八年级英语Chapter Five Water talk沈阳牛津版知识精讲

1、初二英语Chapter Five: Water talk沈阳牛津版【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：Chapter Five: Water talk二. 具体过程：重点单词：besides, but, except 的用法辨析1. 基本区别三者都可表示“除外”，但 besides 表示一种累加关系，意指“除了什么之外，还有”；而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系，意指“除了什么之外，不再有”。如：Besides his wife，his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外，他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。Nobody went to s

2、ee him except but his wife. 除他妻子外，没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。注：在否定句中，besides 也表示“除之外不再有”，与but, except 同义。如：No one passed the exam besides except Jim. 除吉姆外，没一个人通过考试。2. 关于 but 与 except(1) 两者都可表示“除外不再有”，但含义上略有差别：but侧重指意义的几乎完整性，而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较：All are here but one. 除一个人没到，其他人都到了。All are here except on

3、e. 还有一个人没到。(2) 在现代英语中，but 的介词用法十分有限，一般来说，它只能用在下列词语之后： no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等 any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等 every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等 all, none 等 who, what, where 等 Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。I havent told anybody but you. 除你之外，我没告诉任何人

4、。No one but he him showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。一般来说，若没有出现上述词汇，就不宜使用介词 but， 否则可能造成错句。但是 except 却没有以上限制。比较：正：The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外，这扇窗户从不打开。误：The window is never opened but in summer.(3) but 一定不能用于句首，except 通常不用于句首：除我之外每个人都累了。正：Everyone is tired but (except

5、) me.正：Everyone but (except) me is tired.误：But (Except) me, everyone is tired.注：except for 可用于句首，表示 except 的意思：正：Except for me, everyone is tired.3. 关于 except 与 except for：except 主要用来谈论同类的东西，而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西，有时含有惋惜之意。如：All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外，其他的作文都写得很好。His

6、composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错，只是有几处拼写错误。注：若用于句首，则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。4. 关于 except for 与 but for：except for 主要表示排除，but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如：Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外，大家都通过了考试。But for my help, she would not have passed

7、the exam. 若不是我的帮助，她就不会通过考试。But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气，植物就会死亡。5. besides的其他用法besides 除用作介词外，还用作副词，其意为“此外”、“而且”，可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如：I dont want to go; besides, Im too tired. 我不想去，而且我也太累了。This car belongs to Smith, and he has two others besides. 这部车是史密斯的，此外他还有两部。almost与nearly的用法区

8、别：（一）可换用的情形两者都可用来修饰不定代词、形容词、副词、动词、介词短语等，此时两者常可换用。如：Its almost nearly impossible. 那几乎是不可能的。He is almost nearly as tall as her. 他差不多与她一样高。He almost nearly always arrives late. 他差不多总是迟到。He fell and almost nearly broke his leg. 他跌了一跤，险些跌断了腿。Almost Nearly all the students passed the exam. 差不多所有的学生都通过了考试。

9、修饰动词时，通常应放在行为动词之前，特殊动词之后(见上例)；修饰形容词、副词、名词等时，通常应将其放在被修饰词语之前，否则会造成错误。如：他几乎工作了一整天。正：He worked almost all day.误：He almost worked all day.我们当中几乎每一个人都读过这本书。正：Almost every one of us read the book.误：Every one of us almost read the book.（二）必须用almost的情形1. almost 可用于 any 以及 no, none, nobody, nothing, never 等否定

10、词之前，但 nearly 一般不这样用。如：Almost any man can do it. 几乎任何人都会做。Almost no one came to the party. 几乎没有人来参加晚会。I almost never see her. 我几乎从未见过她。但是，两者都可用在否定动词之前。如：He almost nearly didnt catch the bus. 他差点没赶上公共汽车。2. 有时 almost 可表示十分相似(但又不完全相同)，此时不用 nearly。如：I almost wish Id stayed at home. 我真有点后悔没在家里呆着。Our cat u

