托福长难句解析

1、1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth ' s ,uthaceeep ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans , in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space .（定语后置in some ways）由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类 而言是一个充

2、满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。分句 1 : Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分句 2 : hundreds of times greater than at the Earth' s surface分句 3: the deep ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分句 4: in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语i

3、ntense pressures，分句1是分句3的状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意 思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。2. Basic to any un dersta nding of Can ada in the 20 years after the Second World Waris the coun try's impressive populati on growth .（倒装结构 Basic to

4、any understandingis ）要理解二战之后 20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。分句 1 : Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second WorldWar分句2 : is分句 3: the country's impressive population growth分句1 , 2, 3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3, 2 , 1,即：该句的正常语序是 The country's impressive population growth is basic

5、to any understanding ofCan ada in the 20 years after the Second World War本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.3. As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foodspreve nts or cures disease or provides other ben efits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis

6、for folklore .（同位语从句 claims that ）结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。分句 1 : that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents orcures disease or provides other ben efits to health分句 2 : claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore分句1作为分句2主语

7、"claim"的同位语从句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句就是分句 2.同位语从句是 that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods preve nts or cures disease or provides other ben efits to health : 吃有机食品就 能防治疾病或增进健康。4. There are nu merous un substa ntiated reports that n atural vitami ns are superior tosynthetic

8、 ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs ， that un treated grains are better tha n fumigated gra ins and the like .（并列同位语从句reports that ， thatthat）关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实分句 1 : There are numerous unsubstantiated reports分句 2

9、 : that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones分句 3: that fertilized eggs are nu triti on ally superior to un fertilized eggs分句 4: that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like分句1是整个长句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系，共同构成分句1的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过 证实的报道的从句。5 The desper

10、ate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had tobe undertaken also in the North ，though less spectacularly .（同位语从句fact that ）南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要幵始重建（尽管不像南方那么引人注目）这一事实显得不太重要。分句 1. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact分句 2. that reconstruction had to be undertake

11、n also in the North分句 3. though less spectacularly（省略）分句2是嵌套在分句1中的，做分句1中的fact的同位语从句。分句3是分句2中的让步状语从句，并有省略现象存在，完整的说法是：though therecon structi on is less spectacular.6 The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major citysparked an explosi on of real estate developme nt and fuel

12、ed what we now know asurban sprawl .（宾语从句 what we now know as）现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产幵发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。 分句 1 : The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major citysparked an explosi on of real estate developme nt and fueled分句 2 : what we now know as ur

13、ban sprawl分句2嵌套在分句1里，即分句1是主句，分句2是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是 The new accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estatedevelopme nt and fueled urba n sprawl.整句话的谓语动词是sparked和fueled,两个并列的动词。本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为（供给燃料）激发，促使、造成。7. But these factors do not acco unt for the

14、in teresti ng questio n of how there came to be such a concen tratio n of preg nant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth .（Of 结构作定语：of how there came to be such a concen tratio n of pregnant ichthyosaurs ）但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。分句 1 : Bu

15、t these factors do not acco unt for the in teresti ng questio n分句 2 : of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth分句1中嵌套着分句2.分句2是of结构作后置定语修饰说明 question的内容。8. Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wan d

16、eri ng around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by45 miles in extent ， the two captains set out .（同位语从句rumors that）当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山，其面积达80英里长50英里宽。就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。分句 1 : Amid rumors分句 2 : that there were prehistoric mammo

17、ths wandering around the unknownregi on分句 3: and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in exte nt分句 4: the two captains set out.整个句子的主句是分句 4."Amid"表示“在.之中",是介词，它引导的分句1嵌套着分句2和分句3,并且 在整句话中作状语。 而分句2和分句3是并列关系的同位语从句来修饰分句 1中的 rumors，作rumors的同位语从句，用来说明谣言的具体内容

18、。9. In the seve ntee nth cen tury the orga n, the clavichord, and the harpsichord becamethe chief instruments of the keyboard group ， a supremacy they maintained until the pia no suppla nted them at the end of the eightee nth cen tury.（同位语 a supremacy）17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直到1

