外文翻译--管理信息系统概要

1、.外文原文Management Information System Overview Management Information System is that we often say that the MIS, is a human, computers and other information can be composed of the collection, transmission, storage, maintenance and use of the system, emphasizing the management, stressed that the modern i

2、nformation society In the increasingly popular. MIS is a new subject, it across a number of areas, such as scientific management and system science, operations research, statistics and computer science. In these subjects on the basis of formation of information-gathering and processing methods, ther

3、eby forming a vertical and horizontal weaving, and systems. The 20th century, along with the vigorous development of the global economy, many economists have proposed a new management theory. In the 1950s, Simon made dependent on information management and decision-making ideas. Wiener published the

4、 same period of the control theory, that he is a management control process. 1958, Gail wrote: "The management will lower the cost of timely and accurate information to better control." During this period, accounting for the beginning of the computer, data processing in the term.1970, Walt

5、er T. Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the term: "verbal or written form, at the right time to managers, staff and outside staff for the past, present, the projection of future Enterprise and its environment-related information no application model, no ment

6、ion of computer applications. 1985, management information systems, the founder of the University of Minnesota professor of management at the Gordon B. Davis to a management information system a more complete definition of "management information system is a computer hardware and software resou

7、rces, manual operations, analysis, planning , Control and decision-making model and the database - System. It provides information to support enterprises or organizations of the operation, management and decision-making function. "Comprehensive definition of this Explained that the goal of mana

8、gement information system, functions and composition, but also reflects the management information system at the time of level. With the continuous improvement of science and technology, computer science increasingly mature, the computer has to be our study and work on the run along. Today, computer

9、s are already very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the computer was so popular mainly because of the following aspects: First, the computer can substitute for many of the complex Labor. Second, the computer can greatly enhance people's work efficiency.

10、Third, the computer can save a lot of resources. Fourth, the computer can make sensitive documents more secure. Computer application and popularization of economic and social life in various fields. So that the original old management methods are not suited now more and social development. Many peop

11、le still remain in the previous manual. This greatly hindered the economic development of mankind. In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is growing, the number of students in the school also have increased, resulting in educational administration is the growing complexity of the h

12、eavy work, to spend a lot of manpower, material resources, and the existing management of student achievement levels are not high, People have been using the traditional method of document management student achievement, the management there are many shortcomings, such as: low efficiency, confidenti

13、ality of the poor, and Shijianyichang, will have a large number of documents and data, which is useful for finding, updating and maintaining Have brought a lot of difficulties. Such a mechanism has been unable to meet the development of the times, schools have become more and more day-to-day managem

14、ent of a bottleneck. In the information age this traditional management methods will inevitably be computer-based information management replaced.As part of the computer application, the use of computers to students student performance information for management, with a manual management of the inco

15、mparable advantages for example: rapid retrieval, to find convenient, high reliability and large capacity storage, the confidentiality of good, long life, cost Low. These advantages can greatly improve student performance management students the efficiency of enterprises is also a scientific, standa

16、rdized management, and an important condition for connecting the world. Therefore, the development of such a set of management software as it is very necessary thing. Design ideas are all for the sake of users, the interface nice, clear and simple operation as far as possible, but also as a practica

17、l operating system a good fault-tolerant, the user can misuse a timely manner as possible are given a warning, so that users timely correction . To take full advantage of the functions of visual FoxPro, design powerful software at the same time, as much as possible to reduce the occupiers system res

18、ources. Visual FoxPro the command structure and working methods: Visual FoxPro was originally called FoxBASE, the U.S. Fox Software has introduced a database products, in the run on DOS, compatible with the abase family. Fox Software Microsoft acquisition, to be developed so that it can run on Windo

19、ws, and changed its name to Visual FoxPro. Visual FoxPro is a powerful relational database rapid application development tool, the use of Visual FoxPro can create a desktop database applications, client / server applications and Web services component-based procedures, while also can use ActiveX con

