败坏了哈德莱堡的人1

1、败坏了哈德莱堡的人苦行记 案中案卡县名蛙百万英镑三万元遗产坏孩子的故事火车上的嗜人事件我最近辞职的事实经过田纳西的新闻界好孩子的故事我怎样编辑农业报大宗牛肉合同的事件始末我给参议员当秘书的经历哥尔斯密的朋友再度出洋神秘的访问一个真实的故事法国人大决斗稀奇的经验加利福尼亚人的故事他是否还在人间？和移风易俗者一起上路狗的自述王子与贫儿The Man That Corrupted HadleyburgRoughing ItA Double Barrelled Detective StoryThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyThe Milli

2、on Pound NoteThe $30,000 BequestThe Story Of The Bad Little BoyCannibalism in the CarsFacts Concerning The Recent ResignationJournalism In TennesseeThe Story Of The Good Little BoyThe How I Edited An Agricultural PaperThe Facts In The Case Of The Great Beef ContractMy Late Senatorial SecretaryshipGo

3、ldsmiths Friend Abroad AgainA Mysterious VisitThe True StoryThe Great French Duel(A Tramp Abroad的第八章)The Californian's TaleIs He living or is He dead?Travelling with a ReformerA Dog's TaleThe Prince and the PauperEarly lifeSamuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri , on November

4、12, 1835, to a Tennessee country merchant, John Marshall Clemens (August 11, 1798 - March 24, 1847), and Jane Lampton Clemens (June 18, 1803-October 27, 1890).4Twain was the sixth of seven children. Only three of his siblings survived childhood: his brother Orion (July 17, 1825 December11, 1897); He

5、nry, who died in a riverboat explosion (July 13, 1838- June 21, 1858); andPamela (September 19, 1827 - August 31, 1904). His sister Margaret (May 31,1830 August 17,1839) died when Twain was three, and his brotherBenjamin (June 8, 1832 May 12, 1842) died three years later. Another brother, Pleasant (

6、1828 1829), died at six months. 网 Twain was born twoweeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet OnDecember 4, 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for "Mark Twain and Halley's Comet." 用WhenTwain was four, his family movedto Hannibal, Miss

7、ouri，口 a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St.Petersburg in The Adventures of TomSawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn .包 Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery , a theme he would later explore in his writin

8、g.Twain' s father was an attorney and a local judge.旦 The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in his office in 1846. The railroad connected the second and third largest cities in the state and was the westernmost United States railroad until the Transcontinental Railroad . It delivere

9、d mail to and from the Pony Express .虎amuel Clemens, age 15In March 1847, whenTwain was 11, his father died of pneumonia The next year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal , a newsp

10、aper owned by his brother Orion. Whenhe was 18, he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia , St. Louis , and Cincinnati . He joined the union and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a12 conventional school. At 22, Twain

11、 returned to Missouri.On a voyage to New Orleans down the Mississippi, steamboat pilot Horace E. Bixby inspired Twain to be a steamboat pilot. As Twain observed in Life on the Mississippi , the pilot surpassed a steamboat's captain in prestige and authority; it was a rewarding occupation with wa

12、ges set at $250 per month,回 roughly equivalent to $73,089 a year today. A steamboat pilot needed to know the ever-changing river to be able to stop at the hundreds of ports and wood-lots. Twain studied 2,000 miles (3,200km) of theMississippi for more than two years before he received his steamboat p

13、ilot license in 1859.While training, Samuel convinced his younger brother Henry to work with him. Henry was killed on June 21, 1858, when the steamboat on which he was working, the Pennsylvania , exploded. Twain had foreseen this death in a dream a month earlier, 凶 which inspired his interest in par

14、apsychology ; he was an early member of the Society for Psychical 15Research. Twain was guilt-strickenand held himself responsible for the rest of his life. He continued to work on the river and was a river pilot until the American Civil War broke out in 1861 and traffic along the Mississippi was cu

15、rtailed .Missouri was considered by many to be part of theSouth, and wasrepresented in both the Confederate and Federal governments during the Civil War. Twain wrote a sketch, " The Private History of a Campaign That Failed ", which claimed he and his friends had been Confederate volunteer

16、s for two weeks before disbanding their company. 也Travelsthe library of the Mark Twain House , which features hand-stenciled paneling, fireplaces from India, embossed wallpapers and an enormous hand-carved mantel that the Twains purchased in Scotland(HABSphoto)Twain joined Orion, who in 1861 became

