常见物质的性质与变化

1、常见物质的性质与变化（Properties and changes of commonsubstances ）Topic two properties and changes of common substancesMeasurement and control navigation tableKnowledge pointThe questions and difficultyMaterial properties1,5,11Properties and changes of water and solution2,8 (middle)Air compositionThreeProperti

2、es of metals4,9 (middle)Acids, bases, salts6,13,17 (middle), 18 (middle)Changes and properties of matter7,10 (middle), 12,15,16 (middle)Material change typeFourteenFirst, the multiple-choice question1. (2011 Guangxi Guilin) is a plastic plasticizer softener, banned from being added in food. The foll

3、owing properties of plasticizers are chemical properties (C)A. colorless viscous liquidB. melting point -50 DEG CC. has chronic toxicityD. is soluble in most organic solvents2. (2011 Anhui Chaohu version) World Water Day March 22, 2011 theme is "city water: responding to the urban challenge&quo

4、t;. The following statement about water is wrong (A)A. water pollution has nothing to do with human activitiesB. the water in nature is not pure waterC. tap water can be sterilized by adding chlorine gasD. the availablefreshwater resources on the earthare limited3. (2011 Sichuan, Dazhou) Dazhou May

5、20, 2011 air qualityreport:Old City airpollutionindex was64, air qualityclass II,theair qualityis good, themain pollutant in the airis respirableparticulatematter. The followingstatement aboutthe elementsof air is correct (B)A. oxygen is chemically active and belongs to fuelB. nitrogen is not chemic

6、ally active and can be used for food preservationThe greater the air quality level listed in the C. air quality report, the better the air qualityD. carbon dioxide in the air content increases, will cause greenhouse effect, belonging to air pollutantsAnalysis: oxygen belongs to combustion support, A

7、 wrong; airquality report listed in the air quality level is smaller, the air quality is better, C wrong; carbon dioxide can cause greenhouse effect, but not air pollutants, D wrong.4. (2011 Anhui Chaohu) Wuhu iron picture is an exotic flower in the garden of Arts and crafts China. It is made of ste

8、el as main material and made by multi - process such as forging, welding, pickling and painting. Which of the following statements is not true about the iron (D)A. painting should be hung in a dry environment.The rust on the material used in B. can be cleaned with dilute hydrochloric acidC. to make

9、painting Tiehua molding is beautiful and can rustThe main material used in D., low carbon steel, has better forging properties. It does not belong to ferrous alloysAnalysis: A, C option approach can prevent iron rust, correct; B reaction for Fe2O3+6HCl2FeCl3+3H2O, right; low carbon steel belongs to

10、iron alloy, D option error.5. (2011 Anhui) a method of reasoning commonly used in scientific inquiry. According to the following experimental facts, the conclusion is correct (C)numberExperimental factsempirical conclusionAA solution to phenolphthalein solution turns redThe solution must be NaOH sol

11、utionBA substance can conduct electricityThe substance must be a metallic substanceCDetermination of temperature at room temperaturePH=3 of solutionThe solution must be acidicDA gas does not carry a bandMars bars againThe gas must have no oxygenAnalysis: make red phenolphthalein solution is alkaline

12、 solution, is not necessarily the solution of NaOH, A and part of the solution can be wrong; graphite conductive metals, but not B, wrong; if a gas can make Mars with wood again, may also be the oxygen purity is not high enough, D.6. (Guangdong, Zhaoqing, 2011) the following solutions are colorless

13、and can coexist in large amounts at pH=1 (C)A.CuSO4 NaCl KNO3B.NaOH NaCl NaNO3C.Na2SO4 NH4Cl ZnCl2D.K2SO4 AgNO3 NaClAnalysis: whenpH=1, H+ existsin the solution.In the case ofH+: A can coexist, but CuSO4 solution is blue; NaOH does not coexist with H+ in B; AgNO3 does not coexist with NaCl in D; no

14、precipitation in C, gas and water can coexist.7. (2011, Sichuan, Ya'an) through junior high school chemistry study, we can sum up or find a lot of knowledge with a certain regularity. In the following description of the law, thecorrect one is (C)A. "carbon" is a large family, all of wh

15、ich contain carbonB. all acids must contain oxygenWhen the C. metal reacts with the acid, the quality of the solution increasesD. acid, alkali and salt can react with each otherAnalysis: some substances do not contain carbon, A error; all acids are contained in hydrogen, but not necessarily contains

16、 oxygen, B error; metal and acid replacement reaction after heavy metals into solution, hydrogen is replaced, solution quality are increased, C can correct; double decompositionreaction between acid and alkali, salt in the metathesis reaction conditions, D error.8. (Shandong, Dezhou, 2011),as shown

17、in the solubilitycurvesof solid matter X and Y. When the temperature is T2 degreescentigrade, the X and g of a and Y are respectively placed in100 g water,and the followingtableis used to judge the stateof the solution and the measures taken to saturate the unsaturated solution. Which is correct (B)

