【创新设计】2015届高考英语一轮总复习语法专题突(精)

1、第二部分语法专题突破专题三非谓语动词从近三年髙考来看，在对非谓语动词的考査中非谓语 动词作状语依然为考査的重点，并已从作状语的一枝独秀向 作定语或其他成分发展。测试点呈现出“情景化”和“设问 角度多样化”的趋势。离考必考点 J一、作状语（1）不定式作状语，常表示目的、结果或原因：He hurried home only to find his money sloltn结果状语）To make himself heard, he raised his voice.（目的状语）All of us are surprised to sec his rapid progress（原因状语）The ro

2、om is comfortable to live in. These children are toonaughty to l（x）k after.注意：only to do常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果.2in order to引出的目的状语可以在句首或句末，so as to只 能置于句末。3不定式置于形容词之后作状语时，如果不定式可以和逻辑 主语构成一种动宾关系，那么不定式用主动表示被动。（2）现在分词和过去分词作状语可表示时间、条件、原因、 伴随、让步、方式、结果：Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautifui.（条件状语）Com

3、ing into the room, he found his father angry（时间状语）Being tired, they went on working让步状语）Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy beganto cry（原因状语）He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled lookingrather pleased.（伴随状语）The rich man diedtleaving his wife a lot of money.（结果状语）(

4、3)现在分词表示自然而然的结果；不定式表示意想不到的 结果，其前常加only。试比较：More highways have been built in China, making it mucheasier for people to travel from one place to anothen中国又建了更多公路，这使得人们出行变得更加容易了。I arrived at the station in a hurry, only to find the train hadleft.我匆忙到达车站，结果却发现火车已经开走了。（4）在形容词后作方式状语时用不定式，常用主动形式表示 被动含义Tom

5、asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolateeasier to break into small pieces.（2011安微卷） 汤姆问糖果制造商是否可以把巧克力制作得更容易弄碎些。 注意:1非谓语作独立成分的固定搭配：To tell you the truth/to be honest/to be frank, I dont like the wayhe talked.Judging from （by） his appearance he must be an actonGenerally speaking, girls a

6、re more careful.2be+过去分词+介词，位于句首作状语或者作定语时，把be动词删去，过去分词充当形容词表状态。Absorbed in his own work, he neglected food and sleep.The woman dressed in red is my English teachen常见的搭配有:bebased on9be dressed in. be concerned ahout be filled with, befaced with, be satisfied with, be accustomed to（习惯）,beaddicted S（沉溺

7、于），be devoted to, be known as, be determinedto do, be absorbed in（全神贯注），he lost in（陷入），besituated/located in/at（位于）等。3非谓语前可以加上逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus. a bird fell on my head.All the tickets having been sold out, they went awaydisappointedly.Time permitting, well do another two exercises.4非谓

8、语与连词构成状语从句的省略Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.When talking on the phone, she gave me a smile.5注意非谓语放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：In order to protect our planets all kinds of pollution should bereduced.( X)In order to protect our planet we should reduce all kinds ofpollution.()

9、Cleaning the window, my finger was hurL(X)Cleaning die window, I hurt my finger.()高考体验1. （2013 湖南卷）_warm at nighty I would fill thewoodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I couldrefill it A StayingB StayedC To stayD Stay答案C考查非谓语动词.句意：为了晚上保暖，我 往火炉中添了木柴，又设置了午夜的闹钟以便再次添加. 此处“保暖”是“添加木柴”的目的，所以用

10、动词不定 式作目的状语* V2 wrn2. （2013四川卷）_which university to attend, thegirl asked her teacher for advice.A. Not knowingB. Knowing notC. Not knownD. Known not答案A考查非谓语动词.句意：由于不知道要上哪 所大学，女孩向她的老师征求意见.非谓语动词的否定 形式要在非谓语动词前面加not,故排除B项和D项；根据 句意可知主语the girl和非谓语动词之冋为逻辑主谓关系， 故选择认-怡辭式.C项表示和主语之间为被动关系.（2013 湖南卷）The sun be

11、gan to rise in the sky,_the mountain in golden light.A bathedB bathingC. to have bathedD. have bathed答案B考査非谓语动词.句意：天空中太阳开始升 起，使山脉沐浴在金色的阳光中.the sun与bathe构成逻 辑上的主谓关系，故应用wi昭形式作状语.bathe沐浴, 使沐浴作定语(1)动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修 饰词有动宾关系，不定式用主动表示被动意义：I have a meeting to attend 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式用被动 式：Hav

12、e you got anything to he sent?注意：在表示次序的词：first, last, best和表示时间的词time,week等以及在一些抽象名词如chance, warning, ability,ambition, attempt, offer, decision, anxiety, way等词后作定语 时常用不定式的一般式Its time to go.He is always the first one to come, the last one to go!2不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具 等，应有必要的介词。He found a good ho