20、trols or API function, and so on Ways to expand the functions of Visual FoxPro.1651First, work methods1. Interactive mode of operation (1) order operation VF in the order window, through an order from the keyboard input of all kinds of ways to complete the operation order. (2) menu operation VF use

21、menus, windows, dialog to achieve the graphical interface features an interactive operation. (3) aid operation VF in the system provides a wide range of user-friendly operation of tools, such as the wizard, design, production, etc. 2. Procedure means of implementation VF in the implementation of the

22、 procedures is to form a group of orders and programming language, an extension to save. PRG procedures in the document, and then run through the automatic implementation of this order documents and award results are displayed. Second, the structure of command 1. Command structure 2. VF orders are u

23、sually composed of two parts: The first part is the verb order, also known as keywords, for the operation of the designated order functions; second part of the order clause, for an order that the operation targets, operating conditions and other information . VF order form are as follows: 3. <Ord

24、er verb> "<order clause>" 4. Order in the format agreed symbols 5. VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of these symbols are as follows: 6. Than that option, angle brackets within the parameters must be based on their forma

25、t input parameters. 7. That may be options, put in brackets the parameters under specific requests from users choose to enter its parameters. 8. Third, the project manager 9. Create a method10. command window: CREAT PROJECT <file name> 11. Project Manager 12. tab 13. All - can display and proj

26、ect management applications of all types of documents, "All" tab contains five of its right of the tab in its entirety. 14. Data - management application projects in various types of data files, databases, free form, view, query documents.15. Documentation - display , statements, documents

27、, labels and other documents. 16. Category - the tab display and project management applications used in the class library documents, including VF's class library system and the user's own design of the library. 17. Code - used in the project management procedures code documents, such as: pr

28、ogram files (. PRG), API library and the use of project management for generation of applications (. APP). 18. (2) the work area 19. The project management work area is displayed and management of all types of document window. 20. (3) order button 21. Project Manager button to the right of the order

29、 of the work area of the document window to provide command. 22. 4, project management for the use of 23. 1. Order button function 24. New - in the work area window selected certain documents, with new orders button on the new document added to the project management window. 25. Add - can be used VF

30、 "file" menu under the "new" order and the "Tools" menu under the "Wizard" order to create the various independent paper added to the project manager, unified organization with management. 26. Laws - may amend the project has been in existence in the various d

31、ocuments, is still to use such documents to modify the design interface. 27. Sports - in the work area window to highlight a specific document, will run the paper.28. Mobile - to check the documents removed from the project. 29. Even the series - put the item in the relevant documents and even into

32、the application executable file. Database System Design :Database design is the logical database design, according to a forthcoming data classification system and the logic of division-level organizations, is user-oriented. Database design needs of various departments of the integrated enterprise ar

33、chive data and data needs analysis of the relationship between the various data, in accordance with the DBMS.中文译文管理信息系统概要管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS（Management Information System），是一个由人、计算机等组成的能进行信息的收集、传送、储存、维护和使用的系统，在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它越来越得到普及。MIS是一门新的学科，它跨越了若干个领域，比如管理科学、系统科学，运筹学、统计学以及计算机科学。在这些学科的基础上，形成信息收集和加工的方

34、法，从而形成一个纵横交织和系统。20世纪，随着全球经济的蓬勃发展，众多经济学家纷纷提出了新的管理理论。20世纪50年代，西蒙提出管理依赖于信息和决策的思想。同时期的维纳发表了控制论，他认为管理是一个控制过程。1958年，盖尔写到：“管理将以较低的成本得到及时准确的信息，做到较好的控制。”这个时期，计算机开始用于会计工作，出现数据处理一词。 1970年，Walter T. Kennevan给刚刚出现的管理信息系统一词下了一个定义：“以口头或书面的形式，在合适的时间向经理、职员以及外界人员提供过去的、现在的、预测未来的有关企业内部及其环境的信息，以帮助他们进行决策。”在这个定义里强调了用信息支持决