19、8世纪末被钢琴所取代。分句 1 : In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichordbecame the chief in strume nts of the keyboard group ，分句 2 : a supremacy分句 3: they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth cen tury分句2是分句1的同位语，用来修饰说明分句1中的the chief instruments o

20、f thekeyboard group分句3是省略了 "that"的定语从句，修饰分句2.10 . A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenthcen tury, in clud ing the in troducti on of pedals to susta in tone or to softe n it, the perfecti on of a metal frame and steel wire of the fin est quality, fin ally pr

21、oduced an in strume nt capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harm onies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound ，from a liquid ，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance .（介词结构fromto作定语）持续到 19 世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器一一这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声

22、到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调 到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。分句 1 : A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenthcen tury分句 2 : including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it分句 3: the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality分句 4: fin ally produced an i

23、n strume nt capable of myriad tonal effects分句 5: from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound ，分句 6: from a liquid ， singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成，即 A series of mechanicalimproveme nts con ti nuing well into the nin etee nth cen t

24、ury fin ally produced aninstrument capable of myriad tonal effects. 分句2和分句3并列修饰说明分句1中的 A series of mechanical improvements ，而分句 5和分句 6 并列，修饰说明了分句4 中的 an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects.11 . The largest later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories , c

25、ontained more than 800 rooms , and could have housed a population of 1 , 000 or more .最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为Pueblo Bonito( 美丽的城镇)，是一个五层梯式楼，有800多间房子，能够容纳 1 000人以上。分句 1 : The largest rose in five terraced stories ， contained more than 800 rooms ， and could have housed a population of 1，000 or more分句 2 : later

26、 named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish分句1嵌套了分句2，分句1的主语是the largest,这是“ the +形容词”表示一个 名词的结构，相当于“ the largest one"的省略的说法。分句2是省略了“ which was"的定语从句，用来修饰分句1的主语the largest,分句1内部是由三个并列的谓语构成的句子。12 . Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as“ silent, the film ha

27、s never been ， in the full sense of the word, silent(倒装 accustomed though we are =though we are accustomed )虽然我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影叫做无声电影”，但是就 无声这个词的完整意义上说，电影从未真正的无声过。分句 1 : Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as“ silent ”分句 2 : the film has never been silent分句 3: in the fu

28、ll sense of the word本句的难点是在分句 1是倒装句，正常语序是 Though we are accustomed tospeaking of the films made before 1927 as silent.分句 3 是一个插入语，嵌套在分句2中，所以本句真正强调的核心是the film has never been silent.13.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirelyin the hands of the con ductor or

29、leader of the orchestra ，and very ofte n the pr in cipalqualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as theown ership of a large pers on al library of musical pieces .（特殊结构notSO much as淇说不如说）在好些年内，为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常 担任这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富 收藏。分句 1

30、 : .For a number of years the selection of music for each film program resteden tirely in the hands of the con ductor or leader of the orchestra分句 2 : and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was notskill or taste so much as the own ership of a large pers on al library

31、of musical pieces分句1和分句2是两个并列关系的分句，分句2的难点在于not so much as的结构。14 Co in cide nt with con cer ns about the accelerat ing loss of species and habitats hasbeen a growing appreciation of the importanee of biological diversity ，the number of species in a particular ecosystem ，to the health of the Earth and

32、 human well-being （倒装 coincident with concernshas been =has been coincident with concerns在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时，人们也越来越认识到生物多样化，即一个特定生态系统中物种的数量对地球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性。此句是完全倒装句，谓语动词是has bee n，真正的主语是has been后面的内容。Coin cide nt with con cer ns about the accelerat ing loss of species and habitats是表语。diversity , t

33、he number of species in a particular ecosystem , to the health of the Earthand huma n well-be ing has bee n coin cide nt with concerns about the accelerat ing lossof species and habitats其中 the number of species in a particular ecosystem是插入语，作为同位语出现，用来解释说明 biological diversity在这句话真正的主语中有一个” the impor