11、nderstand everything hes almost human. 我们这只猫什么都懂快通人性了。（三）必须用nearly的情形nearly 前可用 very, pretty, not 等词修饰，但 almost 之前不能用这些词。如：Its not nearly so difficult as you think.这远不像你想象的那么难。The car is pretty nearly new. 这汽车几乎是全新的。注：not nearly 意为“远非”, very pretty nearly 意为“几乎”，都是习语表语从句用法：（一）表语从句的定义：表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当

12、复合句中的表语。（二）表语从句的构成：关联词+简单句（三）引导表语从句的关联词的种类：1. 可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，seem，sound，appear等。China is no longer what she used to be.今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。The question remains whether they will be able to help us.问题还是他们能否帮我们。At that time，it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word.当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。2. 从属连词

13、whether，as，as if / though引导的表语从句。He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来还与十年前一样。It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。3. because，why引导的表语从句。Thats because he didnt understand me.那是因为他不理解我。（Thats because强调原因）Thats why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。（Thats why强调结果）w

14、hat引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because.The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me.我难过的原因是他不理解我。4. 连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever连接副词 where，when，how，whyThe problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did i

15、t.问题是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上阁楼干的。5. 从属连词thatThe trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址弄丢了。6. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示should可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea等。My suggestion is that we （shou

16、ld） start early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。（四）应注意的问题：1. 连系动词be，appear，seem，look等之后可以跟表语从句。It was because he didnt pass the exam.那是因为他没有通过考试。It seems（that）he was late for the train.看来他没搭上火车。It appears that she was wrong.看来她错了。It seems to me that we should answer for this.在我看来，我们似乎应该对此事负责。It appears to h

17、er that he wants to teach us all he has.在她看来，他似乎要把他所会的都教给我们。2. 引导表语从句的引导词有以下几类。1）wh-疑问词My question is who left. 我想问的是谁离开了。What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何时离开的。Thats what he wants.那是他想要的。This is where they once lived.这就是他们曾经住过的地方。That is why he didnt come here. 这就是他为何没到这儿来的原因。2）whetherMy questi

18、on is whether he left（or not）。 我的问题是他是否离开了。注：if不能引导表语从句。3）thatThe fact is that he left. 事实是他离开了。注：引导表语从句的连词that间或可以省略。The truth is（that）I didnt go there. 事实是我没去那儿。4）because，as，as if，as though Its just because he doesnt know her. 这是仅仅因为他不认识她。 Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并不总是如其表象。 He l

19、ooks as if hes tired. 他好像累了。【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟）1. The question is _ we will have our sports meet next week. A. that B. if C. when D. whether 2. The reason why he failed is _he was too careless. A. because B. that C. for D. because of 3. Go and get your coat. It s _you left it A. where B. there C. ther

20、e where D. where there 4. The problem is _to take the place of Ted A. who can we get B. what we can get C. who we can get D. that we can get 5. What I want to know is _ he likes the gift given by us. A. that B. if C. whether D.不填 6. The reason is _I missed the bus. A. that B. when C. why D. what 7.

21、That is _ _ we were late last time. A. that B. when C. why D. what 8. She looked _ she were ten years younger. A. that B. likeC. as D. as though 9. -I fell sick! -I think it is _ you are doing too much. A. why B. when C. what D. because 10. The reason why he hasnt come is _. A. because his mother is

22、 ill B. because of his mothers being ill C. that his mother is ill D. for his mother is ill 11. -He was born here. - That is _ he likes the place so much. A. that B. what C. why D. how 12.That is _ Lu Xun once lived. A. what B. where C. that D. why 13. _your father wants to know is_ getting on with

23、your studies. A. What; how are you B. That；how you are C. How；that you are D. What；how you are 14. The trouble is _we are short of tools. A. what B. that C. how D. why that 15. America was _was first called “India” by Columbus. A. what B. where C. the placeD. there where 16. China is becoming stronger and stronger. It is no longer_ . A. what it used to be B. what it was used to being C. what it used to being D. what it was used to be 17. _he really means is _he disagrees with us. A. What that B. That what C. What what D. That that 18. The energy is _ makes the cells be able to do t