35、策，但并没有强调应用模型，没有提到计算机的应用。 1985年，管理信息系统的创始人，明尼苏达大学的管理学教授Gordon B. Davis给了管理信息系统一个较完整的定义，即“管理信息系统是一个利用计算机软硬件资源，手工作业，分析、计划、控制和决策模型以及数据库的人-机系统。它能提供信息支持企业或组织的运行、管理和决策功能。”这个定义全面地说明了管理信息系统的目标、功能和组成，而且反映了管理信息系统在当时达到的水平。 随着科学技术的不断提高,计算机科学日渐成熟，计算机已经要成为我们学习和工作的得力助手。今天，计算机的价格已经十分低廉，性能却有了长足的进步，它以及被应用于许多的领域，计算机之所以

36、如此流行的原因主要有以下几个方面：首先，计算机可以代替人工进行许多的复杂的劳动。其次，计算机可以大大的提高人们的工作效率。第三，计算机可以节省许多资源。第四，计算机可以使敏感文档更加安全。计算机的应用及普及到经济和社会生活的各个领域。使原本的旧的管理方法越来越不适应现在社会的发展。许多人还停留在以前的手工操作。这大大地阻碍了人类经济的发展。近年来，随着大学的办学规模越来越大，在校学生数也日益增多，随之而来的是教务管理工作日趋复杂繁重，要耗费大量人力、物力，而现有学生成绩的管理水平不高，一直以来人们使用传统人工的方式管理文件学生成绩，这种管理方式存在着许多缺点,如:效率低、保密性差,另外时间一长

37、,将产生大量的文件和数据,这对于查找、更新和维护都带来了不少的困难。这样的机制已经不能适应时代的发展，已愈来愈成为学校日常管理工作的一个瓶颈。在信息时代这种传统的管理方法必然被计算机为基础的信息管理所取代。 作为计算机应用的一部分,使用计算机对学生成绩信息进行管理,具有着手工管理所无法比拟的优点.例如:检索迅速、查找方便、可靠性高、存储量大、保密性好、寿命长、成本低等。这些优点能够极大地提高学生成绩管理的效率,也是企业的科学化、正规化管理,与世界接轨的重要条件。因此，开发这样一套管理软件成为很有必要的事情。 设计的思想是一切为用户着想，界面美观大方，操作尽量简单明了，而且作为一个实用的操作系统

38、要有良好的容错性，在用户出现误操作时能尽量及时地给出警告，以便用户及时改正。要充分利用visual FoxPro的功能，设计出功能强大的软件的同时，尽可能地减少对系统资源的占用。Visual FoxPro 的工作方式和命令结构： Visual FoxPro原名FoxBASE，是美国Fox Software公司推出的数据库产品，在DOS上运行，与xBase系列相容。Fox Software被微软收购，加以发展, 使其可以在 Windows 上运行, 並且更名为 Visual FoxPro。 Visual FoxPro 是一个强大的快速关系数据库应用程序开发工具，使用 Visual FoxPro

39、可以建立桌面数据库应用程序、客户 / 服务器应用程序和基于组件的 Web 服务程序，同时，还可以使用 ActiveX 控件或 API 函数等方式来扩展 Visual FoxPro 的功能一、 工作方式1. 交互操作方式（1）命令操作在VF的命令窗口中，通过从键盘输入命令的方式来完成各种操作命令。（2）菜单操作运用VF菜单、窗口、对话框的图形界面特征实现交互式操作。（3）辅助工具操作在VF系统中提供了多种便于用户操作的工具，如向导、设计器、生成器等。2. 程序执行方式VF中的程序执行方式是将一组命令和程序设计语句，保存到一个扩展名为.PRG的程序文件中，然后通过运行命令自动执行这一文件，并奖结果

