are a guard of the Guardroom Residential Area. You want to notice someth ing to the inhabitants of this area. The followings should be clear:1 Whats the purpose of this notice?2 What should the inhabitants do if the situation mentioned

55、happens?You should write about 100 wordsNOTICEIt is reported from the inhabitants and residents in our residential area that a few persons came to house holds to sell gas from time to time. They pretended to be the workers of the Gas Company and entered into the inhabitants home on the pretext of ex

56、amination o f the gasline. This kind of situations have happened several times. This activity is illegiti mate and should be forbidden. The Gas Company didnt send anyone to check the gas or gasline lately. Should such people come again, please immediately contact the security gu ards. We will come o

57、ver and interfere. The emergency number is 64492889. You can call at any time you need.Guardroom. Plesidential Area*小区居民,是 residents 或 inhabitants 。 to pretend冒充 ,on the pretext of。例 8Directions:Suppose you are one of the organizers of English evening. Write a notice about it, which should include sponsor ,time, place and the program.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2NOTICEThe after class Activities Group takes pleasure in announcing that under the auspices of t he students union of English Department, annual English evening is to be held in the st