34、ta nee of A to B"的结构，应该翻译为“ A对 B 的重要性”。原句中就是 "the importanee of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and human well-bei ng "叫做“生物多样性对于地球和人类幸福健康的重要性"。15. The fact that half of the known species are thought to in habit the world's ra inforests does not seem surpris i

35、ng ，con sideri ng the huge nu mbers of in sects that comprise the bulk of the species .（同位语从句fact that ;定语从句that comprise the bulk）考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。分句 1 : The fact does not seem surprising.分句 2 : that half of the known species are thought to in habit the world's

36、 rai n forests分句 3: con sideri ng the huge nu mbers of in sects分句 4: that comprise the bulk of the species分句1中嵌套着分句2,分句2解释说明分句1的主语the fact,是同位语从句；分句3是主句的状语，分句 4是定语从句，修饰分句 3的the huge numbers of in sects16. To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea ，it helps to think small .（特

37、殊结构it helps to 做有帮助）要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助。目的状语： To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea,主句：it helps to think small .（这里的it是形式主语，没有实际意义）1 7.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks , but a collection offacts cannot be called scie nce any more

38、tha n a pile of bricks can be called a house .（特殊结构not any more than像一样不）科学建立在事实上，就像房子用砖砌成一样。但收集的事实不能被叫做科学，就像一堆砖不能被称为房子一样。分句 1 : Science is built with facts分句 2 : just as a house is built with bricks,分句 3: but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be calle

39、d a house.这句话的难点在于“ not . any more than 像样丕”，相当于“ a pile of brickscannot be called a house"，18. In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth ，Donald Barthelme ， and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determi

40、nedly old-fashi oned in her in siste nce on the esse ntially mimetic quality of her ficti on（特殊结构characterized by为特征）尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统（以作家约翰巴思、唐纳德巴塞尔姆和托马分句 1. characterized by the aba ndonment of so much of the realistic traditi on by authors such as John Barth , Donald Barthelme , and Thomas Pyncho

41、n,分句 2. Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her in siste nee OD the esse ntially mimetic quality of her ficti on分句1做时间状语“ In a period ”的后置定语，补充修饰period，相当于省略了which was ”的定语从句。分句2是主句。整个句子的难点在于找主句。其实分句1的末尾是"such as"引导的三个人名的并列，在最后一个人名Thomas Pynchon前有"and&q

42、uot;,说明这个列举对象中的最后一个。 所以整个句子的主干在TP这个人后面出现。19 . If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in shorttime and would probably starve themselves out of existe nee（虚拟语气）如果不是具有这种能力，它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能会因饿死而灭绝。分句 1. If it were not for this faculty分句 2. they would devour al

43、l the food available in short time分句 3. would probably starve themselves out of existenee分句1是虚拟语气的条件从句分句2、3是并列关系，并且是主句。20 . People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by theprospect that un precede nted cha nge in the n ati on's economy would bring socialchaos.（同位语从句prosp

44、ect that ）19世纪的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来社会混乱这一前景而提心吊胆。分句 1. People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect分句 2. that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring socialchaos.2嵌套在1中，做1中prospect的同位语从句；1是主句，2具体解释说明prospect。21 . Accompanying that growth w

45、as a structural change that featured increasingeconomic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manu facturi ng and other non agricultural pursuits .(倒装 Accompanying that growth was a structural change that=A structuralchange was accompanying that grow

46、th)伴随着这一增长的是一个结构变化，它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳动力从农业到制造业和其他非农业职业的逐渐转化为特征。分句 1. Accompa nying that growth was a structural cha nge分句 2. that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in then ati on's labor force from agriculture to manu factur ing and other non agricultural pursuits2嵌套在1

