肌学总论脉管学神经系概述课件

1、肌学总论脉管学神经系概述第三章第三章 Myology 肌学肌学Introduction 肌根据构造不同可分为smooth muscle平滑肌cardiac muscle心肌skeletal muscle骨骼肌 心肌和平滑肌属于不随意肌不随意肌involuntary muscle，骨骼肌为voluntary muscle随随意肌意肌 。 每块肌都是一个器官，都有一定的位置、形态、结构和血管、神经 。他们大多附着于骨和关节的周围，收缩和舒张产生运动 。肌学总论脉管学神经系概述全身的肌按所在的部位可分为Muscles of head 头肌头肌Muscles of neck 颈肌颈肌Muscles o

2、f trunk 躯干肌躯干肌Muscles of upper limb 上肢肌上肢肌Muscles of lower loimb 下肢肌下肢肌 肌学总论脉管学神经系概述 Muscle Belly 肌腹 Tendon 肌腱阔肌阔肌 aponeurosis 腱膜腱膜轮匝肌轮匝肌 二腹肌二腹肌Tendinous intersections腱划Structure:根据形态, 肌可分为Long muscle 长肌长肌Short muscle 短肌短肌 Flate muscle 阔肌阔肌Orbicular muscle 轮匝肌轮匝肌 Shape and structure of skeletal musc

3、les 肌的形态和构造肌的形态和构造肌学总论脉管学神经系概述 The origin , insertion and function 肌的起止肌的起止 和作用和作用insertionorigin肌学总论脉管学神经系概述三、肌的辅助装置（一）Fascia 筋膜Superficial fascia浅筋膜Deep fascia 深筋膜（二）Synovial Bursa 滑膜囊肌学总论脉管学神经系概述（三） Tendinous Sheath 腱鞘Fibrous layer 纤维层Synovial layer 滑膜层 （腱滑膜鞘） mesotendon 腱系膜肌学总论脉管学神经系概述肌学总论脉管学神经系

4、概述肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Composition Cardiovascular system（CVS）心血管系统心血管系统 Lymphatic system 淋巴系统淋巴系统肌学总论脉管学神经系概述CompositionheartarteryveinCapillary毛细血管毛细血管lymphatic systemlymph conducting channelslymphoid organs:lymphoid tissue：CVSlymphatic capillarylymphatic vessellymphatic trunklymphatic ductLymph node淋巴结,tos

5、il,扁桃体,spleen 脾, thymus胸腺.Reticular tissue(网状组织)and WBC(白细胞）.situated in the wall of the respiratary-alimentary tracts.肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The cardiovascular system肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The cardiovascular systemOrganization Heart 心心:is a dynamic organ of the cardiovascular system.Artery 动脉动脉 : carry blood away from t

6、he heart. Veins 静脉静脉 : carry blood back to the heart.Capillary 毛细血管毛细血管肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Blood circulationSystemic circulation 体循环体循环 left ventricleaorta and its branchescapillaries of body superior and inferior vena cavaright atrium.Pulmonary circulation 肺循环肺循环 right ventricle pulmonary a. capillaries of

7、 lungpulmonary v.right atrium.肌学总论脉管学神经系概述 Vascular anastomosis 血管吻合血管吻合 Anastomosis between arterial tranks. Anastomosis between veins. Arteriovenous anastomosis 动静脉吻合. Collateral vessels侧副管. Circulation侧支循环.肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Rectal venous plexus肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The Arteries Bilateral symmetry 对称. The arterie

8、s of the trunk consist of parietal and visceral branches (壁支和脏支). Shortest possible course. Run on flexor surfaces. Together with the veins and nerves in a sheath of fascia to form neurovascular bundle(血管神经束).肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Arteries of pulmonary circulationPulmonary trunk 肺动脉干肺动脉干. Arises from right ve