17、secretary toJames W. Nye, thegovernor of Nevada Territory , and headed west. Twain and his brother traveled more than two weeks on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains , visiting the Mormoncommunity in Salt Lake City . The experiences inspired Roughing It and provided materia

18、l for The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County . Twain's journey ended in the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada , where he became a miner. Twain failed as a miner and worked at a Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise.叫 Here he first used his pen name. On February 3

19、, 1863, he signed a humorous travel account "Letter From Carson - re: Joe Goodman; party at Gov. Johnson's; music" with "Mark Twain". 理Twain moved to San Francisco, California in 1864, still as a journalist. He met writers such as Bret Harte , Artemus Ward, and Dan DeQuille .

20、 The young poet Ina Coolbrith may have romanced him. 四His first success as a writer came when his humoroustall tale , "TheCelebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", was published in a NewYork weekly, The Saturday Press, on November18, 1865. It brought him national attention. A year late

21、r, he traveled to the Sandwich Islands (present-day Hawaii) as a reporter for the Sacramento Union . His travelogues were popular and became the basis for his first lectures.世In 1867, a local newspaper funded a trip to the Mediterranean . During his tour of Europe and the Middle East, he wrote a pop

22、ular collection of travel letters, which were later compiled as The Innocents Abroad in 1869. It was on this trip that he met his future brother-in-law.Uponreturning to the United States, Twain was offered honorary membership in the secret society Scroll and Key of Yale University in 1868. 叫 Its dev

23、otion to "fellowship, moral and literary self-improvement, andcharity" suited him well. Marriage and children Charles Langdon showed a picture of his sister, Olivia , to Twain; Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight. The two met in 1868, were engaged a yearlater, and married i

24、n February 1870 in 曰mira, New York.段 She came from a "wealthy but liberal family", and through her he metabolitionists ,"socialists, principled atheists and activists forwomen's rights andsocial equality ", including Harriet Beecher Stowe (his next door neighbor in Hartford,

25、Connecticut ), Frederick Douglass, and the writer and utopian socialist W川iam Dean Howells ,里 who became a longtime friend.The couple lived inBuffalo, New York from 1869 to 1871. Twain owned astake in the Buffalo Express newspaper, and worked as an editor and writer. Their son Langdon died of diphth

26、eria at 19 months.In 1871,以 Twain movedhis family to Hartford, Connecticut , where starting in 1873, he arranged the building of a home(local admirers saved it from demolition in 1927 and eventually turned it into a museumfocused on him). While living there, Olivia gave birth to three daughters:Susy

27、(1872 - 1896), Clara (1874 - 1962)段 and Jean (1880 - 1909). The couple's marriage lasted 34 years, until Olivia's death in 1904.During his seventeen years in Hartford (1874 - 1891), Twain wrote manyof his best-known works: The Adventures of TomSawyer (1876), The Prince and the Pauper (1881),

28、 Life on the Mississippi (1883), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889).Twain made a second tour of Europe, described in the 1880 bookA TrampAbroad. His tour included a stay in Heidelberg from May 6 until July 23, 1878, and a visit to London

29、.Love of science and technologytwain in the lab of Nikola Tesla , early 1894Twain was fascinated with science and scientific inquiry. He developeda close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla , and the two spent much time together in Tesla's laboratory.Twain patented three inventions, includi

30、ng an "Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments" (to replace suspenders) and a history trivia game粤 Most commercially successful was a self-pasting scrapbook; a dried adhesive on the pages only needed to be moistened before use.His book A Connecticut Yankee in King Arth

31、ur's Court features a time traveler from contemporary America, using his knowledge of science to introduce modern technology to Arthurian England. This type of storyline would later become a common feature of the science fiction sub-genre, Alternate history .In 1909, ThomasEdison visited Twain a

32、t his homein Redding, Connecticut and filmed him. Part of the footage was used in The Prince and the Pauper (1909), a two-reel short film.Financial troublesTwain madea substantial amount of money through his writing, but he lost a great deal through investments, mostly in newinventions and technolog

33、y, particularly the Paige typesetting machine . It was a beautifully engineered mechanical marvel that amazedviewers when it worked, but was prone to breakdowns. Twain spent $300,000 (equal to $7,590,000 today) on it between 1880 and 1894,36L but before it could be perfected, it was made obsolete by