40、显示出来。二、命令结构1. 命令结构VF 的命令通常是有2. 命令格式中的约定符号在VF的命令和函数格式中采用了统一约定的符号，这些符号的含义如下：<> 表示比选项，尖括号内的参数必须根据格式输入其参数值。 表示可选项，放括号内的参数由用户根据具体要求选择输入其参数值。三、 项目管理器1. 创建方法（1）命令窗口：CREAT PROJECT<文件名>2. 项目管理器（1） 选项卡全部可显示和管理应用项目的所有类型的文件，“全部”选项卡包含了它右边的五个选项卡的全部内容。数据管理应用项目中各类型的数据文件，有数据库、自由表、视图、查询文件等。文档显示和管理应用项目中使用文

41、档类文件，文档类文件有表单文件、报表文件、标签文件等。类该选项卡显示和管理应用项目中使用的类库文件，包含VF系统提供的类库和用户自己设计的类库。代码管理项目中使用的各种程序代码文件，如：程序文件（.PRG）、API库和用项目管理器生成的应用程序（.APP）。（2） 工作区项目管理器的工作区是显示和管理各类文件的窗口。（3） 命令按钮项目管理器右边的命令按钮用来对工作区窗口的文件提供操作命令。四、项目管理器的使用1命令按钮的功能新建在工作区窗口选中某类文件后，用新建命令按钮新建的文件就添加到该项目管理器窗口中。添加可把用VF“文件”菜单下的“新建”命令和“工具”菜单下的“向导”命令创建的各类独立

42、的文件添加到该项目管理器中，统一地组织管理起来。修改可修改项目中已存在的各类文件，仍然是使用该类文件的设计器界面来修改。运动在工作区窗口选中某个具体文件后，可运行该文件。移动把选中的文件从该项目中移去。连编把项目中相关的文件连编成应用程序和可执行文件。数据库系统设计 数据库设计主要是进行数据库的逻辑设计，即将数据按一定的分类、分组系统和逻辑层次组织起来，是面向用户的。数据库设计时需要综合企业各个部门的存档数据和数据需求，分析各个数据之间的关系，按照DBMS提供的功能和描述工具，设计出规模适当、正确反映数据关系、数据冗余少、存取效率高、能满足多种查询要求的数据模型。面向对象的程序设计的基本思想是

43、，从客观存在的事物（即对象）出发，来构造软件系统，并在系统构造中尽可能运用人类的自然思维方式。这可以使系统直接地映射问题域，保持问题域中的事物及其相互关系的本来面貌。面向对象方法是以对象为中心的开发方法。它强调直接以问题域（客观世界）中的事物为中心来思考问题，认识问题，并根据这些事物的本质特征，把他们抽象的表式为系统的对象，作为系统的基本单位。面向对象方法更强调运用人类在日常的逻辑思维中采用的思想方法和原则，例如抽象、分类、继承、聚合和封装等，这使得软件开发者能更有效地思考问题，并以其他人也能看得懂的方式把自己的认识表达出来。面向对象程序设计的主要特点可概括如下：(1).从问题域中客观存在的事

44、物出发来构造软件系统，用对象作为对这些事物的抽象表示，并把对象作为系统的基本构成单位。(2).一个对象包括两个特征：静态特征用对象的属性来表示；动态特征即对象的行为。(3).对象是数据和有关操作的封装体，它突破了传统的数据与操作分离的模式，较好的实现了数据的抽象。(4).对事物分类，把具有相同属性和服务的对象归为一类，类是这些对象的抽象描述。(5).运用抽象的原则，从而得到一般类和特殊类。特殊类继承一般类的属性和服务。面向对象方法的继承性体现了概念分离抽象，便于软件演化后的扩充。(6).复杂的对象可以用简单的对象作为其构成部分（称为聚合）。(7).对象通过其对外提供的服务来完成自己的任务。在OO方法中，把向对象发出的服务请求成