2022年中考英语知识归纳复习专题动词与动词短语外研版20222205114

1、动词与动词短语【动词】动词一般分为实义动词、助动词、系动词和情态动词。其中实义动词是主要考查点。动词的根本形式:大局部动词有五种根本形式：动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。形式构成例词动词原形第三人称单数在动词原形后加-srun-runs以s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词,在词尾加-esteach-teaches以“辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i，再加-esstudy-studies现在分词在动词原形后加-ingread-reading以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-inglive-living以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写该辅音字母，再加

2、-ingsit-sitting少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y,再加-ingdie-dyinglie-lying过去式与过去分词规那么变化在动词原形后加-edwork-worked以“辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i，再加-edcarry-carried以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写该辅音字母，再加-edstop-stopped以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,直接加dlive-lived【考点训练1】1.the little girl can _ (sing) very well.2.the person who is the earliest will get wh

3、at he or she _ (want).3.he _ (write) a letter to his best friend yesterday.4.edison enjoyed _(try) his new ideas.5.my brother _(make) many american friends since he _ (come) here.答案：sing wants wrote trying has made came【实义动词与助动词的用法】1. 实义动词实义动词本身含有实际意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。其分类及用法如下：分类用法例句按句法功能分及物动词本身意义不

4、完整，需要接宾语才能使意义完整。please open the window.请翻开窗户。不及物动词本身意义完整，无需接宾语。假设不及物动词要接宾语，其后需加适当的介词。he works hard.他努力工作。i like listening to music.我喜欢听音乐。按动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短分延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，如：learn，work，keep，sleep，live等，可以与表示时间段的状语for+时间段，since+时间点，since从句连用。i have 

5、;lived here for five years.我在这儿住了五年了。非延续性动词也称瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作，动作发生后立即结束，如：open，die，begin，finish，come，borrow，lend，buy等,不能与表示时间段的状语连用。i borrowed a book from the library.我从图书馆借了一本书。2. 助动词助动词不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词主要是实义动词一起构成谓语，表示否认、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式。常见助动词有be，do，have，

6、will/shall等，具体用法如下：助动词功能例句be构成现在进行时：am/is/are+现在分词i am listening to music.我正在听音乐。构成过去进行时：was/were+现在分词i was taking a shower at 8:00 last night.昨晚八点我正在洗澡。构成一般将来时：am/is/are+going to+动词原形they are going to have a&#

7、160;trip next month.下个月他们将要去旅行。构成被动语态：be(am/is/are/was/were)+过去分词many trees are planted every year.每年种植很多树。do构成疑问句、否认句一般现在时中用do,does(单三式)，一般过去时中用diddo you like reading?你喜欢阅读吗？he didnt go to school yesterday.他昨天没有去上学。构成否认祈使句：d

8、ont+动词原形dont arrive late for class.上课不要迟到。have构成现在完成时：have/has+过去分词i have taught english in the school for three years.我已在这所学校教了三年英语了。will/shall构成一般将来时:will/shall+动词原形she will go to beijing next monday.下周一

9、她将去北京。助动词在省略句中的运用为了防止重复，一些句子常常省略前面提到过的谓语动词，而用相应的助动词代替此谓语动词，助动词要与句子的人称、时态一致。这种用法也常用于一般疑问句的简略答复中。如：she wont go there，but i will(=but i will go there).用助动词will代替will go theredo you have a pen?yes，i do(=i have a pen).用助动词do代替have a pen【考点训练2】用适当的助动词填空。(注意否认形式)1.i dont have a basketball，but my friend dav

10、id _.2.in england，tea _ appear until around 1660.3.although the man has a lot of money，it _make him happy.4.you _ catch the first bus unless you leave now.5.this is the most interesting book i _ ever read.6.a babys first-month birthday is a special event in china and _ with a special party. a.is cel

11、ebrated b.is celebratingc.was celebrated d.celebrates答案：does didnt doesnt wont have a【系动词的用法】系动词用于连接主语和表语，表示主语的身份、性质和状态等。系动词不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟形容词、名词或介词短语等作表语。英语中常见的系动词有：系动词词义例句am/is/are。是he is my uncle.他是我的叔叔。keep保持they always keep silent.他们总是保持沉默staythe bookstore 