13、use to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?3如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.（2）动名词与现在分词作定语的区别：动名词作定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词作定语，表 示所修饰名词进行的动作.a walking stick拐杖（动名词作定语，意为a stick for walking）asleeping car卧铺车

14、厢（动名词作定语，意为a car for sleeping）the rising sun正在升起的太阳（现在分词作定语，意为（hesun which was rising）the changing world变化中的世界（现在分词作定语，意为theworld which is changing）(3)现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别：表示被动、完成用过去分词；表示被动、进行用being done；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be donee试比较：The bridge built in 2012 was designed by a local company.2 2The bridge bei

15、ng built now was designed by a localcompan y 3 3The bridge to be built next year was designed by a localcompan y 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完 成。boiled water（开水）fallen leaves（落叶）the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了 的世界）L （2013 山东卷）The room is empty except for abookshelf_in the cornerA. standingB. t

16、o standC. standsD. stood答案A考查非谓语动词.句意： 除了有一个立在角 落里的书架，这个房间是空的.整个句子是主系表结构,except for abookshelf_ in the corner属于介词短语作状语，所以空格处应是非谓语动词作定语，并且bookshelfstand之间是主谓关系，所以选A.2. （2013四川卷）The airport_ next year will helppromote tourism in this area*A. being completed B. to be completedC. completedD. having been

17、 completed答案B考査非谓语动词.句意：明年将要完工的机 场会有助于促进这一地区的旅游业发展.A项表示正在 进行的被动；B项表示将来的被动；C项和D项表示完成 的被动.根据时间状语next year可知表示将要被完成， 故选B项.3. （2013 -陕西卷）The witnesses_by the police justnow gave very different descriptions of the fight.A. questionedB. being questionedC. to be questioned D. having questioned答案A|考査非谓语动词.句

18、意：警察刚刚询问的那 些目击者们对于打斗的描述非常不同.分析句子成分可 知主语是Kthe witnesses*,谓语动词是gave,而question询问，质疑”与the witnesses是被动关系, 且表完成，故选A.三.作主语不定式作主语常表示某一次具体的行为。如:Collecting information about childrens health is his job.To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard 当动名词短语或者不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语.Its no use quarrelling （1）动名种经It*s

19、necessary to discuss the problem with an experiencedteacher (2)常用不定式作主语的句型有：1 1Its difficult (important necessary) for sb to do2 2Itvs kind(good friendly polite careless rude cruel,clever, foolish brave) of sb to do.(3)常用动名词作主语的句型有It9s no good (use fun) doing.Its (a) waste of time ones doing*Its wor

20、th while doing.(4)疑问词+不定式可以在句中充当主语，宾语或表语。Where to build the factory hasnt been decided.He told us what to do.高考体验1. (2013 福建卷)_basic first-aid techniques willhelp you respond quickly to emergencies.A KnownB. Having knownC. KnowingD Being known答案C考查非谓语动词.句意：知道基本的急救技术 将会霜助你对紧急情况快速作出反应.由句式分析可知本 句缺少主语，且

21、不强调动作的时间对比及被动，故用动名 词的一般形式作主语2. (2012 -浙江卷)No matter how bright a talker you are,there are times when its better_ silent.A remainB. be remainingC having remainedD. to remain答案D考査非谓语动词.句意：不管你多么能吉善辩, 但有时候还是保持沉默更好.该题考查it is*形容词+to do sthn这一句型，句中to remain silent保持沉默” 是真正的主语，it是形式主语3. (2()11上海卷)Its no use

22、_ without taking anyaction.A. complainB. complainingC. being complained I), to be complained答案B|句意：只抱怨而不采取行动是没用的.在ait*s no usedoing*结构中，ing形式作真正主语.、作宾语(1)下列动词跟不定式作宾语want, wish, hope, expect ask, pretends care, decidehappen long* offer, refuse fail, plan, prepare, order, cause,afford heg manage agree

23、, promise等。注意：如果作宾语的动词不定式后面有宾语补足语时， 要用it作形式宾语，置于谓语动词的后面，而将动词不 定式放到宾语补足语后面.They found it hard to learn English.Dont you think it better to translate it this way?厂(2)在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest avoid, excuse, delay imagine keep, miss,appreciate be busy, be worthy feel lik匕caift stands ca

24、nt help,think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom,stop.(fromh protect.fronb set about, be engaged in? he used to,look forward to9object to, pay attention to, insist on等。在以下句型中in可以省略，其后接动名词作宾语。Have difTiculty/trouble/problem (in) doing sthThere is no point/good/use (in) doing sthSpend t

25、ime/money (in) doing sth(3)在forget remember, stop, regret try, mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之后的 动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。I regret to tell you that I canft go to your birthday party.They regretted agreeing to the plan.He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend.She tried reading a nove

