(完整版)构词法

1、Chapte FourWord - formation in Medical TerminologyMedical terms are largely formed from the building elements, namely, roots, prefixes, suffixes and existing words. Generally, we recognize five commonly used processes of word- formation in medical language. They are: 1.affixation （ 词 缀 法 ）, position

2、 （合成法），3.conversion（转化法），4.shortening（缩 略法）,including （1） blending（紧缩词），（2） clipping（音节缩略 词 ）, and （3） acronym（ 字母缩略词）, and 5. backformation （逆生法 ）。1. Affixation （ 词缀法 ） （ Derivation 派生法 ）Prefixation （加前缀法）Suffixation （加后缀法）Combining vowols （组合元音）Common patterns of affixation （1） Prefixation1) Defin

3、ition : prefixation is a morphological process whereby a prefix is attached to the front of base (root or word).2) Grammatical role: Usually, prefixation tends to be semantically oriented, adding new meaning to a base without change in the part of speech (词性).3) Examples: Autograft (自体移植)，isograft (

4、同系移 植物)，allograft (homograft)(同种异体移植物), xenograft (hetrograft)(异种移植物 )all have the same root graft but denote grafts of different types because of their prefixes.(2) Suffixation1) Definition : Suffixation is a morphological process whereby a suffix is attached to the end of a base (word or root)2) G

5、rammatical role : Suffixes are basically class-changing. Hence, suffixation tends to change the part of speech of a word.3) Examples: immune, immunity, immunize andimmunization have basic meaning, all related to“ immunity ” of an organism, but belong to different word classes.3) Combining vowols (CV

6、)1) Definition : When two bases are combined or a suffix is attached to a base, if there is no vowel to joint the two forms, a vowol called the combining vowol is added.2) Commonly used CVs : The most commonly used combining vowol is o, with i and a coming second.3) Examples: arthr + o + centesis =

7、arthrocentesisMast + o + carcinoma = mastocarcinomaMamm + o + plasia = mammoplasia(4) Common patterns of affixation Prefix + rootInject = in + jectprefix + combining vowel + rootEctoderm = ect + o + derm root + suffixStasis = sta + sis root + combining vowel + suffixSclerosis = scler + o + sis prefi

8、x + root + suffixPerirenal = peri + ren + al prefix + root + combining vowel + suffixSynarthrosis = syn + arthr + 0 + sis prefix + prefix + root + combining vowel + suffixContraindication = contra + in + dic + a +Tion root + root + suffixsialadenitis = sial + aden + itis9 root + combining vowel + ro

9、ot + suffixhemophilia = hem + o + phil + ia prefix + root + root + suffixhyperglycemia = hyper + glyc + (h)em +ia2. Composition ( 合成法 ) 1) 1) Definition ： Composition is a word-forming process by joining two or more words. 2) Types of compounds1) Open compound: An open compound is made up of two or

10、more words written separately.For example, woman doctor, man nurse, brain death, birth control, gray matter.2) Hyphenated compound: An hyphenated compoundcontains two or more words connected by a hyphen.For example, high-resolution, host-specific, deaf-mute, air-borne, bottle-feed, graft-versus-host

11、3) Solid compound: A solid compound consists of two words written as one word such as windpipe, sleepwalk, overweight, and nosebleed.4) Neoclassical compound: A neoclassical compound refer to those coined from elements of the classical languages ( Latin and Greek ).Most roots and compound suffixes h

12、ave been very active and productive in this word-forming process. Such words as biocide, lysosome, bio-science, psychanalysis, biophysics and chemotherapy are all neoclassical compounds.3. Conversion ( 转化法 ) 1) 1) Definition: A word-forming process wherebya word is adapted or converted to a new clas

13、s without any change of form. 2) Examples:Stent ( n.v. )plaster (n.v. )Mask ( n.v. )faint (adj.v. )Smell ( v.n. )skin (n.v. )4. Shortening ( 缩略法 )Blending ( 紧缩法 )clipping ( 音节缩略法)Acronyms ( 字母缩略词)(2) Blending (紧缩法)blend (紧缩词)1) Definition ： A blend is formed by blending two ormore words.2) Types and

14、 examples: three major patterns as follows,Part + part genome ( gene +chromosome)Whole + part breathalyzer (breath + analyzer )Part + wholemedicaid( medical + aid )Medicare ( medic al + care )Medichair ( medical + chair )Paramedic ( para chute + medic )3) clipping ( 音节缩略法)1) Definition ： clipping re

15、fers to the process whereby a word is shortened by clipping off part of the word without change in its meaning and word class.2) Examples:Exam examinationFluin flu enzaSpec spectaclesPolio polio myelitisPsych psychologyQuack quack salver(3) Acronyms ( 字母缩略词)1) Definition: an acronym is a word coined

16、 from theinitial letters of a group words.2) Patterns and examples:Acronyms from modern EnglishCT(computerized tomography)RBC( red blood cell )BMR( basal metabolic rate )ButTBtuberculosisODoverdoseIVintravenousAcronyms from Latin or Greeka.c.( ante cibum = before meal )p.c.( post cibum = after meal

17、)b.i.d. ( bis in die = twice a day )t.i.d ( ter in die = three times a day)q.i.d( quarter in die = four times a day)b.i.n( bis in nocte = twice a night)O.D.( oculus dexter = right eye)O.S.( oculus sinister = left eye )p.r.n( pro re nata = as needed )q.h( quaque hora = every hour )q.m( quaque mane = every morning )q.n( quaque nocte = every night )5. Backformation ( 逆生法 )( 1) Definition: It is a usaul process to form nouns from exsisting verbs by adding suffixes such -or, -er, - ar. For instance, teacher is made from teach and suffix