12、stays open until 8:00 pm.这家书店会一直开到晚上八点。become变得he has become a member of this club.他已经成为这家俱乐部的会员。getit is getting dark.天色渐渐暗了。goit is getting dark.天色渐渐暗了。turnxthe leaves are turning yellow.树叶正在变黄

13、。feel感觉；摸起来i feel tired.我感觉很累。the cloth feels soft.这块布摸起来很柔软。look看起来my mother looks very young.我的妈妈看起来很年轻。smell闻起来the flowers smell sweet.这些花闻起来很香。sound听起来that sounds interesting.那听起来很有趣。taste尝起来the soup tastes terr

14、ible.这汤尝起来很糟糕。【考点训练3】1.what mr.white said sounds _ (friend).2.the children all looked _ at the broken model plane and felt quite _ .(sad)3.the meat smells _ .throw it away. a.well b.good c.badly d.bad4.when spring comes，trees begin to _ green. a.sound b.taste c.keep d.turn5.good morning.id like a bi

15、rthday gift for my mother.what about this scarf? it is beautiful and it _ soft and smooth. a. feels b.looks c.seems d.becomes答案：friendly sadly sad d d a【动词短语】动词短语是指动词跟介词或副词等构成的固定词组。1.动词短语的分类(1)动词+介词在此类动词短语中，宾语(名词或代词宾格)只能位于介词后面。如arrive at/in,ask for,come from,get to,laugh at,listen to,look after,wait

16、 for等。(2)动词+副词在此类动词短语中，宾语为代词(宾格)时，只能位于动词和副词之间；宾语为名词时，位于副词前后均可。如find out,give up,put off,turn on,think over等。(3)动词+副词+介词在此类动词短语中，宾语(名词或代词宾格)只能位于介词后面。如come up with,get on/along with,go on with,look forward to等。(4)动词+名词+介词在此类动词短语中，名词之前可加形容词来修饰，宾语(名词或代词宾格)只能位于介词后面。如make friends with,make use of,pay atte

17、ntion to,take part in,take care of等。2.初中阶段常用的动词短语agree with同意arrive in/at到达ask for要求begin with以开始belong to属于be made from/of由制成break out 战争等爆发bring back恢复；使想起；归还call sb. back 给某人回 call for要求;需要call in 召来；叫来call up打 给某人；征召care about 关心;在意care for照顾；非常喜欢check out观察；观察cheer up 使变得更快乐；振奋起来clean up 清扫或去除干

18、净clean.off把擦掉come in进来come out出来；出版；花朵开花come on快点儿come up with想出；提出主意、方案、答复等come back回来come from来自compare.with 比拟；比照connect.with把和连接或联系起来cut out删除；删去cut down砍倒；削减开支cut up切碎deal/do with应对；处理depend on依靠;信赖;取决于die of死于疾病,饥饿,寒冷等内在原因die from死于交通事故等外界原因die out绝种；灭绝die down逐渐变弱；逐渐消失o把分成dream of/a

19、bout梦想；想象drive sb.crazy/mad使人发疯/发狂drop by顺便访问；随便进入end up以结束fall asleep进入梦乡；睡着fall behind落后fall down突然倒下；跌倒；倒塌fall into 落入;陷入里fall in love with sb.爱上某人fall off 从掉下fall over绊倒fight for争取获得权力、自由等fight against 同对抗fight with和并肩作战find out查明；弄清fix up修理；装饰get dressed穿上衣服get lost迷路get married结婚get on上车get of

20、f下车get over克服get on/along with和睦相处；关系良好get up起床；站起来get into trouble 陷入困境中get in the way of挡的路；阻碍get out of离开；从出来get to 到达get used to习惯于give away赠送；捐赠give out分发；散发give in to sb. 向某人屈服give up放弃go along沿着走go through通过；经受go over复习go out of ones way特地；格外努力go up 价格上涨；上升go against违反go away离开go to the/a doc