47、中，做1中的structural change 的定语从句，这个定语从句结构较复杂，由两个and连接三个并列的名词性成分。分句1是主句，且采用完全倒装的形式。22 . As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home(倒装so did )随着男人和女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格，他们在家中的角色也是如此。分句 1. the roles became more rigidly defi ned分句 2. men

48、 and women played in society分句 3. so did the roles分句 4. they played in the home .1和2嵌套，2是修饰1中的role的定语从句。3和4嵌套，4是3中的roles的。1和3并列，3是由so引导的部分倒装句。23. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals ， sometimes easily recognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous ，weird，but always functiona

49、l shapes.(倒装 Surrounding the column are)围绕着蕊柱的是三个萼片和三个花瓣，有时很容易辨认出来，但经常被扭成华丽、奇特但总是有用的形状。完全倒装句，正常语序是：Three sepals and three petals are surrounding the column, sometimes easilyrecognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous ，weird，but always functional shapes.24 . With the growing prosperity brought

50、 on by the Second World War and theeconomic boom that followed it ，young people married and established householdsearlier and bega n to raise larger families tha n had their predecessors dur ing theDepression .（倒装than had their predecessors 比较结构的第二部分） 随着二战带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人结婚成家更早，而且养育的家

51、庭比他们的前辈更大。分句 1. the grow ing prosperity brought on by the Second World War分句 2. the economic boom that followed it分句 3. young people married and established households earlier分句 4. began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression .1和2并列，3和4并列1和2是伴随状语3和4是主句25 . The rai

52、lroad could be and was a despoiler of nature ; furthermore , in itsmanifestation of speed and noise , it might be a despoiler of human nature as well.（关联结构 could be and was）铁路可以，事实上也是自然的掠夺者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表现上也可能是人 性的掠夺者。分句 1. The railroad could be and was a despoiler of n ature分句 2. it might be a despoi

53、ler of human nature as well .1和2是并列（由分号连接的两个并列分句）26 . In the railroads' prime years ，between 1 890 and 1920 ，there were a few individuals in the United States ， most of them with solid railroading experienee beh ind them ，who made a professi on of writi ng about railroad in g-works offer ing the

54、 ambienee of stations ，yards，and locomotive cabs .（同位语 most of them ;定语从句 who made a profession of writing）在1890年到1920年间铁路的黄金时期，美国有几个人（他们大多有丰富的铁路经验）以写铁路题材为职业 一一作品围绕车站、停车场和机车。分句 1. there were a few individuals in the United States分句 2. most of them with solid railroading experienee behind them分句 3. w

55、ho made a profession of writing about railroading分句 4. works offering the ambienee of stations，yards， and locomotive cabs .1是主句2和3是嵌套2作为1中a few individuals 的同位语，对它进一步解释说明29 . On the other hand ，when it comes to substantive-particularlybehavioral-in formati on ， crows are less well known tha n many c

56、omparably com mon species and， for that matter ，not a few quite uncom mon ones : the endangered California con dor ，to cite one obvious example .（特殊结构 for that matter）另一方面，当涉及实质性的，特别是行为方面的信息时，乌鸦就不如许多比较而言 很普通的鸟类那样为人所知；而且，也不如许多很不寻常的鸟类，举一个明显的例 子，如像濒危的加利福尼亚大秃鹫那样为人所知。分句 1. whe n it comes to substa ntive-

57、particularly behavioral-in formati on分句 2. crows are less well known tha n many comparably com mon species and, for that matter ，not a few quite un com mon ones : the endan gered Califor nia con dor ，to cite one obvious example .1和2是并列，分句1是时间状语，2是主句，其中包含插入语结构以及 冒号连接的解释说明的成分30 . Keen observers and qu

58、ick learners , they are astute about the intentions of other creatures , including researchers , and adept at avoiding them .（并列同位语 keen observers and quick learners）乌鸦是敏锐的观察家和快捷的学习者，它们对其他生物（包括研究人员）的意图感觉非常敏锐，并且善于躲幵它们。分句 1. they are astute about the intentions of other creatures， includingresearchers分句 2. and adept at av