18、Answer: (1) black (2) H2SO4+Ca (OH) 2CaSO4+2H2O (3) SO214., people divide the chemical properties of substances intotwo broad categories. One is the reaction with other substances to form new substances, and the other is to decomposethemselves into simpler substances. The figure below shows the rela

19、tion between the classification of the chemical properties of the material and the type of chemical reaction.(1) please fill in the blanks with the serial numbers of the chemical properties of the following two substances:Ii.A. sulfur in oxygen combustion heat decomposition B. mercuric oxide(2) plea

20、se fill in the blanks with the names of two chemical reaction types other than the figure above:(III).Analysis: in the basic type of chemical reaction, the decomposition reaction belongs to the reaction of "self decomposition into simpler substance", and the other threetypes belong to the

21、type of "reaction with other substances to produce new substances".Answer: (1) a, B (2), metathesis reaction, and decomposition reaction15. (Shandong, Linyi, 2011) known: A is the smallest relativemolecular mass of oxides, D is the simplest organic compounds, but also the most important co

22、mponent of natural gas. Please analyze the relationship between A, B, C, D and E, and answer the questions about the five substances.(1) please write the chemical expressions of D and E: D, E.(2) please write down the chemical equation of AB+C:;The basic type of the reaction is.The relative molecula

23、r mass of oxide is the smallest water,organicmatter is the most simple reactionof methane, 2H2O2H2= +O2 = CH4+2O2CO2+2H2O. Answer: (1) CH4 CO2(2) 2H2O2H2 = +O2 = decomposition reaction16. (2010 Fujian Xiamen) Chinese scientist Charles Kao for manufacturing fiber with high purity silica glass, was aw

24、arded the 2009 Nobel prize. The principle of producing high-purityquartz glass from quartz sand (main component SiO2) is as follows:Quartz sand, silicon (coarse) four, silicon chloride (coarse), four silicon chloride (pure), silica (pure)Please answer the questions:(1) another product of the known r

25、eaction is a poisonous gas, The use of this by-product is.(2) the known reaction is a combination reaction, and the chemical equation of the reaction is.(3) the known reaction is a displacement reaction, and the chemical equation of the reaction is.(4) the high purity silicon can be produced by chan

26、ging theoxygen in the reaction group to hydrogen. The chemical formula of the other product is.Analysis:(1)reactionShi Eisa and carbon at high temperaturereaction, the toxic gas generated is CO, CO is flammable, canbe used as fuel;has the reducibility,can be used for smeltingmetal.(2) accordingto th

27、e information,the reactionis Si andchlorine react at high temperature to produce four siliconchloride.(3) reactionfour siliconchlorideand oxygen at 1300degrees of substitutionreactionto produce silicaand chlorine,if the oxygen into hydrogen, because chlorine can react with hydrogen, its products are

28、 silicon and hydrogen chloride.Answer: (1) CO fuel or metal smelting and other reasonable answers can be(2) Si+2Cl2SiCl4(3) SiCl4+O2SiO2+2Cl2(4) HCl17. (2011, Jiangsu, Nantong) the following is the induction and arrangement of the reaction between sodium chloride and sodium chloride.Please answer th

29、e following questions:(1) the substance A is the commonbase, and the chemical formula of A is written:.(2) write the chemical equation of the reaction:.(3) name one of the medical uses of NaHCO3:.(4) the cause of the reaction, and the fifth and the sixth isto.(5) the laboratory prepared 200 g 8% of

30、NaCl solution, thequalityof water requiredis g, and in preparationprocess,inorderto speed up the dissolutionof NaCl,the measures can betaken.Analysis:(1)containingsodium alkaliis sodium hydroxide;(2)sodium reacts with HCl, the replacement of the hydrogen in anacid; (3) NaHCO3 in life for many purpos

31、es, for the treatmentof heartburninmedicaltreatment; (4)the reaction, four,fiveand six are double decomposition reaction can be producedbecause ofantisedimentation, gas orwater; (5) water quality:200 * g (1-8%) =184 g method; accelerate the dissolved solidsmixing, particle crushing, temperature etc.

32、Answer: (1) NaOH(2Na+2HCl2NaCl+H2 = 2)(3) treatment of gastric acid excess(4) because they are produced by one of water, gas, or precipitation(5) 184 continuous mixing with glass rods (other reasonableanswers can be)18. (2011 Shandong Yantai adaptation) soilless culture is a method of growing crops

33、using nutrient solutions.(1) the following chemical fertilizers belong to compound fertilizers (fill in serial numbers).Ammonium nitrate, phosphoric acid, two ammonium hydrogen, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate(2) there is a colorless nutrient solution which may be composed of one or several sub

34、stances in KNO3,Ca (NO3) 2, K2CO3and KCl. In order to investigate its components, a classmate designs and completes the experiment shown in the diagram.According to the above experiment, please carry on the inference.By experiment 1, it is possible to determine that the substances in the original nutrient solution are not;According to experiment 1 an