9、ntricle. Bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries. Arterial lig动脉韧带动脉韧带: A fibrous cord which is connected between the left pulmonary a. and the concavity of the aortic arch, it is found as the ductus arteriosus in the fetus.肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Arteries of systemic circulation Aorta 主动脉主动脉Ascending

10、 aorta 升主动脉升主动脉Aortic arch 主动脉弓主动脉弓Descending aorta 降主动脉降主动脉Thoracic aorta 胸主动脉胸主动脉Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉腹主动脉Right and left common iliac artery 髂总动脉髂总动脉. .肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Ascending aorta 升主动脉升主动脉Aortic sinus 主动脉窦主动脉窦Branches：right and left coronary arteries. Branches of the Aortic arch (from R. to L.) Bra

11、chiocephalic trunk 头臂干头臂干right common carotid a. 右颈总动脉右颈总动脉right subclavian a. 右锁骨下动脉右锁骨下动脉Left common carotid a. 左颈总动脉左颈总动脉Left subclavian a. 左锁骨下动脉左锁骨下动脉肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Arteries of head and neck Common carotid a.颈总动脉颈总动脉External carotid a. 颈外动脉颈外动脉Internal carotid a. 颈内动脉颈内动脉carotid sinus颈动脉窦颈动脉窦: act

12、s as a pressure-receptor which is part of the blood pressure regulating mechanism. carotid body (carotid glomus)颈动脉颈动脉小球小球: : acts as a chemoreceptor which responds to changes of the oxygen-carbon dioxide retion in the blood.肌学总论脉管学神经系概述subclavical artery锁骨下动脉锁骨下动脉Axillary a. 腋动脉腋动脉Brachial a. 肱动脉肱动

13、脉Radial a. 桡动脉桡动脉Ulnar a. 尺动脉尺动脉Superficial palmar arch 掌浅弓掌浅弓deep palmar arc 掌深弓掌深弓肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Thoracic aorta 胸主动脉胸主动脉 Parietal branches 壁支壁支:Nine pairs posterior intercostals arteries 肋间后动脉肋间后动脉One pair subcostal a.肋下动脉肋下动脉 Visceral branches 脏支脏支: -bronchial branches 支气管支支气管支 - esophageal branches

14、 食管支食管支肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉腹主动脉Visceral branches 脏支脏支 Paired branchesMiddle suprarenal artery 肾上腺中动脉肾上腺中动脉Renal artery 肾动脉肾动脉Testicular (ovarian) artery 睾丸（卵巢）动脉睾丸（卵巢）动脉 Unpaired branchesCeliac trunk 腹腔干腹腔干Sup. mesenteric a.肠系膜上动脉肠系膜上动脉Inf. mesenteric a.肠系膜下动脉肠系膜下动脉Parietal branches壁支壁支肌

15、学总论脉管学神经系概述Common iliac a. 髂总动脉髂总动脉Internal iliac a. 髂内动脉髂内动脉External iliac a. 髂外动脉髂外动脉Branches of internal iliac a. .Parietal br.壁支壁支:iliolumbar a.髂腰动脉髂腰动脉lateral sacral a.骶外侧动脉骶外侧动脉Sup. and Inf. gluteal a. 臀上、下动脉臀上、下动脉obturator artery闭孔动脉闭孔动脉肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Common iliac a. 髂总动脉髂总动脉Internal iliac a. 髂内

16、动脉髂内动脉Branches of internal iliac a. Visceral br.脏支脏支: umbilical a.脐动脉脐动脉 superior vesical a.膀胱上动脉膀胱上动脉 uterine a.子宫动脉子宫动脉 internal pudendal a. 阴部内动脉阴部内动脉 inf. vesical a. 膀胱下动脉膀胱下动脉 sup. rectal a. 直肠上动脉直肠上动脉肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Arteries of lower limbExternal iliac a.髂外动脉髂外动脉Femoral a. deep femoral a.股深动脉股深动脉P