34、 the Linotype . He lost not only the bulk of his book profits but also a substantial portion of his wife's inheritance.也Twain also lost moneythrough his publishing house, which enjoyed initial success selling the memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, but went broke soon after, losing moneyon a biography

35、of Pope Leo XIII ; fewer than two hundred copies were sold."Twain's writings and lectures, combined with the help of a new friend, enabled him to recover financially. 尊 In 1893, he began a 15-year-long friendship with financier Henry Huttleston Rogers , a principal of Standard Oil . Rogers

36、first made Twain file for bankruptcy . Then Rogers had Twain transfer the copyrights on his written works to his wife, Olivia, to prevent creditors from gaining possession of them. Finally, Rogers took absolute charge of Twain's money until all the creditors were paid.Twain embarked on an around

37、-the-world lecture tour in 1894 国 to pay off his creditors in full, although he was no longer under any legal obligation to do so. 30L In mid-1900, he was the guest of newspaper proprietorHughGilzean-Reid at Dollis Hill House Twain wrote of Dollis Hill that he had "never seen any place that was

38、 so satisfactorily situated, with its noble trees and stretch of country, and everything that went to make life delightful, and all within a biscuit's throw of the metropolis of the world". " He then returned to America in 1900, having earned enough to pay off his debts.Speaking engage

39、mentsTwain was in demandas a featured speaker, and appeared before manymen's clubs, including the Authors' Club , Beefsteak Club , Vagabonds, White Friars , and MondayEvening Club of Hartford. Hewas madean honorary member of the Bohemian Club in San Francisco. In the late 1890s, he spoke to

40、the Savage Club in London and was elected honorary member. Whentold that only three men had been so honored, including the Prince of Wales , he replied "Well, it must make the Prince feel mighty fine." 以 In 1897, Twain spoke to the Concordia Press Club in Vienna as a special guest, followi

41、ng diplomat Charlemagne Tower. In German, to the great amusement of the assemblage, Twain delivered the speech " Die Schrecken der deutschen Sprache" ("The Horrors of the German Language").133kLater life and deathMark Twain in his gown (scarlet with grey sleeves and facings) for

42、his D.Litt. degree, awarded to him by Oxford University .Twain passed through a period of deep depression , which began in 1896 when his daughter Susy died of meningitis . Olivia's death in 1904 and Jean's on December 24, 1909, deepened his gloom. 四 On May 20, 1909, his close friend Henry Ro

43、gers died suddenly.In 1906, Twain began his autobiography in the North American Review . In April, Twain heard that his friend Ina Coolbrith had lost nearly all she owned in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , and he volunteered a few autographed portrait photographs to be sold for her benefit. To f

44、urther aid Coolbrith, George Wharton Jamesvisited Twain in NewYork and arranged for a newportrait session. Initially resistant, Twain admitted that four of the resulting images were the finest ones ever taken of him.世Twain formed a club in 1906 for girls he viewed as surrogate granddaughters, the An

45、gel Fish and Aquarium Club. The dozen or so members ranged in age from 10 to 16. Twain exchanged letters with his "Angel Fish" girls and invited them to concerts and the theatre and to play games. Twain wrote in 1908 that the club was his "life's chief delight."阐Oxford Univer

46、sity awarded Twain an honorary doctorate in letters (D.Litt.) in 1907.37 In 1909, Twain is quoted as saying:一I came in with Halley's Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, andI expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of mylife if I don't go out with Halley'

47、s Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: 'Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they camein together, they must go out together.'His prediction was accurate Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut , one day after the comet's closest approach to Ear

48、th.Upon hearing of Twain's death, PresidentW川iam Howard Taft said: 39"Mark Twain gave pleasure - real intellectual enjoyment - to millions, and his works will continue to give such pleasure to millions yet to come. His humor was American, but he wasnearly as muchappreciated by Englishmen an

49、d people of other countries as by his own countrymen. He has made an enduring part of American literature ."Mark Twain headstone in Woodlawn Cemetery.Twain's funeral was at the "Old Brick" Presbyterian Church in NewYork.四 He is buried in his wife's family plot atWoodlawn Cemetery in Elmira,New York His grave is marked by a 12-foot (i.e., two fathoms, or "mark41twain") monument, placed there by his surviving daughter, Clara. There is also a smaller headstone.n. The strong and irrational fear that in the near future the earth will be destroyed by some cosmic