21、tor去看医生go by 时间逝去；过去go down 价格下跌；日、月西沉go on with 继续进行go out外出；熄灭go off 闹钟发出响声 go for a walk去散步grow up长大；成熟；成长 hand in上交；提交hand out分发 hang out闲逛；常去某处have.in common有相同特征；想法、兴趣等方面相同have to do with关于；与有关系have a break/rest休息have a cold感冒have a fever发烧have a look看一看have a stomachache胃痛have a point有道理hear

22、of/about听说hear from收到某人的来信hold on to坚持hold up举起hold on别挂 keep up with跟上keep out 不使进入keep sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做某事keep.away from防止接近；远离keep on继续；坚持下来keep ones cool沉住气；保持冷静keep.to oneself保守秘密kick sb.off开除某人knock at/on敲knock into撞到某人身上laugh at嘲笑lay out摆开；布置learn about 得悉；得知learn from 从/向学习leave out不包括

23、；不提及；忽略let.down使失望live on 以为食live by靠生活look for寻找；寻求look up 在词典、参考书中或通过电脑查阅；抬头看look through快速查看；浏览look after照料；照顾look at 看一看look out留神look about/around/round四下查看look forward to盼望；期待look up to钦佩；仰慕look back at回首往事；回忆；回忆make sure确保；查明make.feel at home使某人感到宾至如归make a mess弄得一团糟一塌糊涂make an effort作出努力make

24、 ones own decision自己做决定make ones way前往；费力地前进make up编造故事、谎话等；组成make a difference to.对有影响；有作用mix up混合pass by路过；经过pay back还钱pay for付费；付出代价pay attention to注意；关注pick up拾起；接人；接 ；收听节目pick out挑选prepare for为做准备put down放下；写下put sth.to good use 好好利用某物put up张贴；举起；搭起put out扑灭put off推迟o放进里put away收起来放好put

25、aside放到一边put back放回put on穿上衣服等；增加体重；发胖；戏剧上演run after追逐；追赶run away跑开run out of 用尽；耗尽search for 搜索；搜查sell out 卖光send out 发出；放出；射出send for派人去请separate from别离；隔开set up建起；设立set out出发；启程show up 出席;露面shut off关闭；停止运转stand out 突显；引人注目stand up 起立；站起来stay up 不睡觉;熬夜stick to坚持；固守talk about 讨论；谈论talk with/to.和交谈t

26、alk back回嘴；顶嘴take a message捎个口信；传话take.seriously认真对待take place发生；出现take after 外貌或行为像take care of照顾；处理take off脱下衣服等；飞机等起飞take a risk/risks冒险take away拿走take part in参加take up 尤指为消遣学着做；开始做take down撤除；往下拽；记录take a break/breaks休息take in 吸入；吞入体内take pride in为感到自豪take ones temperature量体温take the place of/ta

27、ke ones place代替take out the rubbish倒垃圾think of想起；考虑think about思考；考虑think over仔细考虑；反复掂量throw away 扔掉；抛弃try on试穿try out参加选拔；试用turn on接通电流、煤气、水等；翻开turn off关掉电流、煤气、水等turn to翻到；转向求助turn down调低音量、亮度等；拒绝turn back往回走turn round转过身来turn up调高音量、亮度等o变成wait for等待；等候wake up 唤醒；弄醒；醒来work out 成功地开展;解决worry

28、about为担忧write down写下；记下【考点训练4】1.grandfather lives with us.we all _ him. a.look at b.look forc.look after d.look like2.as soon as she _ at home，sally knew she had bought the wrong dress. a.handed it in b.tried it onc.cut it out d.made it up3.dont _ too late，or you will feel tired in class.i wont，mum.

29、 a.call up b.wake upc.stay up d.get up 红色是答案【中考例如】(2022·广西)you should _ your shoes before you enter the dance room. ( )a.take off b.put offc.get off d.fall off【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在进入舞蹈室之前你应当脱掉鞋子。a项意为“脱下(衣服等)；b项意为“推迟；c项意为“离开；动身；下车；d项意为“跌落；减少。【考题热身】1.(2022·云南)youd better _ more time talking with your parents so that they can understand you better. a.spend b.take c.cost d.pay2.(2022·云南)tom,the baby is sleeping.please _ the radio a bit. a.turn on b.turn offc.turn up d.turn down3.(2022·安顺)if you try hard,your dream will _.yes,i _. a e tr