17、opliteal a. 腘动脉腘动脉Posterior tibial a.胫后动脉胫后动脉 fibular a.腓动脉腓动脉 lateral and medial plantar a.足底内、外侧动脉足底内、外侧动脉Anterior tibial a. 胫前动脉胫前动脉 dorsal a. of foot 足背动脉足背动脉medial femoral circumflex a.lateral femoral circumflex a.Perforaing a.(3)肌学总论脉管学神经系概述肌学总论脉管学神经系概述. The division of the nervous system Cent

18、ral nervous system Brain脑 Spinal cord脊髓 Peripheral nervous system Cranial nerves脑神经 Spinal nerves脊神经 Visceral nerves内脏神经 肌学总论脉管学神经系概述FunctionControls and regulatesthe activites of all the bodily systems.receptor, afferent nerveefferent nerveeffector肌学总论脉管学神经系概述 centerEfferentAfferentreflex arcExtern

19、al and internal enviromentHigher Centrerresponse肌学总论脉管学神经系概述 Gray matter灰质灰质Cortex皮质皮质White matter白质白质 Medulla髓质髓质Nucleus神经核神经核Ganglion 神经节神经节Fasciculus纤维束纤维束The terminology肌学总论脉管学神经系概述. the organization of the nervous system肌学总论脉管学神经系概述星形胶星形胶质细胞质细胞室管膜细胞室管膜细胞小胶质细胞小胶质细胞少突少突胶质胶质细胞细胞 神经元神经元Outnumber ne

20、uronsin the central nervous system 10:1. These cells play a number of important roles, including myelin formation, supporting, protection, nutrition and insulation ect. 肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The spinal nerves脊神经脊神经肌学总论脉管学神经系概述 There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which are divided into the following groups:8

21、pairs of cervical nerves 颈神经颈神经12 pairs of thoracic nerves胸神经胸神经5 pairs of lumbar nerves 腰神经腰神经5 pairs sacral nerves 骶神经骶神经1 pairs of coccygeal nerves尾神经尾神经肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Each spinal nerve is formed by two roots, a anterior (motor) root and posterior (sensory ) root. The spinal ganglion is an enlargeme

22、nt of the posterior root near the intervertebral foramen.肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Anterior branchPosterior branchCommunicating branchThe branches of the spinal nerve肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The constitution of the spinal nerve肌学总论脉管学神经系概述posterior branchposterior branch脊神经后支脊神经后支肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Anterior branch 脊神经前支脊神经前支Except t

23、he anterior branches of thoracic nerves, others form intricate plexus before supplying a part of body. They are named the cervical plexus, the brachial plexus, the lumber plexus and the sacral plexus. 肌学总论脉管学神经系概述cervical plexus颈丛颈丛Formation: the anterior branches of the first four cervical nerves.L

24、ocation: situated deeply the sternocleidomastoid, its branches may be divided into superficial and deep groups.肌学总论脉管学神经系概述Brachial plexus 臂丛臂丛Formation: the anterior branches of the four lower cervical nerves and great part of the first thoracic nerve.Location: situated from the lower part of the s

25、ide of the neck to the axilla.肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The branches and distributions of the Brachial plexus肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The branches and distributions of the Brachial plexus肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The branches and distributions of the Brachial plexus肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The branches and distributions of the Brachial plexus肌学总论脉管学神经系

26、概述The branches and distributions of the Brachial plexus肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The branches and distributions of the Brachial plexus肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The branches and distributions of the Brachial plexus肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The branches and distributions of the Brachial plexus肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The branches and distributions of the thoracic nerves肌学总论脉管学神经系概述The branches and distributions of the thoracic nerves肌学总论脉管学神经系概述 T2 - 胸骨角平面胸骨角平面 T4 - 乳头平面乳头平面 T6 - 剑突平面剑突平面 T8 - 肋弓平面肋弓平面 T10 - 脐平面脐平面 T12 - 脐与耻骨联合连线中脐与耻骨联合连线中点平面。点平面。The cutaneous branches distributing to the skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls肌学总论脉管学神经系概述