26、l* but that couldnt make her forget hersorrow.I didnt mean to hurt you.A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return.(4)动名词作need, want* require be worth的宾语时，用 主动式代替被动式。The washing-machine needs repairing(或用:needs to be repaired)这台洗衣机需要修理。This English novel is worth reading.这本英文小说值得一读。高考

27、体验1. （2012 北京卷） Onc learns a language by making mistakes andthem.A. correctsB. correctC. to correctD. correcting答案D考查非谓语动词.句意：人通过犯错误并改 正错误来学习语盲.题线处与句中的making并列，故D项正确.2. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents Shetried_alone, but she didnt like it and moved backhome.A.livingB. to liveC to be li

28、vingD having lived答案A trj doing sth意为试着作某事；try to do Hh意为“尽力去作某事”句意：苏妬不想依赖父母. 她试着一个人生活，但不喜欢这样，又搬回家去了3. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of privatecars_ road conditions need_ A that, to be improvedB. which to be improvedC. where, improvingD wheiif improving答案A因为“公路状况需要改善” ,“rwecT后接“

29、improving或“ to be improved都可以.后面的从句应是problem”的同位语，应用that”引导.三、作宾语补足语(1)以下动词后跟不定式作宾语补足语:ask9 tell, beg allow want like, hate force, invitetpersuade advise order, cause encourage wait for, callon, permit forbidThe doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days.We wish him to remain and accept

30、the post.(注意hope后 不跟不定式作宾补.)(2)有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“S “的不定式，这些 动词有感官动词see, watch, look at notice hear, listen to. feel,observe,和使役动词make, let, have等。We noticed him enter the house.The boss made them work twelve hours a day.但改为被动语态时，不定式要加 s。I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.这些感官动词和使役动词除

31、了可以用省略了h）的不定式作宾 补还可以用现在分词、过去分词作宾补，要看与宾语的关系。We heard him sing the whole song.我们听到他唱了整首歌。舎 WEheard him singing the song when we came in.当我们进来的时候，听见他正唱那首歌。We have heard the song sung twice.我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。注意：have/get sth done结构中，done的动作不是句子的 主语及宾语去作的，而是另外的人去作的I have had my hair cut.make+oneself去分词（作宾补）表示让

32、某事由别人去作, 这些过去分词有heard, known, understood, noticed, believed等Youd better make vourself understood There was such a noise that he couldift make himself heard.高考体验1 （2013 陕西卷）I,et those in need_that we will goall out to help them.A. to understandB. understandC. understandingD. understood答案B考査非谓语动词.句意：让

33、那些需要帮助的 人们明白，我们会竭尽全力去帮助他们股意思是“使, 让， 用法畏Mlet sbdo sthzS in needjtthose的后置定语，故选B. 12. （2013北京卷）Wlwn we saw the road_ with snow,we decided to spend the holiday at home.A. blockB to blockC. blockingD. blocked答案I）I考査非谓语动词.句意： 当我们看到道路被 雪阻断了时，我们决定在家度假.口讹和block之间是被 动关系，故用block的过去分词作宾语补足语.g 作表语（1）不定式、动名词与分词作

34、表语的区别。不定式和动名 词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是 什么”:分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答 主语“怎么样”。Our plan is to keep the affair secrete我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。The music they are playing sounds exciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest

35、of theworld.这个美丽的村庄仍未被外界所知。严（2）现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分 词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主 语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。This dog is frifihtening.S条狗让人害怕。 （说明狗的特征）This dogis frightened.条狗有些害怕。（说明狗的心理状态）Climbing istiring and we are completely tired after a days climbing 爬山是累人的， 爬了一天的山我们全都累坏了。（tiring说明climbing的特征，tired说明我

36、们的状态）L （2013 -重庆卷）The engine just wont start. Somethingseems_ wrong with it.A. to goB. to have goneC. goingD. having gone答案B考查非谓语动词.句意：发动机启动不了了， 它好像出问题了.动词seem后常接动词不定式，因此C、D两项不正确.由句意可知，妙这一动作在shirt之前发生, 故选B.2. （2011 上海卷）Today we have chat rooms, text messaging,emailing. but we seem_ the art of commun

37、icatingface-to-face.A losingB. to be losingC. to be lostD. having lost答案B【考查非谓语动词作表语.句意：现在我们有 聊天室，能传递文本信息，还可以发电子邮件但是 我们似乎正在失去面对面交流的技能.seem后通常用动 词不定式，排除A和D两项；此处非谓语动词后有名词短 语the art of communicatingface-to-face作其宾语，所以 排除C项（被动形式），故选B.【考IS错点一、非谓语动词的时态非谓语动词形式意义不定式般式：iodo与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语动词后进行式:to be doing谓语发生时，不定式表示 的动作正在进行完成式：to have done发生在谓语动词之前动词-ing形式一般式：doing与谓语动词表示的动词 同时发生完